中华人民共和国国家标准公告 (2023年第12号)

State Administration for Market Regulation and Standardization Administration of China have approved the following 17 mandatory national standards.

Newly Approved National Standards of P.R.China No.18,2024

State Administration for Market Regulation and National Standardization Administration of China have approved the following 24 mandatory national standards and 2 mandatory national standards with amendment.

中华人民共和国国家标准公告(2023年第21号)

State Administration for Market Regulation and Standardization Administration of China have approved the following 23 mandatory national standards.

Newly Approved National Standards of P.R.China No.16,2024

State Administration for Market Regulation and National Standardization Administration of China have approved the following 12 mandatory national standards and 1 mandatory national standard with amendment.

Newly Approved National Standards of P.R.China(No.10,2024)

State Administration for Market Regulation and Standardization Administration of China have approved the following 6 mandatory national standards and 3 mandatory national standards with amendment.

Newly Approved National Standards of P.R.China(No.12,2024)

State Administration for Market Regulation and Standardization Administration of China have approved the following 18 mandatory national standards.

Newly Approved National Standards of P.R.China(No.7,2024)

State Administration for Market Regulation and Standardization Administration of China have approved the following 34 mandatory national standards and 1 mandatory national standard with amendment.

Comparative Analysis and Legal Reflection on the Boundaries of Human Rights Due Diligence in the Supply Chain

As global supply chains become increasingly lengthy and complex, human rights due diligence in the supply chain is becoming a controversial focal point in the accountability of multinational corporations. In recent years, legislative practices in the field of human rights due diligence have shown a trend from voluntary soft law toward mandatory hard law, and from corporate due diligence for their own operations towards extended due diligence for the entire supply chain. However, there is a divergence in national practices regarding the extent to which human rights due diligence should extend along the supply chain and the manner in which it should be incorporated into domestic legal policies. International soft law interpretations surrounding the boundaries of human rights due diligence in the supply chain are decentralized, posing risks of interpretation diversification, boundary blurring, and procedural formalization, as well as risks of misinterpretation and misuse. Meanwhile, some countries and regions are vigorously promoting mandatory legislation on human rights due diligence in the supply chain, which has profound implications for the stability of global supply chains and the international economic and trade order. Against this backdrop, it is crucial to explore the reasonable boundaries of human rights due diligence in the supply chain. Instead of applying a one-size-fits-all approach,the rationality of legal factors and the complexity of practical factors should be considered, applying context-specific measures based on the varying degrees of linkage between companies and negative human rights impacts in the supply chain. China should be particularly wary of the “chilling effect” of mandatory legislation on human rights due diligence in the supply chain, attaching great importance to national supply chain security and international supply chain competitiveness.Additionally,China should actively promote the implementation of voluntary human rights due diligence under the United Nations framework, and accelerate the enhancement of China's discourse power in the international rule-making process in the fields of industry and commerce as well as human rights.

An evolutionary game theory-based machine learning framework for predicting mandatory lane change decision

Mandatory lane change(MLC)is likely to cause traffic oscillations,which have a negative impact on traffic efficiency and safety.There is a rapid increase in research on mandatory lane change decision(MLCD)prediction,which can be categorized into physics-based models and machine-learning models.Both types of models have their advantages and disadvantages.To obtain a more advanced MLCD prediction method,this study proposes a hybrid architecture,which combines the Evolutionary Game Theory(EGT)based model(considering data efficient and interpretable)and the Machine Learning(ML)based model(considering high prediction accuracy)to model the mandatory lane change decision of multi-style drivers(i.e.EGTML framework).Therefore,EGT is utilized to introduce physical information,which can describe the progressive cooperative interactions between drivers and predict the decision-making of multi-style drivers.The generalization of the EGTML method is further validated using four machine learning models:ANN,RF,LightGBM,and XGBoost.The superiority of EGTML is demonstrated using real-world data(i.e.,Next Generation SIMulation,NGSIM).The results of sensitivity analysis show that the EGTML model outperforms the general ML model,especially when the data is sparse.

