固定化脂肪酶ANL-MARE催化酸解合成1-油酸-2-棕榈酸-3-亚油酸甘油三酯

1-油酸-2-棕榈酸-3-亚油酸甘油三酯(OPL)是人乳中主要的脂质组成,为满足婴幼儿配方食品母乳化需求,该试验探究了新型固定化脂肪酶ANL-MARE催化制备OPL的方法。试验成功制备和表征了固定化酶ANLMARE,并以ANL-MARE为生物催化剂,建立了一种用三棕榈酸甘油三酯(PPP)、油酸(OA)和亚油酸(LA)高效酶催化制备富含OPL结构脂的方法。经单因素和响应面试验优化,获得OPL最优合成工艺为:PPP与总脂肪酸的摩尔比1:14.27,OA与LA摩尔比为1:0.76,脂肪酶添加量12.70%,反应温度50℃,反应4 h,此条件下产物中OPL相对含量为47.93%,2位棕榈酸(sn-2 PA)占总棕榈酸(PA)的质量分数(sn-2 PA相对含量)为71.69%。此外,固定化酶ANL-MARE与商业脂肪酶相比,表现出较好的催化合成OPL的活性。综上所述,固定化酶ANL-MARE具有催化制备OPL结构脂的重大潜力,为人乳脂替代脂的高效制备提供了新策略和理论基础。

Z箍缩内爆的MARED程序1维模拟分析

研制可靠的数值模拟工具对Z箍缩内爆产生X光辐射过程进行理论研究、实验分析以及负载设计至关重要。介绍了2维三温辐射磁流体力学程序(MARED)的物理方案,给出了MARED程序的1维检验结果,验证表明MARED程序适用不同装置条件、不同负载参数。结合丝阵Z箍缩实验的数值模拟和分析表明:相同负载质量条件下,钨丝阵内爆产生的X光辐射功率远大于铝丝阵产生的X光功率;相同负载电流条件下,负载质量越大,计算得到X光功率越低;X光功率随着负载电流增加而增加。

A comparative evaluation of methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolated from harness racing-horses,breeding mares and riding-horses in Italy

Objective:To investigate the prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci(MRS)which is a potencial risk factor of transmission between animals and humans in different types of horses(harness racing-horses,breeding mares and riding-horses)and to compare the antimicrobial resistance of the isolates.Methods:A total of 191 healthy horses,housed at different locations of the Campania Region(Italy),were included in the study.Nasal swab samples were collected from each nostril of the horses.The mecA gene was detected by a nested PCR technique.Antibiotic susceptibility was tested for each isolate.Results:MRS was isolated from nasal samples of 68/191(35.6%;95%CI:28.9%-42.9%)healthy horses.All isolates were coagulase-negative with the exception of two coagulase-positive MRS strains,identified as Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius.2/83(2.4%;95%,CI:0.4%-9.2%).Interestingly,both coagulase-positive MRS isolates were from harness racing-horses.These horses also presented a significantly higher positivity for MRS(53.3%;95%CI:40.1%-66.1%)than the breeding mares and riding-horses groups.Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed difference between isolates due to different origins except for an almost common high resistance to aminopenicillins,such as ampicillin and amoxicillin.Conclusions:It can be concluded that harness racing-horses may act as a significant reservoir of MRS as compared to breeding mares and riding-horses.

Estimation of the elastic thickness over ancient Mare Moscoviense

The Moscoviense basin is an atypical lunar impact basin with concentric rings of positive and negative gravity anomalies. This basin can provide insights into the inhomogeneous thermal activities across the farside of the Moon. Based on an updated spherical harmonic thin elastic-shell loading model, we used localized admittance analyses to estimate the elastic thickness as well as other associated selenophysical parameters for the Moscoviense basin. The high precision gravity and topography data employed in our estimation were collected by the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory and the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter missions. Our results indicate that the crust-mantle interface is mainly compensated by the prefilling depth rather than the observed surface topography. The results constrained within two standard deviations yielded a small load ratio(~0.168), a best-fit crustal thickness of 36.2 km, and an optimized crustal density of 3159.5 kg m-3. Such large density approaches the density of olivine-rich mantle materials, implying that the excavation of the Mare Moscoviense occurred during a basin-forming impact. The inversed elastic thickness at Mare Moscoviense was around 18 km, lower than the previous results(~60 km) found over Mare basins on the lunar nearside. These results indicate that extreme thermal activity existed during the Moscoviense basin-forming period such as reheating mechanisms from a double-impact process and mare volcanism.

