Marbling计算机仿真技术综述

Marbling是一门在液体表面制作彩色流体状图案的传统手工艺术,Marbling的计算机仿真技术是现今计算机图形学领域中模拟传统绘画方法的一大组成部分.文中对现有的计算机Marbling仿真技术进行了全面的综述,并对它们在模拟方法、模拟对象、实现平台和输出格式等方面进行了详细介绍、分析和对比讨论;将现有仿真方法分为基于物理的模型方法和基于数学的模型方法2类,并介绍了3种不同类型的Marbling纹理图案的模拟技术.最后对全文进行总结,讨论了该领域未来的发展趋势和研究方向.

Antizyme 1 Gene is Associated with Loin Muscle Area and Marbling in Landrace × Lantang F_2 Resource Population

The expression level of antizyme 1 （AZ1） gene in Longissimus dorsi muscle of Landrace pigs is significantly higher than that of Lantang pigs based on our previous studies. The AZ1 is a key regulator of the concentration of polyamines in cells. It is a good candidate gene for pig＇s performance because polyamines regulate the growth and development of cells. Four PCR-RFLPs were selected to study the relation between AZ1 genotypes and porcine performance. Results showed that the loci of -713 C/T, -584 A/C, and ＋2 432 G/A had significant or highly significant opposite effects on loin muscle area and marbling.

Replicated association of the single nucleotide polymorphism in PNLIP with marbling in Niigata population of Japanese Black beef cattle

Marbling is regarded as an economically important trait of beef cattle inJapan, and measured as a beef marbling score (BMS). Our previous study reported an association between a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs4164 8172, in the pancreatic lipase (PNLIP) gene and the BMS level, using the Japanese Black beef cattle population of Oita prefecture. Further, we showed that the T allele at the rs41648172 SNP is associated with a high level of the BMS. Thus, we suggested that the rs41648172 SNP seems to be a candidate marker for marker-assisted selection. Our present study was designed to investigate whether this association could be replicated in other independent Japanese Black cattle population and analyze the effect of the SNP genotypes on the carcass traits other than the BMS. We detected the marginally significant effect of the genotypes of the rs41648172 SNP on the BMS level by using the Japanese Black beef cattle population of Niigata prefecture (P = 0.0919), and obtained the result of the T allele associated with an increase in the BMS level, consistent with our previous data. In addition, we showed no significant association of the SNP with the subcutaneous fat thickness, carcass weight, rib eye area, rib thickness and yield estimate in the Japanese Black beef cattle population ofNiigataprefecture. Thus, we concluded that the rs41648172 SNP was useful for effective marker-assisted selection to increase the BMS level in Japanese Black beef cattle, based on the replicated association of the rs41648172 SNP with the BMS level in the other independent Japanese Black beef cattle population and no effect of the SNP genotypes on the carcass traits other than BMS.

No replicated association of the c.-312A >G in<i>EDG</i>1 with marbling in Niigata population of Japanese Black beef cattle

Marbling, defined by the amount and the distribution of intramuscular fat and measured as beef marbling score (BMS), is an economically important trait of beef cattle in Japan. We recently reported that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), namely, c.-312A > G, in the endothelial differentiation sphingolipid G-proteincoupled receptor, 1 (EDG1) gene was associated with the BMS level in the Japanese Black beef cattle population of Oita prefecture, with the G allele being associated with a high level of the BMS. Thus, the c.-312A > G SNP seems to be a candidate marker for marker-assisted selection. In this study, we investigated whether this association could be replicated in the Japanese Black beef cattle population of Niigata prefecture and analyzed the effect of the SNP genotypes on the carcass traits other than the BMS. No significant differences in the BMS level were detected among the genotypes of the c.-312A > G SNP in the Niigata Japanese Black beef cattle population. The SNP genotype had no significant effects on the carcass weight, rib eye area and rib thickness of the cattle population. These findings suggested that the association of the c.-312A > G SNP with the BMS level in the Japanese Black beef cattle population was not replicated in the Niigata population, and revealed no effects of the SNP genotype on the beef productivity in the Niigata population. Thus, we concluded that the c.-312A > G SNP is not useful for effective marker-assisted selection to increase meat quality and, additionally, meat productivity in Japanese Black beef cattle of Niigata prefecture.

