Formula for calculating spatial similarity degrees between point clouds on multi-scale maps taking map scale change as the only independent variable

The degree of spatial similarity plays an important role in map generalization, yet there has been no quantitative research into it. To fill this gap, this study first defines map scale change and spatial similarity degree/relation in multi-scale map spaces and then proposes a model for calculating the degree of spatial similarity between a point cloud at one scale and its gener- alized counterpart at another scale. After validation, the new model features 16 points with map scale change as the x coordinate and the degree of spatial similarity as the y coordinate. Finally, using an application for curve fitting, the model achieves an empirical formula that can calculate the degree of spatial similarity using map scale change as the sole independent variable, and vice versa. This formula can be used to automate algorithms for point feature generalization and to determine when to terminate them during the generalization.

The Validity of Open-Source Elevations for Different Topographic Map Scales and Geomatics Applications

This paper presents an analysis of four open-source Global Digital Elevation Models (GDEMs) and compares them on two topographic profiles (nearly flat, and hills regions) for mapping and geomatics applications. The chief intention is to investigate if GDEMs-based heights, contour intervals, slopes, and topographic profiles are valid for all map scales of topographic mapping, which constitutes a major issue in mapping activities. Two case studies, the Nile delta in Egypt and Makkah city in Saudi Arabia, have been utilized to represent flat and moderate-topography patterns. The investigated GDEMs include the most-recent released models: ASTER v.3, ACE 2, SRTMGL1 v.3, and NASADEM_HGT v.1 released in 2019 and 2020 with spatial resolutions of 1 and 3 arc seconds. Available accurate Ground Control Points (GCP) consist of 540 stations in the Nile delta and 175 stations in Makkah. Based on the available datasets in two study areas, it has been found that the accuracy of investigated GDEMs over known checkpoints ranges from ±2.5 and ±5.1 meters in the Nile delta region, while it varies between ±5.1 and ±8.0 meters in the Makkah area. That indicates that the utilization of GDEMs in topographic mapping differs significantly between flat and hilly spatial regions. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid using GDEMs for developing topographic maps of scale 1:25,000 or larger in flat regions and map scale 1:50,000 or larger in hilly regions. Additionally, the accomplished results showed that all GDEM-based slopes do not match with the actual slopes from known GCP over cross section’s length up to 30 kilometers. Thus, it is concluded that GDEMs are not the appropriate heights’ source for topographic mapping at medium and large map scales, and could not be utilized for topographic profiling in precise engineering and geomatics applications.

IMIBSE与ISOMAP在旋转机械故障诊断中的应用

针对基本熵的区域划分标准不理想,导致无法有效测量振动信号的复杂度,使故障诊断的准确率不佳这一问题,提出了一种基于改进多尺度改进基本熵(IMIBSE)、等距特征映射(ISOMAP)和随机森林(RF)的旋转机械故障诊断方法。首先,采用基于方差的区域划分准则对基本熵进行了改进,结合改进的粗粒化处理,提出了IMIBSE,并将其用于提取故障特征;随后,利用ISOMAP对原始故障特征进行了特征降维,选择了对分类贡献最大的一组特征作为故障敏感特征;最后,基于RF建立了多故障分类器,将故障敏感特征输入至RF模型进行了训练和测试,实现了旋转机械的故障识别,利用齿轮箱和离心泵两种故障数据集将IMIBSE方法与复合多尺度基本熵、多尺度改进基本熵、多尺度基本熵进行了比较和分析。研究结果表明:IMIBSE不仅具有最佳的可视化效果,而且取得的识别准确率最高,二者均达到了100%,而二者的平均分类准确率分别为100%和99.8%;相较于其他故障诊断方法,IMIBSE方法的准确率更高,而且适用于小样本的故障识别问题。

Fundamental Theories of Spatial Similarity Relations in Multi-scale Map Spaces

Similarity relation is one of the spatial relations in the community of geographic information science and cartography.It is widely used in the retrieval of spatial databases, the recognition of spatial objects from images, and the description of spatial features on maps.However, little achievements have been made for it by far.In this paper, spatial similarity relation was put forward with the introduction of automated map generalization in the construction of multi-scale map databases;then the definition of spatial similarity relations was presented based on set theory, the concept of spatial similarity degree was given, and the characteristics of spatial similarity were discussed in detail, in-cluding reflexivity, symmetry, non-transitivity, self-similarity in multi-scale spaces, and scale-dependence.Finally a classification system for spatial similarity relations in multi-scale map spaces was addressed.This research may be useful to automated map generalization, spatial similarity retrieval and spatial reasoning.