Endometritis associated with Enterococcus casseliflavus in a mare:A case report

Infectious endometritis is one of the main causes of subfertility/infertility in the mare. In this report, we present the first case of endometritis in mare associated with a strain of Enterococcus casseliflavus, an unusual gram-positive bacterium which can also be a zoonotic agent. Furthermore, the isolated strain showed a worrying multidrug-resistant profile. The accurate finding of a successful antimicrobial treatment and consequently,the pregnancy diagnosis indicate the importance to isolate, identify and define the antibiotic resistance profile of bacteria associated with endometritis.

Two Lunar Mare Soil Simulants

Two new lunar mare soil simulants,NAO-2 and NAO-3,have been created in National Astronomical Observatories(NAO),Chinese Academy of Sciences.These two simulants were produced from low-titanium basalt and high-titanium basalt respectively.The chemical composition,mineralogy, particle size distribution,density,angle of internal friction,and cohesion of both simulants have been analyzed,indicating that some characteristics of NAO-2 and NAO-3 are similar to those of Apollo 14 and Apollo 11 landing site soils.NAO-2 and NAO-3 will be of great benefit to the scientific and engineering research on lunar soil.

Time of foaling in Arabian mares raised in Tiaret, Algeria

Objective:To enhance effectiveness of reproduction management in Arabian mares,factorsinfluencing the time of foaling were investigated in this study.Methods:Data were collectedat the National Haras of Tiaret in Algeria from 2003 to 2010.The foaling time of 255 Arabian purebred mares,aged from 3 to 20 years were used for this study.Results:A total of 78.07%of foalinghappens between 7 pm and 6 am.Conclusions:The influence of the month of foaling and the sexof the foal,on the time of foaling was statically significant.

Endoscopic monitoring the estrous phase of Arabian mares with assaying its biopsy

Objective:To evaluate the changes occur in the vagina, cervix and endometrium during the pre- ovulatory period in Arabian mares by using endoscope as a diagnostic tool as well as the availability of taking an endoscopic biopsy during this stage.Methods:Ten cyclic and healthy arabian mares were subjected to ultrasound scanning of their ovaries to estimate the diameter of the preovulatory follicles, collection of blood samples for estimating the hormonal levels (Estradiol-17β and progestrone) for confirming the estrous phase, endoscopic monitoring their vagina, cervix and endometrium, the availability of taking biopsical samples and histological examination of the obtained samples.Results:The obtained data revealed that, the mean diameter of the preovulatory follicles was (3.95±0.34) cm, the plasma estradiol and progestrone levels were (85.98±5.26) pg/mL and (0.73±0.23) ng/mL, respectively, endoscopic monitoring the vagina, cervix and endometrium revealed hyperemic vaginal mucous membrane, soft and opened cervical ostium with abundant estrous mucous and folding, hyperemic and edematous appearance of the endometrium, respectively and the histological features of the biopsical endometrial samples revealed that, The lamina propria-sub mucosa was packed with simple or branched tubular glands lined with simple columnar epithelium showing oval or rounded dark nuclei with different degrees of secretory activities of the glands.Conclusions: The endoscope proved to be a reliable tool for confirming the estrous phase in mares and monitoring the gross features of the vagina, the cervix and the endometrium, in addition to the availability of taking biopsical smears.