鼻塞式同步间歇指令通气治疗早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征的疗效观察

目前,经气管插管的同步间歇指令通气（synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation,SIMV）和鼻塞式持续气道正压通气（NCPAP）这两种呼吸支持模式已在临床得到广泛应用,并已经有效救治了大量危重早产儿[1]。我科经过多年研究实践,选择2012年7月至2015年7月本院新生儿重症监护室（NICU）收治的早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征（RDS）早产儿55例作为研究对象,

Renewable Energy Legislation in China:Politicaland Institutional Strategy for EffectiveImplementation

Over the past decade, the Chinese government has developed several plans regulations and policy measures related to the development of renewable energy technologies and has implemented a series of pilot projects. Chinese policymakers have spent several years studying how renewable energy policy models that have been used internationally could be implemented in China. Programs are currently underway to implement pilot renewable portfolio standards, or mandatory market shares (MMS) for renewable energy, in several provinces. This paper examines the primary institutions that are involved in promoting renewable policies in China, the structure of the policies that currently are being drafted, and the status of the complementary, national-level renewable energy law being drafted to provide a legal basis for ongoing local and national-level policies. It then examines the legal requirements for promoting renewable energy legislation under the Chinese law-making system. Finally, it provides recommendations

HPC机群分布式强制访问控制技术可行性研究

高性能计算(high performance computing,HPC)机群具有单一系统和分布式系统的双重特点,从而对机群的安全性提出了新的挑战。根据高性能计算机群的安全现状和需求,提出了一种适用于高性能计算机群的分布式强制访问控制模型;根据该模型设计了一个基于单节点的强制访问控制系统SE Linux,实现了高性能计算机群访问控制系统框架,并搭建了一个原型系统。最后,对高性能计算机群强制访问控制技术的可行性进行了分析和验证。分析结果表明,高性能计算机群分布式强制访问控制技术在功能上能够满足高性能计算机群的安全需求,对系统的计算和带宽的消耗也在可接受的范围内。

From mandatory icebreaker guiding to a permission regime: changes to the new Russian legislation of the Northern Sea Route

This article focuses on two issues. The first concerns definitions of the Northern Sea Route （NSR） in old and new Russian legislation, and the second relates to Russian rules on icebreaker guiding. Based on a comprehensive comparative analysis of relevant Russian legal provisions enacted in 2013 and previous laws in this area, we offer the following conclusions. （1） Our legal analysis indicates that Russia＇s view of the NSR as a historical national transportation route has not changed. However, the new law redefines the scope and coverage of the NSR, which now comprises the internal waters, territorial sea, adjacent zone, and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation. In fact, the new law resolves previous ambiguity regarding extension of the NSR boundary to the high seas. （2） Based on an analysis of the new rules on icebreaker guiding, the article concludes that NSR is transitioning from a mandatory icebreaker guiding regime into a permit regime. This is particularly evident in its provision of a concrete, practical, and predictable clause on permissible or impermissible conditions relating to independent navigation. According to the new rules, it is possible for foreign ships to undertake independent navigation in the NSR. The Russian NSR policy, therefore, appears to have changed significantly, and has future potential for opening the NSR up to the international community.

Penetrating Abdominal Injuries: Pattern and Outcome of Management in Khartoum

Background: The pattern and presentation of penetrating abdominal trauma vary according to places and the structure of the present health system. As well controversies in management exist ranging from mandatory exploration to selective non-operative management. Objectives: To determine the pattern of penetrating abdominal trauma, current management practiced and outcome in Khartoum. Patients and Methods: The study was prospective, descriptive and hospital-based. It was carried out at the main three hospitals in Khartoum State. It was conducted over a period of one year from 2012 Mar to 2013 Mar. All patients who presented penetrating injury to their abdomen were included. Results: The study included 85 patients with a mean age of 28 years (SD ± 10). The male to female ratio was 11:1. Most of the patients (89.4%) were in the first four decades of their life. Twenty-three patients (27.1%) presented shock. Stab wound is the commonest mode of trauma seen in 83.5% of our patients. The majority of our patients were managed by exploratory laparotomy (81.2%), however 16 (18.8%) underwent conservative measures. Of the operated group, solid organ injuries were found in 22.9%, yet hollow viscous injuries were reported in 86.9% of the patients. Registrars operated on 78.26% of the patients. The rate of negative laparotomy of this study was 8.7%. Complications and mortality were encountered in 25.9% and 4.7% respectively. The mean hospital stay was 8.47 days (SD ± 10.6). Conclusion: This study demonstrates no difference in the pattern of intra-abdominal injuries. The rate of operative treatment is acceptable, but more laparotomies can be avoided if the haemodynamic stable patients without features of peritonitis were given a period of observation. The overall outcome was satisfactory.

A Mandatory Access Control Framework in Virtual Machine System with Respect to Multi-level Security I： Theory

At present,there are few security models which control the communication between virtual machines (VMs).Moreover,these models are not applicable to multi-level security (MLS).In order to implement mandatory access control (MAC) and MLS in virtual machine system,this paper designs Virt-BLP model,which is based on BLP model.For the distinction between virtual machine system and non-virtualized system,we build elements and security axioms of Virt-BLP model by modifying those of BLP.Moreover,comparing with BLP,the number of state transition rules of Virt-BLP is reduced accordingly and some rules can only be enforced by trusted subject.As a result,Virt-BLP model supports MAC and partial discretionary access control (DAC),well satisfying the requirement of MLS in virtual machine system.As space is limited,the implementation of our MAC framework will be shown in a continuation.

