Helium and Argon Isotopic Composition of Cenozoic Alkali Basalts and Mantle-Derived Xenoliths from Kuandian, Liaoning Province, China

The noble gas isotopic composition and content data of 2 alkali basalts, 3 lherzolite xenoliths and one clinopyroxene megacryst from the Kuandian region have confirmed the occurrence of a fractionation of noble gases during magmatism. Light noble gases such as He and Ne are high in mobility and appear to be incompatible as compared with heavy ones (such as Kr and Xe). Therefore, light noble gases are abundant in volcanics, especially in the volcanics with bubbles; lherzolite xenoliths have relatively high heavy noble gases. The clinopyroxene megacryst has the lowest abundance of noble gases, probably due to its high P-T origin. Noble gas isotopic composition of the clinopyroxene megacryst reveals that the mantle source beneath the Kuandian area has an MORB-like reservoir with 3He/4He ratio of ～10 Ra (Ra: atmospheric 3He/4He ratio) and 40Ar/36Ar ratio of 345.6. The lherzolite xenoliths possess moderate 3He/4He ratios of 2.59-4.53 Ra, reflecting the loss of primary helium during rock deformation or metasomatism caused by enriched mantle fluids during the up-lifting. The alkali volcanics have very low 3He/4He ratios (0.47-0.61 Ra), indicating a contribution of radiogenic 4He, probably having resulted from crust contamination. Most of the samples have excess 21Ne and 22Ne as compared with atmospheric neon, but Kr and Xe isotopic compositions are indistinguishable from atmospheric values within uncertainties with only individual samples having excess 129Xe, 134Xe and 136Xe.

The Characteristics of Spinels in Mantle-derivedXenoliths in Cenozoic Basalts from Eastern Chinaand Their Thermal States

: The colours and chemical composition variations of 160 spinels in peridotite and pyroxenite xenoliths from Cenozoic basalts in eastern China and their petrogeneses have been studied in detail. The relationships between major elements of spinels are discussed. The equilibrium temperatures, pressures and oxygen fugacities of spinels and their coexisting olivines, orthopyroxenes and clinopyroxenes have been determined using the Brey—kohler's T—P calculation methods (1990) and Ballhaus' fo2 calculation method (1991). The relationships between the composition and the equilibrium temperatures, pressures or oxygen fugacities of spinels in peridotite xenoliths from the basalts and the stable field of the spinels in the upper mantle have been shown.

Noble gas abundances and isotopic compositions in mantle-derived xenoliths,NE China

Following the researches of helium isotopic compositions in mantle-derived xenoliths in eastern China, this study reported noble gas abundances and isotopic compositions of mantle-derived xenoliths from Kuandian of Liaoning Province, Huinan of Jilin Province and Hannuoba of Hebei Province. Compared with the middle ocean ridge basalt (MORB) and other continental areas, mantle-derived xenoliths in NE China are characterized by slightly low noble gas abundances, 3He/4He equivalent to or lower than that of MORB, 40Ar/36Ar lower than that of MORB, 38Ar/36Ar and Ne-Kr-Xe isotopic ratios equivalent to those of atmosphere. These results indicate the heterogeneity of subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath northeastern China, that is, a MORB reservoir-like mantle beneath Kuandian and an enriched/metasomatized mantle beneath Huinan. Low 40Ar/ 36Ar ratios in the three studied areas may imply that a subducted atmospheric component has been preserved in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle.

Underplating of Mesozoic Mantle-derived Magmas in Tongling, Anhui Province: Evidence from Megacrysts and Xenoliths

Lithological observations and mineralogical analyses on pyroxene and hornblende megacrysts and pyroxene and hornblende cumulates in xenoliths in the Mesozoic plutons of the Tongling region, Anhui Province, provide evidence for the magmatic underplating of mantle-derived alkali-olivine basalt at circa 140 Ma. The pyroxene and hornblende megacrysts and cumulates were formed through the AFC process at depths ranging from 27 to 35 km.