A novel strategy to extract lunar mare KREEP-rich metal resources using a silicon collector

The lunar mare potassium(K)-,rare-earth elements(REEs)-and phosphorous(P)-rich(KREEP-rich) region is a unique late-stage product of magma crystallization,in which ilmenite and incompatible elements have high grades,thus forming a giant natural reservoir.The extraction and purification of the high-value metal resources in the KREEP-rich region not only meet the construction needs of the lunar base but also solve the problem of resource scarcity on Earth.In this study,photovoltaic elemental silicon(Si) was used as a collector to extract ilmenite resources,REEs,and nuclear energy elements from basalt in the lunar mare KREEP-rich region at 1873 K.Based on experimentation,the metals titanium(Ti)and iron(Fe) in the lunar mare ilmenite are found to be enriched and solidified in the form of Si-based alloys.The contents of valuable incompatible elements in the KREEP-rich area are also found to be enriched and contained in the incompatible trace elements(ITEs) phase of the alloy.Among them,REEs(e.g.,cerium(Ce) and thulium(Tm)) and nuclear elements(e.g.,thorium(Th) and uranium(U)) are found to account for 82.61 wt% of the ITEs phase.This process provides a simple and feasible scheme for the insitu resource utilization(ISRU) of the lunar surface and is suitable for the extraction and enrichment of lunar metal resources.

Z箍缩内爆的MARED程序数值模拟分析

MARED程序是模拟Z箍缩内爆过程的二维三温辐射磁流体力学程序,它适用于不同装置条件和不同负载参数.利用MARED程序对Z箍缩内爆进行模拟,结合丝阵Z箍缩实验分析表明:相同负载质量条件下,钨丝阵内爆产生的X射线辐射功率远大于铝丝阵产生的X射线功率;相同负载电流条件下,负载质量越大,计算得到的X射线功率越低;X射线功率随着负载电流增加而增加.MARED程序能够较好地反映Z箍缩内爆动力学过程,特别是不稳定性发展的二维图像,能够给出与不稳定性简化模型的理论分析及实验结果定性一致的演化规律.MARED程序模拟丝阵填充泡沫形成辐射场的初步计算得到了与Sandia实验室模拟Z装置上丝阵填充泡沫定性一致的结果.

马乳、驴乳、驼乳对小鼠生长性能、免疫及抗氧化指标的影响

文章探究马乳、驴乳、驼乳对小鼠生长、免疫和抗氧化能力的影响。以4周龄小鼠32只为研究对象,随机分为对照组、马乳组、驴乳组和驼乳组,每天根据体质量分别灌胃10g/kg体质量蒸馏水、马乳、驴乳和驼乳,在第29天处死小鼠后采集肝脏组织,测定小鼠的免疫和抗氧化指标。结果表明,与对照组相比,马乳组和驼乳组15~21d和22~28d时平均日采食量极显著降低,马乳组脾脏指数、白介素1β、超氧化物歧化酶活性显著升高,白细胞介素-6、丙二醛浓度显著降低;驴乳组脾脏指数、蛋白质浓度、超氧化物歧化酶活性显著升高,白细胞介素-6、丙二醛浓度显著降低;驼乳组脾脏指数、白介素1β、蛋白质浓度、超氧化物歧化酶活性显著升高,丙二醛浓度显著降低。灌灌胃马乳和驼乳能够降低小鼠日采食量,灌胃马乳、驴乳、驼乳能够改善小鼠的免疫和抗氧化能力。

Magnetized magma intrusions being sources of a weak and a strong lunar magnetic anomaly revealed by 3D distribution of magnetization

