Occurrence Regularity of Fruit Physiological Disease Spongy Tissue in Zihua Mango(Mangifera indica L.)

[ Objective ] The aim was to study the occurrence regularity of fruit physiological disease spongy tissue in Zihua mango （Mangifera indica L. ）. [ Meth. od] Main features of disease symptoms of Zihua mango fruit spongy tissue were investigated from 2002 to 2005 ,and the correlation between the incidence of Zihua mango fruit spongy tissue and its external factors （ fruit maturity, fruit size and fruit yield per plant） was analyzed comprehensively. [Result] The main features of disease symptoms appeared depressed cavity in the middle or lower part of fruit, forming spongy-like cavity. Immature fruits basically had no incidence. The dis- ease began to appear before 10 d of maturity. The disease incidence rate had extremely positive correlation with fruit weight, fruit vertical diameter or cross diame- ter. [ Conclusion] The research provides reference for field diagnoses, identification, preharvest and postharvest uninjurous test of fruit physiological disease suonaw tissue.

Antimicrobial Activities of Seed Extracts of Mango (<i>Mangifera indica</i>L.)

Mangifera indica L. is a species of mango in the Anacardiaceae family. It is found in the wild in tropical regions and cultivated varieties have been introduced to other warm regions of the world. This present study aimed to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial activities of methanol and ethanol extracts of mango seed against 25 representatives gram positive, gram negative, acid fast bacteria and fungi. Mango fruit seed were extracted by Soxhlet using methanol and ethanol as solvents. The extracts were tested against the microorganisms using disc diffusion method at different concentrations: 5 mg/mL, 3.75 mg/mL, 3.125 mg/mL, 2.5 mg/mL, 1.875 mg/mL and 1.25 mg/mL). In vitro antibacterial activities of methanol and ethanol extracts of mango bulb showed inhibitions to tested organisms with variable inhibition zones. Except one organism (Rhodococcus equi), no resistance among the tested strains was shown. The mean zone of inhibition produced ranged between 5 mmand18 mmwith18 mm/Mycobacterium smegmatis showed the highest zone of inhibition. In most test strains comparable zones of inhibitions were noted for both methanol and ethanol extract. Candida albicans and Aspergilllus niger were both inhibited by the extracts. The methanol and ethanol extracts of mango seed showed good inhibitory effects against almost all tested strains. The inhibition zones produced by mango extract were less than those produced by standard positive control drug. This could be due to low diffusion rate of mango extract in agarose medium, a thing needed to be further investigated. The products are potential new antimicrobial therapy in the ethnopharmacology domain.

Unripe Fruit Extracts of <i>Mangifera indica L.</i>Protect against AGEs Formation, Melanogenesis and UVA-Induced Cell Damage

In this study, we explored the effects of unripe fruit extracts of Mangifera indica L. on the anti-aging activity in skin cells. Mangifera indica L. is a popular economical and medicinal plant with numerous health-beneficial properties. The aqueous extracts of unripe fruit of Mangifera indica L. were obtained and subjected to HPLC and NMR analyses for the identification of bioactive compounds. The anti-glycation effect of Mango unripe fruit extracts was monitored by in vitro model system of AGEs (Advanced glycation end products) formation. Mango unripe fruit extracts significantly inhibited the AGEs formation in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, Mango unripe fruit extracts possessed a comparable efficiency to commercialized Kojic acids in the inhibition of melanogenesis in B16-F10 melanoma cells. The UVA-induced cell damages can be prevented and repaired by Mango unripe fruit extracts in skin fibroblast CCD-966SK. Compared to the untreated control, Mango unripe fruit extracts significantly increased the cell viability while being applied before (36%) or after (43%) UVA irradiation. These results verified the potential application of Mango unripe fruit extracts in the skin protection and recovery from UVA irradiation, as well as the suppression of AGEs formation and melanogenesis.

Molecular Cloning and Sequence Analysis of C4H Gene of Mangifera indica L.