Mantle-derived Xenoliths and the Token of a Modern Back-Arc Geotherm Beneath Eastern China

Xenoliths of garnet and spinel-garnet 1herzolite from Mingxi, Eastern China have been studied in terms of comprehensive methods of mineralogy, petrology, fabrics, mierostructures and infrared spectrum. The temperature and pressure equilibration of the xenolith have been calculated using the TEMPEST program with the two-pyroxene geothermometer of Bertrand and Mercier (1985) combined with the geobarometer of Nickel and Green (1985). The temperature and pressure of xenoliths range from^1300 K at 1. 9 GPa (60 km) to ~1500 K at 2. 6 GPa (80 km). The geotherm inferred from xenolith is excellently consistent with the measured surface heat flow (70 mW/m2) in Mingxi. A character of geothermal curve and conductive type suggest that these xenoliths are from the lithosphere, not from the asthenosphere. The geotherm and mierostructures and preferred orientations of minerals in the xenolith are consistent with tecon-ic thinning of the lithosphere in the present-day extensional back-arc environment.

Petrology of Spinel-Lherzolite Xenoliths from Mazéléand Others Northen Xenoliths Localities of Cameroon Volcanic Line: Exchange Reactions and Equilibrium State

The alkaline volcanism of the Cameroon Volcanic Line in its northern domain has raised many fresh enclaves of peridotites. The samples selected come from five (05) different localities (Liri, in the plateau of Kapsiki, Mazélé in the NE of Ngaoundéré, Tello and Ganguiré in the SE of Ngaoundéré and Likok, locality located in the west of Ngaoundé). The peridotite enclaves of the above localities show restricted mineralogical variation. Most are four-phase spinel-lherzolites, indicating that this is the main lithology that forms the lithospheric mantle below the shallow zone. No traces of garnet or primary plagioclase were detected, which strongly limits the depth range from which the rock fragments were sampled. The textures and the wide equilibrium temperatures (884˚C - 1115˚C) indicate also entrainment of lherzolite xenoliths from shallow depths within the lithosphere and the presence of mantle diapirism. The exchange reactions and equilibrium state established in this work make it possible to characterize the chemical composition of the upper mantle of each region and test the equilibrium state of the phases between them. Variations of major oxides and incompatible elemental concentrations in clinopyroxene indicate a primary control by partial melting. The absence of typical “metasomatic” minerals, low equilibration temperatures and enriched LREE patterns indicate that the upper mantle below septentrional crust of Cameroun underwent an event of cryptic metasomatic enrichment prior to partial melting. The distinctive chemical features, LREE enrichment, strong U, Ce and Pr, depletion relative to Ba, Nb, La, Pb, and T, fractionation of Zr and Hf and therefore ligh high Zr/Hf ratio, low La/Yb, Nb/La and Ti/Eu are all results of interaction of refractory peridotite residues with carbonatite melts.

Gold contents of both mantle-derived xenoliths and sulfides in them from eastern China

The gold contents of 59 samples of mantle-derived xenoliths, along with 85 samples of sulfide assemblages in them, of Cenozoic basalt from eight districts in eastern China are analyzed. The gold contents of mantle xenoliths usually fall in the range of 10