In this work,we aim to investigate the origin of the magnetic carriers in the lunar crust and the intensity of the ancient dynamo field.The magnetization and depth range of magnetic carriers are studied under a weak and a strong magnetic anomaly in Mare Tranquillitatis and in Oceanus Procellarum,respectively,where the surface ages are 3.6 and 3.3 billion years.A sophisticated three-dimensional amplitude inversion software program from a geophysical survey is used to reconstruct the distributions of magnetization in the lunar crust.Because no globally measured surface magnetic field exists for the Moon,a crustal magnetic anomaly model with a grid resolution of 0.2°is used.The depth range of the magnetic source is fixed by the boundary identified by a relative criterion,which is 20%of the recovered maximum magnetization.The central burial depths of the magnetic carriers are approximately 15 km and 25 km under Reiner Gamma and Mare Tranquillitatis,respectively.The volumes of the two magnetic sources are at scales of 104 and 105 km3,respectively.The aforementioned differences may imply a hotter crust under Reiner Gamma than Mare Tranquillitatis by 3.3 billion years.The results support the view that the magma intrusions magnetized by an ancient magnetic field could be the origin of magnetic anomalies under Reiner Gamma and Mare Tranquillitatis.Compared with previous works,the maximum magnetization of 3 A/m under Reiner Gamma supports the intensity of the field being several microteslas.

新生伊犁马马驹后肠道微生物母源传递特征的研究

本试验旨在探讨新生伊犁马马驹后肠道微生物的母源传递特征。通过16S rRNA基因扩增子测序和SourceTracker分析方法,分析11对伊犁马母马的胎盘、脐带、初乳、粪便和马驹胎粪的微生物区系特征,以确定母马不同部位的微生物对新生马驹后肠道微生物区系定植的贡献。结果表明:胎盘和脐带中的微生物群结构相似,而母马粪便和马驹胎粪中则分别具有独特的微生物群。母马胎盘、脐带、初乳、粪便中的微生物都是马驹粪便中微生物的来源,贡献度由高到低依次为初乳(5.5%)、脐带(0.8%)和胎盘(0.7%);此外,马驹胎粪中还有许多未知来源且贡献度(93.0%)相对较高的微生物。由本试验结果可知,母马胎盘、脐带和初乳中的微生物可通过母源传递方式在马驹肠道中进行定植,其中初乳微生物对马驹胎粪微生物的定植贡献最大。

母马补喂支链氨基酸对哺乳马驹生长性能和粪便菌群的影响

[目的]本试验旨在探究泌乳期伊犁马母马补喂不同剂量的支链氨基酸(BCAAs)对哺乳期马驹生长性能和粪便菌群的影响,为保障马驹哺乳期生长及健康提供参考依据。[方法]选择泌乳期母马及其马驹各20匹(哺乳期马驹在2~3月龄之间,初始体重为97.60 kg±13.24 kg;泌乳期母马体重为392.90 kg±12.18 kg),随机分成4组,每组母马及其马驹各5匹,分别为对照组和试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组,在相同饲养管理条件下饲养67 d(预饲期7 d,试验期60 d)。试验期间,对照组与试验组母马每天补喂精料补充料2 kg,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组母马分别额外补喂38、76、114 g/d BCAAs。试验前1 d和第60天测量马驹的体尺和体重数据,第60天采用直肠取粪法采集马驹粪便,分析马驹粪便菌群多样性。[结果]试验第60天,试验Ⅲ组马驹的胸围和体重显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验Ⅱ组马驹的体重显著高于对照组(P<0.05);试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组和对照组粪便菌群OTUs数量分别为4553、4483、4607和3839。各组间Alpha多样性指数以及观测到的物种数均无显著差异(P>0.05)。试验Ⅱ组马驹粪便螺旋体菌门相对丰度显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05),毛螺旋菌科相对丰度显著高于对照组和试验Ⅲ组(P<0.05);试验Ⅰ和Ⅱ组的瘤胃球菌科相对丰度均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验Ⅲ组的理研菌科相对丰度显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。在属水平上,试验Ⅱ组密螺旋体属的相对丰度最高且显著高于试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05),且瘤胃球菌属相对丰度显著高于其他3个组(P<0.05);试验Ⅲ组普氏菌科未分类菌004相对丰度极显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.01)。LEfSe分析与PICRUSt2功能预测所表现的差异项目均与肠道发酵代谢、短链脂肪酸的生产、氨基酸的代谢相关。[结论]给伊犁马母马补喂不同剂量的BCAAs可促进哺乳马驹胸围和体重的增长,提高其肠道有益菌群的丰度,降低有害菌群的丰度,以母马补喂76 g/d BCAAs效果最佳。