Stage-specific nutritional management and developmental programming to optimize meat production

Over the past few decades,genetic selection and refined nutritional management have extensively been used to increase the growth rate and lean meat production of livestock.However,the rapid growth rates of modern breeds are often accompanied by a reduction in intramuscular fat deposition and increased occurrences of muscle abnor‑malities,impairing meat quality and processing functionality.Early stages of animal development set the long‑term growth trajectory of offspring.However,due to the seasonal reproductive cycles of ruminant livestock,gestational nutrient deficiencies caused by seasonal variations,frequent droughts,and unfavorable geological locations nega‑tively affect fetal development and their subsequent production efficiency and meat quality.Therefore,enrolling live‑stock in nutritional intervention strategies during gestation is effective for improving the body composition and meat quality of the offspring at harvest.These crucial early developmental stages include embryonic,fetal,and postnatal stages,which have stage‑specific effects on subsequent offspring development,body composition,and meat quality.This review summarizes contemporary research in the embryonic,fetal,and neonatal development,and the impacts of maternal nutrition on the early development and programming effects on the long‑term growth performance of livestock.Understanding the developmental and metabolic characteristics of skeletal muscle,adipose,and fibrotic tissues will facilitate the development of stage‑specific nutritional management strategies to optimize production efficiency and meat quality.

A Preliminary Study and Characterization of Nasir Abad Hunza Marble Deposit Gilgit Baltistan

Marble is widely used in construction industry mainly in interior & exterior design of buildings due to its resilient physical, chemical & mechanical properties. The diverse geology of Gilgit Baltistan has naturally endowed this region with different varieties of marble deposits. These marble deposits need proper characterization to ensure their proper use in the construction industry. This research aims to conduct a preliminary study for the characterization of the Nasir Abad Hunza marble deposit. Samples from said deposit were subjected to different tests to study its chemical, physical and mechanical properties. Results of XRF analysis reveal that the deposit under study is dolomitic. The comparison of different physical properties of deposits with standard values confirms its originality. However, high variation in the strength of core samples was observed, which could result from incomplete crystallization by metamorphism. This variation in the strength of samples suggests strength-based definitions of deposit domains to propose the use of each domain separately.

Comprehensive Review of Studies on Metamorphic Rocks

Marble is a metamorphic rock, which is one of the 3 basic rock types (magmatic, sedimentary, metamorphic) forming the earth’s crust. The major characteristic sought after in a rock mass in the field for it to be exportable and usable as marble is its suitability to be cut in blocks. In the process of producing marble slabs from marble blocks, the blocks are expected not to contain potentially problematic hard or weak zones and their geomechanical and chemical properties should conform to the relevant standards. Ignoring of the geological properties of the rock in the process of deciding for marble production at a marble site and determination of production location, direction and method is the most important parameter that would increase production loss. In order to reduce losses by determination of geological properties of marble, many academic studies have been conducted on the effects of water saturation, temperature, freezing and thawing on its mechanical and fracture properties. There are further studies on crack propagation in marble under stress. However, even those marble blocks that are obtained based on geological parameters may suffer serious cracks or fractures due to stresses caused by their weight and geometry. Therefore, cutting direction is of critical importance in order to minimize marble waste in the process of cutting a marble block which is brought to the inventory or processing site with cracks, cavities or fractures. Certain studies exist within such context, where the geometry of the discontinuity within a block is determined using non-destructive methods, such as ultrasonic testing, in order to determine the appropriate cutting direction. Such studies made use of ultrasonic waves to determine the physical and chemical structures of magmatic and sedimentary rocks by measuring the progress velocity of sonic waves in the rock. Said studies, however, mostly worked on sedimentary and magmatic rock specimens, focusing less on metamorphic rocks such as marble due to their anisotropic properties. Understanding the academic literature studies on marble would provide significant contribution to the reduction of production losses during the processing marble blocks in processing plants and the achievement of production efficiency levels that are within economic limits. Within such scope, this study has reviewed the past academic studies on marble, classified them under 6 categories, and comprehensively analyzed each category based on materials, testing setups, test specimens, test parameters and research techniques.