Gold Content of Mantle-Derived Rocks from Eastern China and Its Implications

We have analyzed the gold content of 65 samples of mantle-derived xenoliths and their host rocks from eastern China, which is found to be inhomogeneous, falling in the ranges of 1.0×109-8.2×109 (averaging 3.8 ×10-9) and 0.2×10-9-5.3×10-9 (averaging 2.7×10-9) in the mantle-derived xenoliths and the host basalts respectively. Except the samples from Wanquan County of Hebei Province and Anding County of Hainan Province, the gold content is the highest on the margins of the North China platform and decreases spatially towards the north and south, and temporally the samples of the Tertiary have a higher gold content than those of the Quaternary. The gold content of the mantle-derived xenoliths and the host Paleozoic kimberlites is 3.8×10-9-180×109and 0.1×10-9-38.0×10-9 respectively, which are higher than that in the mantle-derived xenoliths in basalt and the host Cenozoic basalts. The mantle-derived xenoliths have a higher gold content than the host rocks, but their relativity is not very clear, suggesting that the genetic relationship between them is complex. Our data indicate that the average gold content of the lithospheric mantle in eastern China is approximately equal to or approaching 3.8×10-9, which is lower than the average abundance of the upper mantle (5.0×10-9), higher than the average abundance of the continental crust (3.0×10-9) and only slightly higher than the average abundance of the lower continental crust (3.4×10-9). Except the samples from Hainan Province, the mantle-derived xenoliths in basalts with a high gold content are distributed on the two margins of the North China platform, corresponding to the gold deposits-concentrated districts in northwest Hebei Province and Shandong Province, showing the control by the old continental lithospheric mantle and the lower continental crust on the margins of the North China platform. The gold content of the mantle-derived xenoliths from Hainan Province ranges from 7.1×10-9 to 15×10-9, suggesting that some blocks of the lithospheric mantle in Hainan Province may be derived from the ancient gold-rich lithospheric mantle of western Australia and that Hainan Province may possibly be an important gold deposits-concentrated district. Some mantle-derived xenoliths in kimberlite of Shandong Province have an excessively high gold content amounting to 180×10-9, which provides new evidence for the possibility of 'finding gold deposits near kimberlite pipes or alkali-basalt volcanic vents'. Thererfore, the gold content of the mantle-derived xenoliths may be an indicator to the distribution of gold deposits-concentrated districts.

Enrichment of Mantle-derived Fluids in the Formation Process of Granitoids: Evidence from the Himalayan Granitoids around Kunjirap in the Western Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Taking the Himalayan granitoids around Kunjirap in the western Qinghai-Tibetplateau as an example, the authors present in this paper the characteristics of the granitoids richin mantle-derived fluid components and discuss their rock-forming mechanism. The research resultsindicate that the rock assemblage of the studied granitoids involves diopside syenite-diopsidegranite-biotite (monzonitic) granite, consisting mainly of K-feldspar, oligoclase, quartz,iron-phlogolite, diopside and edenite. The rocks are rich in mantle-derived fluid components ofvolatiles including F, alkali metal elements such as K, Na, Rb, Sr and Ha, and radiogenicheat-producing elements such as U and Th. They were generated by the influx of mantle-derived fluidsinto the lower crest to give rise to partial melting during the lithosphere thinning in theQinghai-Tibet plateau.

A Study on the Ore-forming Effect of Mantle-derived Fluid

Based on summarizing of the effect of mantle-derived fluid on the formation of ores, especially on gold ore, and with the latest investigations, such as the formation of ore from the action of shallow-deep fluid, the transportation effect of the thermal energy by mantle-derived fluid, this paper mainly aims at the effect of mantle-derived fluid on the generation of hydrocarbons. With the proof from geochemistry and fluid inclusion, it was suggested that the mantle-derived fluid not only supplied source materials for hydrocarbons, but also supplied essential energy and matter necessary for the generation of hydrocarbons. The mantle-derived fluid had a good effect, but at the same time it had an adverse effect under specific conditions, on the formation of reservoirs. This paper also discusses the future direction and significance of studying mantle-derived fluid.

