The study examined the marketing of a cassava-based product (garri) in Delta State, Nigeria. Data was collected from 168 respondents using structured questionnaire. A multi-stage sampling procedure was employed in s...The study examined the marketing of a cassava-based product (garri) in Delta State, Nigeria. Data was collected from 168 respondents using structured questionnaire. A multi-stage sampling procedure was employed in selecting 168 respondents from six markets in Delta State where garri is produced and marketed. Data was analyzed by the calculation of percentages, means and running of regression. The study revealed that the marketing of garri in Delta State was predominantly a female activity. The study also revealed that the garri was marketed in three channels and that 46.4% were retailers. The study further revealed a reasonable degree of freedom of entry and exit in the garri business in Delta State. Each trader or marketer was able to earn an average profit margin of N2 190.00 (for garri marketers), while the marketing margins for garri was 13.1%. Although the marketers were faced with some challenges the average profit per marketer per month was reasonably high (N40 722). The study further showed that the socio- economic characteristics of the marketers to a large extent had a positive influence on the quantity of garri sold in the study area. From the findings it was recommended that storage facilities, extension services and good road network among others should be provided to improve the marketing of garri in Delta State, Nigeria.展开更多
Margin rules are very important rules in futures market. This paper provides a new Value-at-Risk (VaR) approach which uses GARCH model to set margin levels. The new approach overcomes the limitation of the hypothesi...Margin rules are very important rules in futures market. This paper provides a new Value-at-Risk (VaR) approach which uses GARCH model to set margin levels. The new approach overcomes the limitation of the hypothesis of normal distribution in traditional methods and improves the estimation precision. We use the data of metal futures in China's Shanghai Futures Exchange (SHFE) to have an empirical study.展开更多
Objective:To understand the existing fish distribution and marketing systems,assess marketing costs and margins and identify constraints of fish marketing systems.Methods:Data were collected from three different marke...Objective:To understand the existing fish distribution and marketing systems,assess marketing costs and margins and identify constraints of fish marketing systems.Methods:Data were collected from three different markets by fishermen,commission agents,wholesalers,retailers,day laborers etc.through questionnaire interviews and participatory approach during June to September,2013.Results:Four types of marketing channel were identified from farmers to consumers in all the three fish markets through a number of intermediaries.The daily supply of total fish in Binodpur Market,Talaimari Market and Shaheb Market was estimated 0.8-1 ton,0.2-0.3 ton and 8-8.1 ton,respectively.Virtually,most of the fish(75%)is imported from outside;the local supply amount is only 25%.The total marketing cost of wholesalers and retailers of the three markets were$8.58 and$6.47 per day,respectively.The average marketing margin of the wholesalers and retailers of the three markets were$0.18 and$0.25 per kg respectively.Income of fisherman,wholesaler,retailer and day laborer was estimated at$350,$9.75,$6.48,and$1.69,respectively.Conclusions:Traders have broadly improved their food consumption,standards of living,purchasing power,choice and ability as an economic sector.展开更多
文摘The study examined the marketing of a cassava-based product (garri) in Delta State, Nigeria. Data was collected from 168 respondents using structured questionnaire. A multi-stage sampling procedure was employed in selecting 168 respondents from six markets in Delta State where garri is produced and marketed. Data was analyzed by the calculation of percentages, means and running of regression. The study revealed that the marketing of garri in Delta State was predominantly a female activity. The study also revealed that the garri was marketed in three channels and that 46.4% were retailers. The study further revealed a reasonable degree of freedom of entry and exit in the garri business in Delta State. Each trader or marketer was able to earn an average profit margin of N2 190.00 (for garri marketers), while the marketing margins for garri was 13.1%. Although the marketers were faced with some challenges the average profit per marketer per month was reasonably high (N40 722). The study further showed that the socio- economic characteristics of the marketers to a large extent had a positive influence on the quantity of garri sold in the study area. From the findings it was recommended that storage facilities, extension services and good road network among others should be provided to improve the marketing of garri in Delta State, Nigeria.
文摘Margin rules are very important rules in futures market. This paper provides a new Value-at-Risk (VaR) approach which uses GARCH model to set margin levels. The new approach overcomes the limitation of the hypothesis of normal distribution in traditional methods and improves the estimation precision. We use the data of metal futures in China's Shanghai Futures Exchange (SHFE) to have an empirical study.
文摘Objective:To understand the existing fish distribution and marketing systems,assess marketing costs and margins and identify constraints of fish marketing systems.Methods:Data were collected from three different markets by fishermen,commission agents,wholesalers,retailers,day laborers etc.through questionnaire interviews and participatory approach during June to September,2013.Results:Four types of marketing channel were identified from farmers to consumers in all the three fish markets through a number of intermediaries.The daily supply of total fish in Binodpur Market,Talaimari Market and Shaheb Market was estimated 0.8-1 ton,0.2-0.3 ton and 8-8.1 ton,respectively.Virtually,most of the fish(75%)is imported from outside;the local supply amount is only 25%.The total marketing cost of wholesalers and retailers of the three markets were$8.58 and$6.47 per day,respectively.The average marketing margin of the wholesalers and retailers of the three markets were$0.18 and$0.25 per kg respectively.Income of fisherman,wholesaler,retailer and day laborer was estimated at$350,$9.75,$6.48,and$1.69,respectively.Conclusions:Traders have broadly improved their food consumption,standards of living,purchasing power,choice and ability as an economic sector.