Vitamin A administration at birth promotes calf growth and intramuscular fat development in Angus beef cattle

Background: Marbling, or intramuscular fat, is an important factor contributing to the palatability of beef. Vitamin A, through its active metabolite, retinoic acid, promotes the formation of new fat cells(adipogenesis). As intramuscular adipogenesis is active during the neonatal stage, we hypothesized that vitamin A administration during the neonatal stage would enhance intramuscular adipogenesis and marbling.Methods: Angus steer calves(n = 30), in a completely randomized design, were randomly allotted to three treatment groups at birth, receiving 0, 150,000, or 300,000 IU of vitamin A at both birth and one month of age.A biopsy of the biceps femoris muscle was collected at two months of age. After weaning at 210 d of age, steers were fed a backgrounding diet in a feedlot until 308 d of age, when they were transitioned to a high concentrate finishing diet and implanted with trenbolone/estradiol/tylosin mixture. Steers were harvested at an average of 438 d of age. All diets were formulated to meet nutrient requirements.Results: Weaning weight and weight during the backgrounding phase were linearly increased(P < 0.05) by vitamin A level, though no difference in body weight was observed at harvest. Intramuscular fat of steers at 308 d of age, measured by ultrasound, quadratically increased(P < 0.05) with vitamin A level from 4.0±0.26 % to 4.9±0.26 %.Similarly, carcass marbling score in the ribeye quadratically increased(P < 0.05).Conclusion: Administration of vitamin A at birth increased weaning weight and enhanced marbling fat development.Thus, vitamin A administration provides a practical method for increasing marbling and early growth of beef cattle.

基于marble的三维可视化技术研究

随着三维可视化技术的高速发展和广泛应用,很多应用工程领域需要三维地理信息系统显示空间数据。据此介绍了marble的特点和应用方式,详细论述使用VS2008和Qt构建marble源码的基本过程。应用实例表明,基于marble的空间数据三维图形显示真实、形象、直观。

基于marble的等值线显示研究

随着三维可视化技术的高速发展和广泛应用,很多应用工程领域需要三维地理信息系统显示等值线.据此本文介绍了在marble上高效实现等值线.实例结果表明,基于marble的等值线显示真实、形象和直观.

Allele Frequency Distribution in PNLIP Promoter SNP Is Different between High-Marbled and Low-Marbled Japanese Black Beef Cattle

Marbling defined by the amount and distribution of intramuscular fat is regarded as an economically important trait of beef cattle in Japan. The pancreatic lipase gene (PNLIP) is located within the genomic region of a bovine marbling quantitative trait locus. The rat homologue of PNLIP has been previously shown to be regarded as a possible candidate for the gene responsible for intramuscular fat content. These findings suggested that PNLIP was a positional and functional candidate for the marbling gene. In this study, we detected a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), g.37288470A > G, at 1917 bp upstream of the PNLIP transcription initiation site between Holstein steers and somatic nuclear-derived cloned steers from a Japanese Black sire with a very high estimated breeding value for marbling by sequencing analysis. Further, we found statistically significant difference in the allelic distribution of the SNP between 17 Japanese Black unrelated sires with extremely high predicted breeding values for marbling and 17 sires with extremely low ones (P = 0.0332). Our findings suggest that g.37288470A > G SNP in the promoter region of PNLIP might be associated with marbling by altering its gene expression, and be useful for effective marker-assisted selection to increase the levels of marbling in Japanese Black beef cattle.

气-固两相旋转射流场稳定性研究

采用考虑悬浮固粒与气流相互作用的Marble压力耦合模型和涉及悬浮固粒容积系数与平均固粒雷诺数的修正斯托克斯阻力公式，得到了含悬浮固粒的旋转射流稳定性控制方程及相应的修正瑞利稳定性准则．通过计算，给出了不同团粒属性及气相跳跃速度下旋转射流的增长率和发展系数曲线，根据所得稳定性准则，得到了固粒属性对旋转射流稳定性影响的重要结论，文中结论为工程控制旋转射流场及后续发展提供了理论依据．

Zoned Zircon from Eclogite Lenses in Marbles from the Dabie-Sulu UHP Terrane,China: A Clear Record of Ultra-deep Subduction and Fast Exhumation