The Principles for Discrimination of the Source Composition of Mantle-Derived Igneous Rocks and the Nature of the Mantle Source Region of the Emeishan Basalts

This paper discusses the discrimination principles. deduction and methods for probing into the source composition of mantle-derived magma. The magmatophile (incompatible) source elements are not all optimal tracers for mantle source composition. The ratios of two strong magmatophile elements (D<1) or the ratios of two trace elements with the same D value are not controlled by the formation mode and evolution degree of a magma, but maintain the characteristics of their composition in mantle source region prior to the magma formation. The ratios are related to different mantle-crust structures and dynamics. The mantle source composition of the Emeishan Basalt series is similar to that of the South Atlantic Rio Grande Rise-Walvis Ridge Basalts and Brazil continental-margin basalts. This may indicate that these basalt series might have similar source regions and tectonic environments.

The Discovery and Study of Mantle-Derived Dunite Inclusions in Hornblende-Diorite in the Handan-Xingtai Area,Hebei

Phlogopiie-and diopside-bearing dunite occurs as rounded inclusions in hornblende-diorite. Thepetrofabrics, mineral composition and abundances of the trace elements in the dunite indicate that the inclu-sions were derived from the upper mantle and are the residues of high-degree partial melting of mantlepeirdotite. The study of trace elements in the inclusions and their host rocks shows that the magma was origi-nated from the mantle which was enriched in incompatible elements by mantle metasomatism prior to the par-tial melting.

GEOCHEMISTRY AND TECTONIC ENVIRONMENT AND RESERVOIR FORMATION OF MANTLE-DERIVED NATURAL GAS IN THE SONGLIAO BASIN, NORTHEASTERN CHINA

During several decades of exploration, a number of mantle-derived natural gas pools have been discovered in the vicinities of deep faults in the Songliao Basin, northeastern China. The natural gas in these pools has a δ13C1 value of ?16.50/00 to ?24.20/00, a reversed arrangement in the amount of carbon isotopes in methane and its endogamous products (namely, δ13C1 >δ13C2 >δ13C3 >δ13C4), a 3He/4He value of 1.97 to 2.34×10-6,and an Ar/36Ar value of 1063 to 1949. This indicates a mantle 40 source for the natural gas. The trace elements Cd, In, Te and Re, never found in organic-sourced hydrocarbons, are highly enriched in certain crude oils from the Basin; respectively, concentrations of these elements were found to be 751, 28, 16 and 323 times the average crustal values in China, and this also supports a mantle-derived natural gas origin. The characteristics of mantled-derived magmatic rocks, hydrothermal fluids and gaseous fractions distributed in and near the deep Songliao Basin faults indicate that rifting tectonics is providing the mechanisms for this outgassing of the mantle. Deep extensional (normal) faults provide pathways for upward movement of these materials, and in the Songliao Basin, these deep rift fault zones are associated with reservoir occurrence and cap rock seals, forming good sites for accumulation of mantle-derived natural gas. Furthermore, a layer of low velocity, low density and high conductivity in the deep crust has been identified as a potential reservoir for mantle-derived natural gas.

GEOCHRONOLOGY AND STRONTIUM,NEODYMIUM ISOTOPE OF MANTLE-DERIVED MAGMATITES FROM THEBU′S GOLD DEPOSIT, NORTHERN XINJIANG,CHINA

Bu’s gold deposit is geographically situated in the northern side of Sawuer Mt., Western Jungar. Magmatites in Bu’s deposit including extrusive and intrusive rocks are widespread and have genetic relationship with the deposit. One volcanic suite and two intrusives are studied here. Extrusive products were formed in the Early Carboniferous with a whole-rock Rb-Sr isochron age of 347 Ma and fossil ages, while intrusions have Rb-Sr isochron ages from 310 to 329 Ma and are intrusive into the Lower Carboniferous and Upper Devonian.The isotope parameters I ranges from 0. 7037 to 0. 7046, from -5. 65^+6.67 and more,goes from +5. 65~ +7. 96, displaying that they have similar material sources and are derived from mantle magmas or their derivatives. The continental crust of Zhaisang diwa region may be initially formed in the Late-Proterozoic or even more earlier and grew probably in terms of non-proportionated model like S. China, N. American and other parts in the world.