Scale Issues of Wetland Classification and Mapping Using Remote Sensing Images: A Case of Honghe National Nature Reserve in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

Wetland research has become a hot spot linking multiple disciplines presently. Wetland classification and mapping is the basis for wetland research. It is difficult to generate wetland data sets using traditional methods because of the low accessibility of wetlands, hence remote sensing data have become one of the primary data sources in wetland research. This paper presents a case study conducted at the core area of Honghe National Nature Reserve in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. In this study, three images generated by airship, from Thematic Mapper and from SPOT 5 were selected to produce wetland maps at three different wetland landscape levels. After assessing classification accuracies of the three maps, we compared the different wetland mapping results of 11 plant communities to the airship image, 6 plant ecotypes to the TM image and 9 landscape classifications to the SPOT 5 image. We discussed the different characteristics of the hierarchical ecosystem classifications based on the spatial scales of the different images. The results indicate that spatial scales of remote sensing data have an important link to the hierarchies of wetland plant ecosystems displayed on the wetland landscape maps. The richness of wetland landscape information derived from an image closely relates to its spatial resolution. This study can enrich the ecological classification methods and mapping techniques dealing with the spatial scales of different remote sensing images. With a better understanding of classification accuracies in mapping wetlands by using different scales of remote sensing data, we can make an appropriate approach for dealing with the scale issue of remote sensing images.

On the criteria to create a susceptibility map to debris flow at a regional scale using Flow-R

Studies on susceptibility to debris flows at regional scale(100-1000 km^2) are important for the protection and management of mountain areas. To reach this objective, routing models, mainly based on land topography, can be used to predict susceptible areas rapidly while necessitating few input data. In this research, Flow-R model is implemented to create the susceptibility map for the debris flow of the Vizze Valley(BZ, North-Eastern Italy; 134 km^2). The analysis considers the model application at local scale for three sub-catchments and then it explores the model upscaling at the regional scale by verifying two methods to generate the source areas of debris-flow initiation. Using data of an extreme event occurred in the Vizze Valley(4 August 2012) and historical information, the modeling verification highlights that the propagation parameters are relatively simple to set in order to obtain correct runout distances. A double DTM filtering-using a threshold for the upslope contributing area(0.1 km^2) and a threshold for the terrain-slope angle(15°)-provides a satisfactory prediction of source areas and susceptibility map within the geological conditions of the Vizze Valley.

Effects of Scale-Free Topological Properties on Dynamical Synchronization and Control in Coupled Map Lattices

在纸，我们学习效果没有规模(SF ) 在联合地图格子(电流型逻辑) 的动态同步和控制上的拓扑学。我们的策略是使用三个反馈控制方法，包括经常的反馈和推迟时间的反馈的二种类型，到到达需要的同步状态的网络节点的小部分。二控制分叉图诗句反馈力量分别地被获得。当￡线性地被增加，为第一推迟时间的反馈控制的批评反馈力量γ _ c 的值线性地被增加，这被发现。有 SF 的电流型逻辑失去同步，如果γ 】 γ _ c.Numerical 例子被举表明所有结果， intermittency 发生。

Interactive Generalization on Large-Scale Topographical Map Supported by a Database Platform

This paper makes astudy on the interactive digital gener-alization, where map generalizationcan be divided into intellective reason-ing procedure and operational proce-dure, which are done by human andcomputer, respectively. And an inter-active map generalization environmentfor large scale topographic map is thendesigned and realized. This researchfocuses on: ① the significance of re-searching an interactive map generali-zation environment, ② the features oflarge scale topographic map and inter-active map generalization, ③ the con-struction of map generalization-orien-ted database platform.

结合主成分分析和图像分块的重定向研究

针对现有图像重定向方法视觉效果差和处理速度慢的问题,提出一种基于主成分分析法和分块的内容感知图像重定向方法。首先,利用主成分分析法融合梯度图和显著图来提取更加丰富的图像特征,避免主体信息失真;其次,相邻裁缝线由均值代替,避免像素不连贯;最后,根据能量图中列能量值的大小将图像分为显著区域和非显著区域,并行缩放分块,更加注重图像特征并提高运行效率。在MIT RetargetMe、DUT-OMRON和NJU2000数据集上进行实验分析,以主观感受和客观因子运行时间、SIFT-flow作为评价指标,与几种常用算法对比。实验结果表明,该方法保证了图像主体信息的完整性,平均运行时间为线裁剪算法的1/3。本文提出的方法不仅具有较优的视觉效果,而且可降低运算量。