Eclogite lenses in marbles from the Dabie-Sulu ultrahigh-pressure （UHP） terrane are deeply subducted meta-sedimentary rocks. Zircons in these rocks have been used to constrain the ages of prograde and UHP metamorphism during subduction, and later retrograde metamorphism during exhumation. Inherited （detrital） and metamorphic zircons were distinguished on the basis of transmitted light microscopy, cathodoluminescence （CL） imaging, trace element contents and mineral inclusions. The distribution of mineral inclusions combined with CL imaging of the metamorphic zircon make it possible to relate zircon zones （domains） to different metamorphic stages. Domain 1 consists of rounded, oblong and spindly cores with dark-luminescent images, and contains quartz eclogite facies mineral inclusion assemblages, indicating formation under high-pressure （HP） metamorphic conditions of T = 571-668℃ and P =1.7-2.02 GPa. Domain 2 always surrounds domain 1 or occurs as rounded and spindly cores with white-luminescent images. It contains coesite eclogite facies mineral inclusion assemblages, indicating formation under UHP metamorphic conditions of T = 782-849℃ and P 〉 5.5 GPa. Domain 3, with gray-luminescent images, always surrounds domain 2 and occurs as the outermost zircon rim. It is characterized by low-pressure mineral inclusion assemblages, which are related to regional amphibolite facies retrograde metamorphism of T = 600- 710℃ and P = 0.7-1.2 GPa. The three metamorphic zircon domains have distinct ages; sample H1 from the Dabie terrane yielded SHRIMP ages of 245 ± 4 Ma for domain 1, 235 ± 3 Ma for domain 2 and 215± 6 Ma for domain 3, whereas sample H2 from the Sulu terrane yielded similar ages of 244 ± 4 Ma, 233 ± 4 Ma and 214 ± 5 Ma for Domains 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The mean ages of these zones suggest that subduction to UHP depths took place over 10-11 Ma and exhumation of the rocks occurred over a period of 19-20 Ma. Thus, subduction from - 55 km to 〉 160 km deep mantle depth took place at rates of approximately 9.5-10.5 km/Ma and exhumation from depths 〉160 km to the base of the crust at -30 km occurred at approximately 6.5 km/Ma. We propose a model for these rocks involving deep subduction of continental margin lithosphere followed by ultrafast exhumation driven by buoyancy forces after break-off of the UHP slab deep within the mantle.

The Tashisayi nephrite deposit from South Altyn Tagh, Xinjiang,northwest China

The Tashisayi nephrite deposit is located in South Altyn Tagh.in Qiemo County,Xinjiang Province,northwest China.It is a recent discovery in the vast,well-known Kunlun-Altyn nephrite belt distributed along the south of the Tarim Basin,producing more than half of the nephrite from the whole belt in 2017.Field investigations revealed that it is a dolomitic marble-related(D-type)nephrite deposit,but little is known about its age of formation and relationships between the granites and marble.Here we report field investigations,petrography of the neph rite,as well as petrography,geochemistry,geochronology of the zoisite-quartz altered intrusive rock and adjacent granites.An A-type granite is identified with a SHRIMP U-Pb zircon age of 926±7 Ma,suggesting it was emplaced in an extensional tectonic environment at that time.The altered intrusive rock has a cluster of U-Pb zircon age of 433±10 Ma.with similar trace element features to the A-type granite,suggesting it was formed in an extensional regime at this later time.Nephrite formed because of the metasomatism of dolomite marble by hydrothermal fluids.It is inferred that Ca^2+was released from the dolomitic marble by metasomatism forming Ca-rich fluids,which caused alteration of both the intrusive rocks(6.00-8.22 wt.%CaO)and granite(1.76-3.68 wt.%CaO)near the nephrite ore bodies.It is also inferred that Fe^2+from the granite migrated towards the dolomite marble.The fluids gave rise to the formation of Ca-minerals.such as zoisite,in the nephrite and altered intrusive rock,and epidote in the granite.Based on the contact relationships.similarity in hydrothermal processes,and consumption of Ca^2+,the Tashisayi nephrite is considered to have formed at the same time as the alteration of the intrusive rocks,i.e.~433 Ma.The geochronological similarity(~926 Ma.433 Ma)of South Altyn and North Qaidam may suggest that tectonically they belong to one single complex in the past,which was offset by the Altyn Tagh fault(ATF).The similar formation ages of the nephrites from Altyn Tagh(433 Ma)and the previously studied areas of West Kunlun(378-441 Ma)and East Kunlun(416 Ma)indicate that these nephrites formed during the closure of Proto-Tethys and in the accompanving post-collisional.extensional environment.