Petrology of lherzolite xenoliths of HosséréSédévolcano(Adamawa plateau,Ngaoundéréarea,Cameroon)

Numerous mantle xenoliths 6–12 cm in size and sub-angular to rounded in shape occur within Mio-Pliocene basanite lavas of the monogenic volcano of HosséréSédé in the Adamawa plateau.Xenoliths of spinel lherzolite exhibit protogranular,equigranular or porphyroclastic texture.Microprobe chemical analyses show that olivine is highly magnesian(Fo_(88-90)),clinopyroxene crystals are diopside and augite(Wo_(41.6–49.6)En_(45.3–53.7)Fs_(4.2–6.2)),orthopyroxene crystals are enstatite(Wo 1.4–1.5 En_(88.6–89.0)Fs_(9.6–9.9))and spinel crystals are mainly Al-spinel associ-ated to minor Cr-spinel.Estimated temperatures and pressures through empirical formulas show that HosséréSédé noliths have equilibrated between 1085 and 1204℃and 1.08 to 1.57 GPa,corresponding to sampling depths of 36 and 52 km.Detailed petrographical and mineral chemistry of HosséréSédénoliths evidences the com-plex nature and composition of the subcontinental lithosphere under the Adamawa plateau.This may involve a probable uplift of the whole area after a limited exten-sional event,possible metasomatism through melt infiltration during shearing of the lithospheric mantle along the Pan African strike-slip fault system.

河南鹤壁地幔捕掳体内磷灰石的发现及地幔交代作用

目的地幔交代作用是岩石圈演化的重要方式之一。显性交代作用以出现交代成因的地幔矿物为特征,可为地幔交代作用提供直接证据,磷灰石是地幔中交代成因的典型矿物。中生代以来,太行山构造带东侧的华北板块岩石圈明显减薄,而西侧仍保留较厚的岩石圈,太行山构造带是华北克拉通东部被破坏区与西部稳定区的过渡带。因此,太行山构造带的地幔包体对研究华北克拉通破坏具有重要意义。鹤壁地区位于太行山构造带上,发育有金伯利岩等深源岩浆岩。方法本文以金伯利岩携带的地幔包体为研究对象,探讨鹤壁地区岩石圈地幔的性质。通过人工重砂的方法,从地幔包体中分选出数粒磷灰石和一粒被辉石包裹的磷灰石。结果体视显微镜下,磷灰石无色,透明,具玻璃光泽,呈短柱状;扫描电镜能谱分析表明,被包裹的矿物主要由Ca,P,O,F元素组成,寄主矿物主要由Si,Fe,Mg,Al,O元素组成;电子探针结果表明,磷灰石中w(CaO)为53.525%~56.514%,w(P_(2)O_(5))为37.372%~40.851%;实验岩石学研究认为,顽火辉石+方解石→橄榄石+透辉石+CO_(2),磷灰石等作为副矿物产出。因此,辉石包裹磷灰石的矿物组合属于地幔交代成因,指示了显性交代作用。结论磷灰石这种显性地幔交代成因矿物的发现,为华北克拉通岩石圈地幔经历显性交代作用提供了直接证据。

松辽盆地南部岩石圈地幔变形特征及各向异性分析——来自橄榄岩包体的约束

SKS测量结果显示松辽盆地快波方向分布较为复杂,由于缺乏深部岩石变形资料约束,制约了地震波各向异性成因解释。本文通过对松辽盆地南部双辽地区橄榄岩包体进行详细的岩石学、地球化学、显微结构、各向异性研究,结果显示双辽地区橄榄岩包体的平衡温度为893~1152℃,来源于岩石圈地幔。橄榄岩中橄榄石的晶格优选方位(CPO)类型主要为A型、D型和AG型,其中,AG型和D型CPO可能形成于西太平洋板块向欧亚大陆俯冲回撤导致的岩石圈变形,AG型橄榄石CPO也可能形成于熔体存在下的橄榄石变形。基于CPO计算获得的橄榄岩包体全岩VP各向异性(AVP)为4.79%~11.80%,最大剪切波各向异性(AVSmax)为3.13%~7.93%。结合地球物理测量结果,推断松辽盆地南部复杂的SKS各向异性的主要贡献可能来源于面理陡倾或直立的岩石圈地幔。