不同热处理对马乳中蛋白及风味物质的影响

以新鲜马乳为原料,通过不同加热温度和时间处理,分析α-乳白蛋白和β-乳球蛋白的含量变化,同时采用电子鼻、电子舌和固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱分析不同热处理马乳中挥发性成分的变化规律。结果表明:85℃-10s热处理对马乳中蛋白含量的影响最小。在加热温度为95℃时,随加热时间的延长,马乳蛋白粒径从318.18 nm增加到543.25 nm。85℃-10 s处理的马乳鲜味与生鲜马乳最为接近,且具有最低的酸味。经热处理的马乳中风味物质种类均低于生鲜马乳,其中烃类、芳香类、酮类和醇类含量增加,而酸类含量明显减少。

低乳糖发酵马乳的制备工艺研究及其对乳糖不耐受模型小鼠的影响

通过单因素实验和响应面实验筛选出低乳糖发酵马乳的处方组成及制备工艺。以琼脂添加量、甜菜纤维添加量、乳糖酶添加量、乳酸菌粉添加量为考察因素,分别以葡萄糖含量、酸度、pH和感官评分为评价指标,通过单因素及响应面法设计Box-Behnken响应面实验,筛选并优化低乳糖发酵马乳的最佳制备工艺参数;进一步对乳糖不耐受模型小鼠用低乳糖发酵马乳干预,ELISA试剂盒分别检测肝脏组织中TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β、IL-10、DAO、D-乳酸、SOD、MDA等含量,进行动物试验考察。当琼脂添加量为0.4%、甜菜纤维0.3%、乳糖酶0.06%、菌粉1.5%时,产品各项指标最理想,筛选出的制备工艺参数稳定、可靠。使用低乳糖发酵马乳对乳糖不耐受小鼠未见加重症状的趋势,适宜乳糖不耐受人群使用。

补喂乙酸钠对放牧伊犁马母马和马驹血液生化指标的影响

试验旨在探究放牧条件下给伊犁马母马补喂乙酸钠对母马和马驹血液生化指标的影响。选择产驹日期相近,年龄5~8岁,胎次2~4胎,产驹后30 d的伊犁马母马及其马驹各12匹,共24匹,母马随机分为2组,每组6匹,分别为对照组和试验组,马驹分组与母马保持一致。在相同的放牧条件下,对照组母马不进行任何脂肪酸补喂,试验组母马每天每匹补喂乙酸钠85 mg/kg·BW,进行为期90 d的补喂试验,定期采集母马和马驹血液,测定血液生化指标。结果显示:①试验组母马血中尿素含量和对照组相比显著提高4.27%(P<0.05)。②试验组母马血中总胆红素、直接胆红素和总胆固醇含量分别比对照组极显著提高111.33%、127.50%和11.39%(P<0.01),三酰甘油含量比对照组极显著降低39.29%(P<0.01)。③试验组母马血中谷丙转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶和γ-谷氨酰转移酶活性分别比对照组极显著提高34.35%、23.48%和61.17%(P<0.01),谷草转氨酶比对照组显著提高5.10%(P<0.05);试验组马驹血中谷草转氨酶活性比对照组极显著提高21.59%(P<0.01)。综上所述,在放牧条件下,给伊犁马母马补喂乙酸钠,对母马和马驹血液氮、糖、脂代谢和酶活性具有一定的改善作用。