Inhibition of acid mine drainage and immobilization of heavy metals from copper flotation tailings using a marble cutting waste

Acid mine drainage （AMD） with high concentrations of sulfates and metals is generated by the oxidation of sulfide beating wastes. CaCO3-rich marble cutting waste is a residual material produced by the cutting and polishing of marble stone. In this study, the feasibility of using the marble cutting waste as an acid-neutralizing agent to inhibit AMD and immobilize heavy metals from copper flotation tailings （sul- fide-beating wastes） was investigated. Continuous-stirring shake-flask tests were conducted for 40 d, and the pH value, sulfate content, and dissolved metal content of the leachate were analyzed every 10 d to determine the effectiveness of the marble cutting waste as an acid neu- tralizer. For comparison, CaCO3 was also used as a neutralizing agent. The average pH value of the leachate was 2.1 at the beginning of the experiment （t = 0）. In the experiment employing the marble cutting waste, the pH value of the leachate changed from 6.5 to 7.8, and the sul- fate and iron concentrations decreased from 4558 to 838 mg/L and from 536 to 0.01 mg/L, respectively, after 40 d. The marble cutting waste also removed more than 80wt% of heavy metals （Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn） from AMD generated by copper flotation tailings.

Laboratory tests and numerical simulations of brittle marble and squeezing schist at Jinping II hydropower station,China

Four 16.7 km-long tunnels with diameters ranging from 12.4 to 14.6 m are now under construction at Jinping II hydropower station along the Yalong River.The tunnels pass through Triassic rocks below Jinping Mountain.The tunnels are characterized with high overburden,long alignment and complex geological conditions.Brittle failure in marble and squeezing in schist are the primary problems in tunnelling.This paper introduces the studies of laboratory tests on Jinping II marble as well as numerical prediction of excavation damaged zone (EDZ) of tunnel section in brittle marble and determination of reinforced concrete lining thickness for restraining time-dependent deformation in the schist tunnel section.Laboratory tests indicate that Jinping II marble presents a complex brittle-ductile-plastic transition behavior of post-peak response with increasing confining pressure.Such behavior can be described numerically with the Hoek-Brown model.The EDZ was calibrated and predicted using both fast Lagrangian analysis of continua (FLAC) and particle flow code (PFC).The predicted result of EDZ in sections with different qualities of rock mass under various overburden pressures is quite helpful in understanding EDZ characterization and support design.A power-law creep model was used to support the lining design,especially in determining the lining thickness.Field convergence measurement data over 19 months were used to calibrate the creep model properties,followed by a sensibility analysis of reinforced concrete lining thickness that was launched to present the maximum lining compressive stress.

Strength and deformation behaviors of veined marble specimens after vacuum heat treatment under conventional triaxial compression

The mechanical behaviors of rocks affected by high temperature and stress are generally believed to be significant for the stability of certain projects involving rocks, such as nuclear waste storage and geothermal resource exploitation. In this paper, veined marble specimens were treated to high temperature treatment and then used in conventional triaxial compression tests to investigate the effect of temperature, confining pressure, and vein angle on strength and deformation behaviors. The results show that the strength and deformation parameters of the veined marble specimens changed with the temperature, presenting a critical temperature of 600 . The triaxial compression strength of a horizontal vein () is obviously larger than that of a vertical vein (). The triaxial compression strength, elasticity modulus, and secant modulus have an approximately linear relation to the confining pressure. Finally, Mohr-Coulomb and Hoek-Brown criteria were respectively used to analyze the effect of confining pressure on triaxial compression strength.