吉林保安屯地区侏罗世花岗闪长岩及其闪长质包体成因研究

本文对小兴安岭-张广才岭岩浆弧南段吉林保安屯出露的侏罗纪花岗闪长岩及其内部的闪长质包体开展了详细的地质调查及系统的岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学研究。研究表明寄主花岗闪长岩与闪长质包体的母岩浆不是同源的,寄主花岗闪长岩的源区壳源性质更明显,而闪长质包体的源区则更接近于幔源;此外,闪长质包体的形成温度和压力较寄主花岗闪长岩更高。二者均具有轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损、轻重稀土分馏明显的特征,在球粒陨石标准化分布型式图中显示,闪长质包体的Eu负异常更为明显。锆石U-Pb定年表明闪长质包体形成年龄为182.0±1.3Ma,为早侏罗世,而寄主岩体花岗闪长岩的U-Pb同位素年龄为168.1±1.6Ma~172.1±1.2Ma,属中侏罗世。上述地球化学特征及形成时代的差异表明闪长质包体可能代表晚期花岗闪长质岩浆上侵时捕获的围岩物质,其成因应属捕掳体,间接说明张广才岭南段侏罗世花岗岩类中广泛发育的暗色包体类型至少有两种,一是捕掳体成因,二是岩浆混合成因。

地幔榴辉岩包体的同位素定年方法研究进展

地幔榴辉岩包体是寄主岩浆从地球深部地幔携带到地表的俯冲洋壳碎片,作为一种高压变质岩,它可能记录着有关大洋地壳原岩、板块俯冲以及后期交代变质过程等重要信息,因此其年龄也显得格外重要。通过统计全球超过500个已发表的地幔榴辉岩包体的年龄结果,对比几种常用的地幔榴辉岩包体同位素定年方法,讨论了不同方法的优缺点及适用情况。结果表明:金红石U-Pb和全岩Rb-Sr、Sm-Nd、Lu-Hf全岩等时线法一般给出的是寄主岩浆的年龄或地幔交代的时间,而榴辉岩中的硫化物Re-Os等时线年龄,锆石U-Pb上交点年龄,Sm-Nd、Lu-Hf石榴子石-单斜辉石双矿物等时线年龄以及锆石Hf亏损地幔模式年龄对于其原岩年龄及板块俯冲时代有较为可观的应用前景;地幔榴辉岩包体最古老年龄的峰值分布在3.1~2.8 Ga,与Kaapvaal和西伯利亚克拉通构造拼合的时间吻合,可能代表着全球地幔榴辉岩包体的最早形成时代,也预示着板块构造可能于中太古代开启。

Garnet-bearing Granulite Facies Rock Xenoliths from Late Mesozoic Volcaniclastic Breccia, Xinyang, Henan Province

This paper presents the primary results of petrologic, mineralogical and petrochemical studies of garnet-bearing granulite facies rock xenoliths from Xinyang, Henan Province. These xenoliths, which are found in a pipe of late Mesozoic volcaniclastic breccia, are of high density (3.13–3.30 g/cm3) and high seismic velocity (Vp = 7.04–7.31 km/s), being products of underplating of basaltic magmas and had experienced granulite facies metamorphism. The underplating and metamorphism took place before the eruption of the host rock. Petrographical studies and equilibrium T-P calculations show that these xenoliths were captured at a 49 km depth and experienced at least a 16 km uplift before they were captured. The dynamics of the uplift could be related to the continent-continent collision between the North China plate and the Yangtze plate during the Triassic.