Cinnamate-4-hydroxylase( C4H) is a key enzyme in phenylpropanoid pathway in plants. Its activity and abundance directly affect the biosynthesis of flavonoids and aromatic compounds. In this study,degenerate primers were designed according to previously reported C4 H gene sequences to clone C4H cDNA sequence with 3'and 5'RACE-PCR from mango( Mangifera indica L). The full-length cD NA of M. indica C4H is 1 680 bp long. Its open reading frame( ORF)is 1 518 bp,encoding a protein of 505 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 58. 08 kDa. The isoelectric point of the predicted protein is 9. 52. Functional prediction showed that this gene is mainly located in mitochondria. In addition,the tertiary structure of the protein was built using SWISS-MODEL,and the results showed that the protein has three possible conformations. Phylogenetic analysis based on C4H protein sequences revealed that M. indica has a close genetic relationship with olive( Canarium album) and cocoa( Theobroma cacao). By analyzing the expression level of C4H gene in three colored mango cultivars,we found that that the expression level of C4 H gene in Guifei( with red peel) was the highest,and that in Guiqi( with green peel) was the lowest. The results provide a theoretical basis for studying the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis and C4H's impact on the color of mango fruit.

A Grading Method for Mangoes on the Basis of Peel Color Measurement Using a Computer Vision System

An objective grading method using a Computer Vision System (CVS) for mangoes is proposed. Red peel was selected using two types of color space values at chroma = 22 and hue angle = 52°. Eighteen out of 25 fully-ripened fruits were graded as “excellent,” determined by the share of red area per fruit being in the range of 80% - 100%. In contrast, all green-mature fruits were graded as “fair,” where the share of red area per fruit was - 0.0542x + 7.83), with a correlation coefficient accuracy of 0.94 and root mean square error of 1.31 mg·kg-1. This result may be effective for the visualization of anthocyanin distribution on mango skin. The threshold for red peel can be in the range of 131 - 186 mg·kg-1. This suggests that the pigment concentration is usable as a universal threshold. This value is unaffected by conditions for image acquisition or color measurement (e.g., light source, sensor, filter, and optical geometry), unlike color space values as hue angle.

Study of the Variation in Total and Reducing Sugars Contents According to the Variety and According to the Position Where the Fruit (Mango) Was Harvested from Five Mango Varieties Exploited in Senegal

In this study, the results show that total sugar contents depend on the variety and the position where the fruit (mango) has been harvested. This variation in total sugar contents is observed according to the following varieties: the Bk (Boukodiekhal) variety (bottom position 45 mg/100 mL) then Bk (intermediate and bottom position 40 mg/100 mL) and with the Dr (Diourou) variety the content according to the intermediate position is 63 mg/100 mL while the content according to its bottom position is 56 mg/100 mL. The same is observed for variety Knt (Kent). For the variety factor, we see that the Dr and Sl (Sierra Leone) varieties are the richest in total sugars. Compared to the variation in reducing sugar content, the effect of position is less pronounced. Nevertheless, the statistical results show that the contents vary according to the varieties. There is a very significant variation in reducing sugar content between certain varieties. The variety Kt (Keitt) (45 mg/100 mL) is the richest in reducing sugars but compared to the lower position of the variety Bk, they are statistically identical. Variety Knt remains the poorest in reducing sugars 20 mg/ 100 mL.

Mango Tree Response to Lime Applied during the Production Phase

Tropical soils are usually highly acidic and this may hamper mango trees nutrition and production. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of lime doses applied to the soil surface on the plant nutritional status, the production, and the technological quality of mango fruits. The study was carried out at Selviria, in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, in a Typic Haplustox. Thirteen year old producing mango plants of the “Heden” variety, grafted on rootstock of the “Coquinho” variety, were used in this experiment. Lime doses of 0, 1.55, 3.10, 4.655, and 6.20 t ha–1 were applied to the soil. Each treatment was replicated 4 times and the experimental units distributed according to a randomized complete block design. Lime (CaO: 390 g kg–1;MgO: 130 g kg–1) was superficially applied to the soil and then incorporated at depths between 0 and 5 cm in the total area of the orchard. The soil chemical characteristics pH, Ca, Mg, K, sum of bases, and bases saturation, in the 0 - 20 cm layer, were evaluated 16 and 28 months after soil liming. Plant nutritional status was evaluated 12 months after soil liming. Fruit production and technological quality were evaluated during the cropping years of 2006 and 2007. Soil liming had a positive effect on the evaluated soil chemical characteristics and this improved plant nutritional status and fruit technological quality as well as increased fruit production. These beneficial effects though were observed only in the second year after soil liming. The highest fruit production was verified when soil bases saturation was of 72% and the contents of Ca and Mg were of 32 and 8 g kg–1, respectively.