补喂鞣花酸对泌乳期母马血液生化指标的影响

文章探究补喂鞣花酸对放牧条件下泌乳期伊犁马血液生化指标的影响,为鞣花酸作为饲料添加剂调节泌乳期家畜的健康提供研究基础。将18匹泌乳期伊犁马母马随机分为3组,每组6匹,分别为对照组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组。在相同的饲养管理条件下,对照组母马不进行任何添加剂处理,试验Ⅰ组母马每天每匹补喂有效含量15 mg/kg体质量的鞣花酸,试验Ⅱ组母马每天每匹补喂有效含量30 mg/kg体质量的鞣花酸,试验期为90 d,定期采集马匹血液样品,测定相关指标。结果表明,试验Ⅰ组母马血液葡萄糖和直接胆红素水平均极显著低于对照组(P<0.01);试验Ⅱ组血液甘油三酯水平极显著高于试验Ⅰ组(P<0.01)。试验Ⅱ组母马血液天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶和肌酸激酶均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);试验Ⅱ组母马血液碱性磷酸酶极显著低于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.01);试验Ⅰ组γ-谷氨酰转移酶极显著高于对照组和试验Ⅱ组(P<0.01);试验Ⅱ组母马血液乳酸脱氢酶水平极显著低于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.01)。试验Ⅰ组母马血液铁极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。因此,在本试验条件下,泌乳期伊犁马每天补喂有效含量15 mg/kg体质量的鞣花酸可显著降低血糖、甘油三酯和直接胆红素水平,提高γ-谷氨酰转移酶和铁的含量;每天补喂有效含量30 mg/kg体质量的鞣花酸可以降低母马血液天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、碱性磷酸酶、肌酸激酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性。

复合益生菌酸马奶对AD大鼠记忆功能及肠道菌群的影响

文章探讨了复合益生菌酸马奶对AD大鼠的缓解作用及肠道菌群的影响。72只SD大鼠,随机分为正常对照组、模型组、阳性对照组(甘露特纳胶囊)、复合益生菌酸马奶高、中、低剂量组并建立AD大鼠模型。持续灌胃60 d并收集粪便供16S rRNA测序;检测大鼠行为学变化、海马CA1区神经元形态变化及海马区BDNF蛋白表达量;检测血清5-羟色胺(5-HT)、γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)、白细胞介素-1β、白细胞介素-18、肿瘤坏死因子-α的浓度。与模型组比较,阳性对照组和复合益生菌酸马奶高剂量组有效区域进入次数显著增加,逃避潜伏期缩短,原平台所在象限滞留时间百分比增加;阳性对照组和复合益生菌酸马奶各剂量组神经细胞受损程度低于模型组;与模型组相比,阳性对照组和复合益生菌酸马奶高剂量组AD大鼠海马区BDNF蛋白和血清5-HT、GABA含量显著增加,IL-1β、IL-18、TNF-α显著降低;阳性对照组、复合益生菌酸马奶高剂量组的肠道菌群多样性与正常对照组接近,复合益生菌酸马奶对海马体的学习及记忆力有积极影响。

连翘叶提取物通过PXR/CYP17A1影响孕马血清促性腺激素在肝脏的代谢

【目的】研究连翘叶提取物(Forsythia suspensa leaves extract,FSLE)对孕马血清促性腺激素(pregnant mare serum gonadotropin,PMSG)在肝脏中代谢的影响,改善在畜牧生产中因PMSG代谢缓慢而造成的氧化应激。【方法】采用半仿生酶醇法提取连翘叶有效成分,给予昆明雌鼠不同含量的FSLE进行动物体内试验;收集小鼠血清,进行酶联免疫吸附试验,检测各组小鼠血清中PMSG的质量浓度;采集小鼠肝脏组织,检测氧化应激指标谷胱甘肽、超氧化物歧化酶、丙二醛和过氧化氢的水平;采用Western-blot检测小鼠肝脏组织孕烷X受体(pregnane X receptor,PXR)和细胞色素酶P45017A1(cytochrome P45017A1,CYP17A1)蛋白的表达水平。【结果】FSLE可显著降低小鼠血清中PMSG的质量浓度,且可以减缓PMSG代谢引起的氧化应激。Western-blot结果显示:FSLE可显著下调小鼠肝组织中PXR和CYP17A1蛋白的表达。【结论】连翘叶提取物可能是通过下调肝脏中PXR和CYP17A1的表达减缓PMSG代谢引起的氧化应激。