Development and Implementation of the Collaboratory on EAST

The collaboratory for the EAST is available, which possesses the capacity to further advance active research on EAST. In doing so, the distance between local researchers and participators over the world is just a click away. To feature the system with the function of remote control, the functional business logic is all encapsulated in the mandatory controls, which can potentially boost the computing capability of the clients with a B/S framework. At the same time, the EAST collaboratory embraces powerful on-line data exchange and data management functions via state-of-the-art XML Web services. With the goal of accessing and analysing the pivotal experimental data on-line, a data analysis system is implemented in JAVA. Finally as a valuable asset of the EAST collaboratory the function of videoconference will be also covered in this contribution.

Impact of IFRS adoption on accounting quality in European firms

In this paper it is examined whether firms following International Financial Reporting Standards （IFRS） exhibit higher accounting quality. While IFRS are supposed to improve international comparisons by harmonisation and definition of strong principles, Ball （2006） and Nobes （2006） were concerned about differences in the application of IFRS cross-countries and firms. Barth, Landsman ＆ Lang （2008） stated that the flexibility of principles- based International Accounting Standards （IAS） could create incentives for firms to manage earnings. This paper contributes to analyse the impact of IFRS on accounting quality for European firms. The findings show that for firms in the European Union （EU） IFRS produce a negative effect on accounting quality that continues after 2005, when IFRS becomes mandatory. By contrast, for European firms which are not EU members the IFRS adoption increases accounting quality. These results support the concerns about IFRS application and flexibility and indicate that accounting quality does not improve just because the adoption of IFRS is mandatory.

Clinical characteristics and outcomes associated with nasal intermittent mandatory ventilation in acute pediatric respiratory failure

AIM To characterize the clinical course and outcomes of nasal intermittent mandatory ventilation(NIMV) use in acute pediatric respiratory failure.METHODS We identified all patients treated with NIMV in the pediatric intensive care unit(PICU) or inpatient general pediatrics between January 2013 and December 2015 at two academic centers.Patients who utilized NIMV with other modes of noninvasive ventilation during the same admission were included.Data included demographics,vital signs on admission and prior to initiation of NIMV,pediatric risk of mortality Ⅲ(PRIsM-Ⅲ) scores,complications,respiratory support characteristics,PICU and hospital length of stays,duration of respiratory support,and complications.Patients who did not require escalation to mechanical ventilation were defined as NIMV responders;those who required escalation to mechanical ventilation(MV) were defined as NIMV nonresponders.NIMV responders were compared to NIMV non-responders.RESULTS Forty-two patients met study criteria.six(14%) failed treatment and required MV.The majority of the patients(74%) had a primary diagnosis of bronchiolitis.The median age of these 42 patients was 4 mo(range 0.5-28.1 mo,IQR 7,P = 0.69).No significant difference was measured in other baseline demographics and vitals on initiation of NIMV;these included age,temperature,respiratory rate,O2 saturation,heart rate,systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure,and PRIsM-Ⅲ scores.The duration of NIMV was shorter in the NIMV nonresponder vs NIMV responder group(6.5 h vs 65 h,P < 0.0005).Otherwise,NIMV failure was not associated with significant differences in PICU length of stay(LOs),hospital LOs,or total duration of respiratory support.No patients had aspiration pneumonia,pneumothorax,or skin breakdown.CONCLUSION Most of our patients responded to NIMV.NIMV failure is not associated with differences in hospital LOs,PICU LOs,or duration of respiratory support.

An Efficient Role and Object Based Access Control Model Implemented in a PDM System

An effective and reliable access control is crucial to a PDM system.This article has discussed the commonly used access control models,analyzed their advantages and disadvantages,and proposed a new Role and Object based access control model that suits the particular needs of a PDM system.The new model has been implemented in a commercial PDM system,which has demonstrated enhanced flexibility and convenience.

WORLD MEWS IN BRIEF(November 16-30,1992)

(November 16-30, 1992) The UN Security Council imposed a mandatory arms embargo on Liberia, on November 19 in an effort to cut off weapons to rebel fighters battling West African peacekeepers in the wartorn country, The resolution,adopted by a 15-O unanimous vote, was the Council(?)s first step towards involvement in Liberia.