Growth and Flowering of Five Mango Cultivar under Subtropics Conditions of Brazil

The evaluation of the new cultivars adaptation and yield potential of Mangifera indica L. provides tools to assist and improve the mango production in different climates conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the phenological and reproductive development of five mango cultivars (Bourbon, Haden, Palmer, Parwin and Tommy Atkins), on climate conditions in dry land and four production cycles (from 08/2007 to 01/2011), at S?o Manuel, S?o Paulo state, Brazil. The variables were total plant height, trunk height, stem diameter and the first insertion diameter, fruits physical characteristics, yield and harvest period, flowering seasonality and morphological characterization of the inflorescences. It was found that the four-year-old plants of Haden cv. reach 4.0 m high and 0.20 m of trunk diameter. Bourbon cultivar had the highest flowering period, from April to October. Tommy Atkins cv. had productivities of 14779.07 kg·ha-1 in the fourth cycle and the productivity of Bourbon, Haden and Palmer cultivars was alternated.

Optimisation of the Postharvest Treatment with Thymol to Control Mango Anthracnose

Anthracnose, caused by the fungus called Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, is the main postharvest disease that affects mango production on Reunion Island. Fruits for the export market are always treated with chemicals. The use of chemical treatment is not in adequation with consumer expectations, and the increasing emergence of fungicide-resistant isolates promotes the development of alternatives methods. The principal objective of this work was to use antimicrobial properties of thymol as an alternative postharvest treatment on mango. Thymol diluated in a penetrating agent solution was effective on mango anthracnose. At a concentration of 0.025%, Thymol limited necrosis development due to pathogens during fruit storage. This treatment can stimulate some of polyphenols biosynthesis involved in the fruit resistance to postharvest disease, particularly thesynthesis of gallic acid and resorcinol. With this final concentration of 0.025% thymol, the treatment did not affect fruit maturation and quality, especially the peel colour and sugar content. Importantly, the treatment did not show any detectable effect on organoleptic qualities of the fruit.

广西芒果种质资源保存利用和研究概况

本文从种质圃建设、种质资源数量和保存方法等方面介绍了广西芒果种质资源收集和保存的总体情况,将广西在芒果种质鉴定评价中取得的主要成果进行总结和显现。从芒果种质资源在常规育种中的利用、分子育种研究两个方面介绍了广西芒果种质资源利用创新的成果和现状,同时,从全国芒果品种育成情况对广西芒果种质资源保存前景进行了分析。

怒江干热河谷杧果种质资源的表型和AFLP遗传多样性分析

利用表型和AFLP标记,对怒江干热河谷57份杧果种质进行遗传多样性分析。表型性状分析结果表明：8个表型性状在不同的种质间表现出较大的差异,变异系数变化范围为16.98%～61.50%,多样性指数（H’）平均为3.975,其中单果重变异较大。AFLP分析结果显示：57份种质共产生1098条带,其中多态性条带为1032条,多态性比率为94.0%,相似系数在0.55～0.82之间。AFLP聚类分析结果及主成分分析结果均表明种质间具有复杂的遗传关系,且怒江干热河谷杧果种质的亲缘关系与地理分布没有明显的相关性。表型性状聚类和AFLP分子标记聚类分析的结果相对一致,均能较准确地将优势类群聚在一起,且表明57份杧果种质具有较丰富的遗传多样性。

芒果果实bHLH家族转录因子的生物信息学分析

bHLH家族作为植物中较大的转录因子家族之一,在真核生物生长发育调控中具有重要作用。本研究基于芒果果实转录组数据,利用生物信息学方法鉴定出87个bHLH家族蛋白,其中酸性蛋白所占比例较大,大部分为不稳定蛋白,且均为不含信号肽的亲水性蛋白,除CL10714.Contig1为膜结合转录因子外,其余均不含跨膜结构。芒果bHLH蛋白结构域有多个氨基酸位点保守性较高,87个芒果bHLH蛋白中73个(83.91%)具有E-box结合功能。GO分析发现芒果bHLH蛋白共注释到生物学过程、细胞组分和分子功能3大类功能的17个亚类。进化树分析发现芒果bHLH蛋白与拟南芥有较高的保守性,并基于进化树对部分bHLH蛋白的功能进行了预测。本研究结果将为下一步芒果bHLH蛋白的功能研究奠定基础。