Investigation of meso-failure behaviors of Jinping marble using SEM with bending loading system

In th is study, th e m eso-failure m ech an ism an d fracture surface o f Jinping m arble w ere investigated bym ean s o f scanning electro n m icroscope （SEM） w ith ben d in g loading system and laser-scanner equipment. The Y antang an d B aishan m arbles specim ens from Jinping II hyd ro p o w er sta tio n w ere used. Testresu lts show th a t th e fracture to u g h n ess and m echanical behaviors o f Y antang m arble w ere basicallyh ig h er th a n th o se o f Baishan m arble. This is m ainly d u e to th e fact th a t Baishan m arble co n tain s a largep ercen tag e o f d o lom ite an d m in o r mica. Crack pro p ag atio n p a th and fracture m orphology in d icated th a tth e d irection o f ten sile stress has a significant effect on th e m echanical behaviors an d fracture toughnesso f B aishan m arble. For Yantang an d B aishan m arbles, a large n u m b e r o f m icrocracks a ro u n d th e m aincrack tip w ere observed w h e n th e directio n o f ten sile stress w as parallel to th e bed d in g plane.C onversely, few m icrocracks o ccurred w h e n th e directio n o f ten sile stress w as p erp en d icu lar to th ebed d in g plane. The presen ce o f a large n u m b e r o f m icrocracks a t th e m ain crack tip d ecreased th e globalfracture to u g h n ess o f m arble. The results o f th re e -p o in t ben d in g te sts show ed th a t th e average bearingcapacity o f intact m arble is 3.4 tim es th e notch ed m arble, b u t th e ductility p ro p e rty o f th e defectivem arble afte r p eak load is b e tte r th a n th a t o f th e intact m arble. H ence, large d efo rm atio n m ay beg en erated before failure o f in tact m arbles a t Jinping II h y d ro p o w er station. The fractal d im en sio n o ffracture surface w as also calculated by th e cube covering m eth o d . O bservational resu lt show ed th a t th elargest fractal dim en sio n o f Y antang m arble is cap tu red w h e n th e directio n o f ten sile stress is parallel toth e bedding plane. H ow ever, th e fractal d im en sio n o f fracture surface o f Yantang an d Baishan m arblesw ith ten sile stress vertical to th e bed d in g plane is relatively sm all. The fractal d im en sio n can also be usedto characterize th e ro ughness o f fracture surface o f rock m aterials.

Dynamic mechanical behaviors of Fangshan marble

Dynamic strength parameters are extensively used in mining engineering and rock mechanics.However,there are no widely accepted dynamic failure models for rocks.In this study,the dynamic punching shear strength,uniaxial compressive strength(UCS) and tensile strength of fine-grained Fangshan marble(FM)are first measured by using a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB) system.The pulse-shaping technique is then implemented to maintain the dynamic force balance in SHPB tests.Experimental results show that the dynamic punching shear strength,UCS and tensile strength increase with the loading rate.A recently developed dynamic Mohr-Coulomb theory is then used to interpret the testing data.In this model,the angle of internal friction φ is assumed to be independent of loading rate and is obtained using the static strength values.According to the dynamic Mohr-Coulomb theory,the dynamic UCS and the dynamic tensile strength are predicted from the dynamic punching shear strength.Furthermore,based on this dynamic theory,the dynamic UCS is predicted from the dynamic tensile strength.The consistency between the predicted and measured dynamic strengths demonstrates that the dynamic Mohr-Coulomb theory is applicable to FM.

Chlorination roasting-coupled water leaching process for potash recovery from waste mica scrap using dry marble sludge powder and sodium chloride

The present paper reports the effective utilization of marble sludge powder(MSP)for the recovery of potash values from waste mica scrap using chlorination roasting-water leaching method.Characterization studies indicated the presence of dolomite as the major mineral phase in MSP,whereas muscovite and quartz were observed in the mica sample.The acid leaching studies suggest a maximum of 22%potash recovery under conditions:4 M H2SO4 acid,particle size of^100μm,stirring speed of 600 r/min,leaching temperature of 75℃,and leaching time of 90 min.The chlorination roasting-water leaching process was adopted to achieve the lowest level of 80%-90%potash recovery.The optimum conditions for the recovery of^93%potash from mica(~8.6wt%K2O)requires 900℃ roasting temperature,30 min roasting time,and 1:1:0.75 mass ratio of mica:MSP:NaCl.The roasting temperature and amount of NaCl are found to be the most important factors for the recovery process.The reaction mechanism suggests the formation of different mineral phases,including sylvite(KCl),wollastonite,kyanite,and enstatite,during roasting,which were confirmed by X-ray diffraction(XRD)analyses and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)morphologies.The MSP-blended NaCl additive is more effective for potash recovery compared with the other reported commercial roasting additives.