知识引导的碎片化栅格地形图比例尺智能识别

比例尺是确定地形图秘密等级的重要依据。本文针对碎片化栅格地形图比例尺判定的难题,通过凝练地图尺度特征先验知识,引导构建专家知识图像金字塔数据集(EKIPD),然后使用深度卷积神经网络算法进行建模,构建以知识为引导,以数据为驱动,以算法为核心的知识、数据与深度卷积神经网络耦合的混合智能模型。统计EKIPD中不同尺寸碎片化地形图的样本分布得到最优识别尺寸(ORS),然后以ORS为步长对待识别地形图进行切分;对每个子图分别使用模型进行预测,集成子图的预测结果得到碎片化栅格地形图的比例尺。经过试验验证,本文方法的识别精度在97%左右,证明了本文方法的有效性。

无人机高光谱岩性和矿物识别技术研究

无人机高光谱遥感技术以其高空间分辨率和高光谱分辨率的技术优势,在大比例尺区域地质填图领域可以发挥重要作用。利用无人机搭载全谱段高光谱成像仪(HD_SAVI)获取0.2 m高空间分辨率影像数据,采用经验线性法对所获取数据进行光谱重建,重建后无人机高光谱影像光谱曲线与地面实测光谱曲线谱形基本一致,典型特征吸收峰位置偏差均在1个像元以内。采集岩性样本构建岩性知识库,利用深度学习算法基于无人机高光谱影像数据开展岩性识别;岩性识别结果与大比例尺地质图对比,岩性空间分布基本一致,地质体边界准确且较清晰。参考典型矿物光谱库进行矿物识别。与同一地区CASI/SASI航空高光谱数据地质填图结果进行对比分析,结果表明:两者提取的矿物在空间分布上具有较高的一致性,但无人机低空高光谱影像空间分辨率较高,识别出的矿物种类更加丰富。无人机高光谱遥感技术可以满足无人区、交通不便地区地质勘查,以及重点区或矿区外围等地区大比例尺地质填图的需要。

一种基于Shadow Mapping的阴影生成改进算法

Shadow Mapping算法是目前广泛应用的阴影渲染方法,但该方法容易产生走样,特别是不能满足大规模场景中阴影的真实性和实时性要求。对此,提出一种利用平行面分割的改进Shadow Mapping算法,减少了算法运行时的缓冲空间,提高了阴影质量,尤其适合于动态大规模环境中实时阴影的生成。并用VS2005和OpenSceneGraph实现了算法的绘制过程,达到满意的视觉效果和生成速度。

基于MDS-MAP和非线性滤波的WSN定位算法

为提高传感器网络节点的定位精度,对MDS-MAP结合非线性滤波方法的多种传感器网络定位算法进行研究.根据传感器节点间距离与节点定位坐标之间存在的非线性关系,在MDS-MAP定位算法的基础上,引入扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)求精算法和不敏卡尔曼滤波(UKF)求精算法,对MDS-MAP求得的节点坐标进行求精.对MDS-MAP定位算法、MDS-MAP和EKF相结合的定位算法(MDS-EKF)、MDS-MAP和UKF相结合的定位算法(MDS-UKF)的定位精度进行比较.实验结果表明:EKF和UKF等非线性滤波方法的应用可以提高定位精度,在相同条件下MDS-UKF定位算法的定位精度更高并且其生成的网络拓扑图最接近于实际网络拓扑图.

数字填图系统(RGMAP)在金厂矿区大比例尺填图中的应用

计算机辅助地质填图系统(RGMAP软件),通过建立PRB数字填图过程及其相应的数据模型,把地质数据采集的过程延伸到野外,真正实现了地学数据获取全过程的数字化,实现了地质填图从手工到计算机化的质的飞跃。但该系统的研制初衷是为在区域调查中地质调查服务的,而对大例尺的填图尚未开展过研究。这里以在黑龙江省东宁县金厂矿区开展的1∶10 000大比例尺数字填图为例,总结出利用该系统在大比例尺数字填图中的主要方法步骤和注意事项。

应用于不完整流形的ISOMAP算法

等距特征映射(ISOMAP)算法要求数据位于单一流形之上且具有良好采样,而当数据采样于一个不完整流形时,该算法将会产生"过聚类"问题。为此,提出了一种改进算法——WISOMAP,它采用多维尺度分析(MDS)算法的一个变种——WMDS来降低逼近精度相对较差的多边测地距离在MDS距离保持中的主导作用,使逼近精度相对较好的少边测地距离能够得到更好的保持,从而能在一定程度上缓解"过聚类"问题。实验结果表明WISOMAP算法能更好地对采样于不完整流形的数据进行可视化。