Fusarium mangiferae侵染对凯特杧内源激素含量的影响

为探讨杧果感染畸形病过程中顶芽内源激素含量的变化规律,以凯特杧为试验材料,测定了接种病菌(Fusarium mangiferae)后顶芽内生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA3)和脱落酸(ABA)含量的变化情况。结果表明:接种病菌后,杧果顶芽内赤霉素和生长素含量急速上升,且在整个试验阶段明显高于健康处理,脱落酸含量在试验后期不断升高;分析发现,F.mangiferae侵染能够显著影响杧果顶芽内源激素的含量,改变IAA/ABA和GA3/ABA的平衡,致使杧果的生长发育受到影响,进而引发畸形病的产生。

低温胁迫对芒果花序的影响

以攀枝花市晚熟芒果(Mangifera indica L.)品种凯特为试验材料进行低温处理,探究低温胁迫下其花序受到的影响。结果表明,低温胁迫下芒果花序表现出一定的抗寒性状,在气温高于0℃的低温过程中未表现出受害症状,但在-2~0℃的长时间低温过程和低于-2℃的低温过程中表现出受害症状,其中低于-2℃的低温过程会使芒果花序枯萎死亡,且坐果率显著降低。据此初步得出,攀枝花市凯特芒果低温寒(冻)害区划,以期为芒果生产和农业气象服务提供理论基础。

Tree Age Affects Postharvest Attributes and Mineral Content in Amrapali Mango(Mangifera indica) Fruits

The study was carried out to investigate the effect of tree age on postharvest attributes and mineral content of Amrapali mango fruits. Effect of 3 different tree ages(6, 18 and 30 years) on functional components, including the antioxidant activity(AOX), total phenols, total carotenoids,ascorbic acid and minerals like Ca, K, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn and B along with total sugars, total soluble solids(TSS) and titratable acidity(TA),respiration rate, polygalacturonase(PG) and pectin methylesterase(PME) activities in Amrapali cultivar were studied. With tree ageing total phenols, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity decreased whereas total carotenoids increased. Ca diminished and K elevated with the tree age progression while, B, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn showed an indefinite pattern. Total soluble solids and total sugars were recorded higher in 18 year old tree fruits. Fruit respiration rate, polygalacturonase and pectin methylesterase activities showed an upward trend with tree ageing. The study indicates that fruit produced from middle age group mango orchard(18 year old) suits to the requirement of consumers as well as industry.

Changes of Aroma Components in 'Keitt' Mango during the Postharvest Period

[ Objective] This study aimed to investigate the ehangos of aroma components in mango fruit at different post-harvest stages. [ Method] The aroma com- ponents in ＇ Keitt＇ mango fruit at 3,6, 9 and 13 d postharvest were extracted using heM-space solid phase mieroextraction （HS-SPME） and analyzed by gas chre- matograph-rnass speetrephotometer （GC-MS）. [ Result] The results showed that a total of 42 aroma compounds were identified from the mango samples at four sta- ges. To be specific, monoterpene and sesquiterpene were the major components; at 3, 6, 9 and 13 d postharvest, the relative contents of terpene were 94.24%, 98.91%, 55.32% and 95.97%, respectively. [ Conclusion] IS-（ ＋ ）-3-earene is the characteristic aroma component in ripe fruit of ＇ Keitt＇ mango. The aroma of mango fruit is also affected by ester, alcohol and aldehyde compounds.

Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Mangiferin Using an Activated Chitosan Modified Carbon Paste Electrode

A medium molecular weight powdered chitosan modified carbon paste electrode was used to investigate the electrochemical behaviour by cyclic voltammetry of the pharmacologically-active ingredient mangiferin (MG). An irreversible system was observed, with a peak at ﹢0.55 V (vs Ag/AgCl). The peak current increases about fourfold, at the modified electrode in comparison with that recorded at the chitosan free carbon paste electrode. This allowed the use of adsorptive stripping voltammetry to develop a simple and sensitive electroanalytical method for the determination of MG. The influence of key parameters was investigated, including the electrolysis potential, the preconcentration time, the pH of supporting electrolyte and MG concentration. Upon optimisation of these parameters, the electrode response was found to be directly proportional to the concentration of MG in the range from 2.06 × 10﹣6 M to 6.74 × 10﹣5 M, leading to a detection limit of 1.84 μM for 240 s preconcentration at ﹣0.1 V. A mechanism was also proposed for the electrochemical oxidation of MG.