奥维互动地图在物探工作中的应用方法及实例

测线和测点布设是物探工作的重要内容,随项目运行不断变化更新。奥维互动地图的应用给测线、测点布设提供了极大便利。针对物探工作中地质图无法整合到APP,测线、测点布设效率不高等问题,以奥维互动地图基本操作为基础,介绍了利用水经微图下载图件导入奥维的应用方法,详细介绍了将收集地质图导入奥维并整合到APP的具体方法,有效实现了地质图在APP便携呈现,完善了测线、测点布设,提高了布设效率。结合在内蒙古及西藏地区开展的物探工作实例,补充说明了软件VIP共享功能的辅助作用。外业工作表明:合理发挥奥维地图软件的最大效能,探索新的软件使用方法对提高外业工作效率、加强数据管理具有重要意义。

基于SuperMap世界电子地图多尺度表达的研究

依据地图感受论和地图符号学原理,结合世界电子地图的显示要求和使用特点,针对世界电子地图中数据分级体系不完善、尺度建立不规范等问题,提出了一套世界电子地图多尺度表达分级体系,重点研究了基于SuperMap数据处理的技术方法、分类分级标准和符号设计理论,设计制作了基于SuperMap多尺度世界电子地图。

Assessment of soil total phosphorus storage in a complex topography along China's southeast coast based on multiple mapping scales

Soil phosphorus (P) plays a vital role in both ecological and agricultural ecosystems, where total P (TP) in soil serves as a crucial indicator of soil fertility and quality. Most of the studies covered in the literature employ a single or narrow range of soil databases, which largely overlooks the impact of utilizing multiple mapping scales in estimating soil TP, especially in hilly topographies. In this study, Fujian Province, a subtropical hilly region along China’s southeast coast covered by a complex topographic environment, was taken as a case study. The influence of the mapping scale on soil TP storage (TPS)estimation was analyzed using six digital soil databases that were derived from 3 082 unique soil profiles at different mapping scales, i.e., 1:50 000 (S5),1:200 000 (S20), 1:500 000 (S50), 1:1 000 000 (S100), 1:4 000 000 (S400), and 1:10 000 000 (S1000). The regional TPS in the surface soil (0–20 cm) based on the S5, S20, S50, S100, S400, and S1000 soil maps was 20.72, 22.17, 23.06, 23.05, 22.04, and 23.48 Tg, respectively, and the corresponding TPS at0–100 cm soil depth was 80.98, 80.71, 85.00, 84.03, 82.96, and 86.72 Tg, respectively. By comparing soil TPS in the S20 to S1000 maps to that in the S5map, the relative deviations were 6.37%–13.32%for 0–20 cm and 0.33%–7.09%for 0–100 cm. Moreover, since the S20 map had the lowest relative deviation among different mapping scales as compared to S5, it could provide additional soil information and a richer soil environment than other smaller mapping scales. Our results also revealed that many uncertainties in soil TPS estimation originated from the lack of detailed soil information, i.e., representation and spatial variations among different soil types. From the time and labor perspectives, our work provides useful guidelines to identify the appropriate mapping scale for estimating regional soil TPS in areas like Fujian Province in subtropical China or other places with similar complex topographies. Moreover, it is of tremendous importance to accurately estimate soil TPS to ensure ecosystem stability and sustainable agricultural development, especially for regional decision-making and management of phosphate fertilizer application amounts.

基于深度强化学习的无人机覆盖路径规划

为了提高覆盖路径规划任务的性能,提出了一种基于深度强化学习的多尺度地图无人机覆盖路径规划方法。首先对地图进行中心化和不同尺寸映射的处理,其次加入了Luong注意力机制,最后设计不同权重的奖励函数。实验表明改进后的无人机覆盖路径规划方法可以提高无人机对目标区域的覆盖范围以及成功着陆率。

西安市街区尺度生境网络构建的案例与思考

城市街区尺度绿色空间呈现破碎化空间格局会对城市生物多样性产生负面影响。街区尺度生境网络是连接场地绿化与城市整体区域生态系统的纽带,是维护城市内部最小生境单元生态系统稳定的基本保障。与宏观尺度相比,街区尺度生境网络构建在地理信息数据获取、数据精度及土地利用分类等方面均有差异。基于无人机航测数据进行生境制图,并综合运用MSPA、InVEST、MCR等模型进行街区生境网络构建与优化。结果显示:1)基于植被垂直结构特征进行生境制图,可细化表征绿色空间的生境属性;2)街区环境内生境源地呈现面积小、分布散、质量低的特征,即使绿地率较高的小型公园绿地,其生境斑块的生境质量也可能较低;3)受硬质地表分布特征影响,街区生境网络呈现区域分布不均、局地断裂、内外生境割裂的空间格局;4)提取薄弱区域周边生境节点,运用MCR模型构建连通路径,可指导生境节点与生境廊道增补,实现街区生境网络优化。在城市绿地建设从增量发展向存量优化转变的背景下,研究结果可为街区生境网络构建方法向街区绿色空间规划设计方法转化提供思路。