基于SSR荧光标记的杧果种质资源遗传多样性分析及分子身份证构建

丰富的种质资源是杧果新品种选育和产业发展的基础。为保护和利用杧果种质资源,本研究利用课题组前期开发的TP-M13-SSR标记对杧果种质资源保护广西创新基地圃内保存的145份杧果地方品种、育成品种及其近缘野生种进行遗传多样性分析和分子身份证构建。结果表明:12对引物的平均观测等位基因数为3.2838、平均观察杂合度(H_(o))为0.5858、平均期望杂合度(H_(e))为0.6725、平均Shannon指数(I)为1.3383、平均Nei基因多样性指数(N_(a))为0.6702、多态信息含量(PIC)分布范围在0.5036~0.7827之间,平均值为0.6396,所有引物为高度多态性位点,说明TP-M13-SSR荧光引物可以为杧果的遗传多样性分析提供研究数据;145份材料的遗传相似性系数变化范围为0.5676~1.000,平均为0.7417,其中爱文与印度杧1号遗传相似性系数为1.000,扁桃杧田阳20-2与大头香杧、扁桃杧田阳20-2与硕帅杧、金煌杧与桂热杧10-1的遗传相似性系数最小,均为0.5676;在遗传相似性系数为0.7060时,145份种质分为2个类群,I类群包括108份杧果和20份扁桃,种质数量最多,占总数的88.9%,Ⅱ类群包括17份材料,全部为扁桃。在遗传相似性系数为0.7330时,I类群可进一步分为5个亚群,其中I-1和I-3亚群种质数量最多,占所有杧果的91.92%,UPGMA聚类分析表明扁桃未严格按照种属关系聚在一起,杧果的整体聚类结果与其地理来源基本一致;对145份材料的扩增产物进行SSR荧光标记毛细管电泳检测获得指纹图谱,采用数字和字母相结合的编码方式获得分子身份证,通过分子身份证进行种质鉴定,每一对引物可平均区分12.4份种质,鉴定率明显高于前人研究,表明TP-M13-SSR检测技术比目前广泛采用的变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测技术在杧果种质鉴定上更具优势。本研究结果为杧果及其近缘种种质资源的收集整理和新品种的选育提供科学依据。

芒果叶提取物体外抗HIV-1活性研究

目的探讨芒果叶提取物的体外抗人类免疫缺陷病毒1(HIV-1)活性,为研究与开发传统中医药资源治疗获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)提供参考。方法通过三磷酸腺苷(ATP)法评估干预药物对TZM-bl细胞和MT-2细胞活性的影响。构建TZM-bl-HIV-1_(ⅢB)、MT-2-HIV-1_(ⅢB)两种细胞-病毒感染模型,通过荧光素酶活性检测试剂检测病毒活性,评估干预药物的抗HIV-1活性。观察MT-2-HIV-1_(ⅢB)细胞系统中芒果叶提取物对细胞病变效应(CPE)的抑制情况。计算芒果叶提取物的半数毒性浓度(CC_(50))、半数抑制浓度(IC_(50))和选择指数(SI)。结果在TZM-bl-HIV-1_(ⅢB)和MT-2-HIV-1_(ⅢB)两种细胞-病毒感染模型中,芒果叶提取物均显示出抗HIV-1活性,且呈现剂量依赖性。在TZM-bl-HIV-1_(ⅢB)模型中,芒果叶提取物的CC_(50)为(320.00±29.44)μg/ml,IC_(50)为(8.86±0.26)μg/ml,SI为36.14。在MT-2-HIV-1_(ⅢB)模型中,芒果叶提取物CC_(50)为(174.13±22.36)μg/ml,IC_(50)为(15.23±9.99)μg/ml,SI为11.44。结论芒果叶提取物的体外细胞毒性小,抗HIV-1活性显著,具有潜在的开发利用价值。

部分杧果品种亲缘关系的ISSR分析

用ISSR技术分析了38个桩果（Mangifera indica L．）品种的亲缘关系。从60条ISSR引物中筛选出10条重复性好、扩增带型清晰的引物，共扩增出79条可重复性带，多态性带比例为86．7％。扩增结果可区分38个品种中的37个（含红金龙或贵妃之一）。各品种间遗传距离在0～0．682之间，平均为0.393。UPGMA聚类将供试品种分成了5类。对分类结果进行了讨论。