Roles of Aqueous Extract of Marigold on Arsenic-Induced Oxidative Damage in Pancreatic Islet β-Cells

Roles of Marigold extracts (ME) on arsenic trioxide (ATO)-induced oxidative damage to pancreatic β-cells need to be further elucidated. In this study, NIT-1 cells were treated with different concentrations of and/or ATO, following by the cell viability was detected by CCK8 assay. Then, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, lipid peroxide (MDA) contents and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured with a fluorescence probe method and colorimetric assay, respectively. The apoptosis rate and morphology was detected and observed with hoechst 33,258 staining assay. The mRNA levels and protein expressions of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were measured by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction and protein immunoblotting assay, respectively. Our results indicated that Co-treatment with ME and ATO exacerbated the cell viability decreasing reduced by ATO, while the addition of ME after ATO treatment effectively promote the recovery of ATO reduced survival rates. The ATO group increased apoptosis (P P β-cells by modulating the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Role of secondary metabolites of wild marigold in suppression of Johnson grass and Sun spurge

Objective: To analyze the wild marigold [(Tagetes minuta L.)(T. minuta)] leaf extract with respect to phytochemicals and allelopathic activity. Methods: The aqueous extracts of T. minuta leaves at concentrations of 50%, 75% and 100% were prepared. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was carried out and then allelopathic ef ect of T. minuta on root length, shoot length, germination, fresh and dry weight of Johnson grass and Sun spurge was tested on i lter paper and in soil.Results: Qualitative phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, l avonoides and terpenoids. The higher concentrations proved to be signii cantly ef ective in reducing almost all the parameters of Sun spurge and Johnson grass in i lter paper bioassay. Supplemented with the soil, all concentrations of leaf extract showed reduction in germination, root and shoot growth, fresh and dry weight of Sun spurge; however, 100% concentration signii cantly reduced the germination of Johnson grass. Conclusions: This study suggests that marigold allelochemicals can be used as an integrated weed management for the production of better crop yield.

Research Advances of Black Spot on Marigold

Marigold （ Tagetes erecta） originated in South America is the main raw material of lutein, which plays a vital role in treating maeula lutea retinae, im- proving immunity and delaying aging. Black spot is the main disease reducing marigold production. This paper concluded occurrence and damage of black spot, the species and symptoms of pathogens, pathogenic factors, selection of disease-resistant varieties and effective means against black spot, and made a briefly analysis of the existing problems and the corresponding solutions, in order to provide a theoretical basis for disease-resistant breeding of marigold.

Effects of Growing Conditions of Marigold in Ilam District, Nepal

Different growing conditions with temperature and sunlight variation could vary in flower growth and quality of marigold. Plant growth and flowering characteristics are compared in three different conditions viz. plastic house, shade house and open field. Three varieties of marigold viz. Marvel Yellow, Marvel Orange and Marvel Garland with similar cultural practices were grown and observed. Each variety with 6 replications was grown in three different growing conditions. Plant height, leaves formation, length of leaves, number of days to flower, number of flowers per plant and post harvest analysis were recorded. Plant growth characteristics followed by flowering behavior were found significantly better in plants grown under plastic house. During post harvest experiment Marvel Garland variety grown under plastic house with wet post harvest treatment was found significantly better compared to other conditions.

The Extraction of Lactic Acid from Fermentative Marigold Wastewater

As a natural yellow pigment,lutein is widely used in the human food and forage.A lot of wastewater is generated in this industry.It is urgent to deal with fermentative marigold wstewater for lutein industry.How to process the wastewatwer is more important.Centre on the process of fermentative marigold wstewater,used by polyaluminium chloride to flocculate,active carbon to bleach,then evaporating in the vacuum state and getting lactic acid finally.

Lutein and lutein esters in marigold flowers by high performance chromatography

Lutein and lutein esters in marigold flowers was quantitatively determined by high performance chromatography （HPLC） with ODS-C 18 column.A mixture of CH3CNCD*2CH3OHCD*2CH3COOCH2CH3 with volume ratio of 55∶1∶44 was used as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and detection was carried out at 460nm. The column temperature was about 20℃. The contents of lutein and lutein esters were determined by analytical curve of lutein since lutein and lutein esters have the same spectral characteristics. Determination results of hexane extracts and saponified samples of lutein show that the saponification transforms the esters into free lutein. The increase of the content of dipalmitate and palmitate stearate reveals that the reaction includes transesterifications.

星点设计-效应面法优化乙醚提取万寿菊中叶黄素的工艺条件

为优化从万寿菊鲜花中提取叶黄素的提取工艺条件,以乙醚与水的不同混合比例及振荡时间作为考察对象,提取率作为考察指标,在单因素试验基础上,采用星点设计-效应面法,通过对设计的13组试验结果进行多元线性回归分析,建立数学模型,绘出三维效应面图,优化出最佳提取条件为:乙醚与水的体积比为7.12,振荡时间为27.78 min。按照最佳工艺条件实测提取率是2.51%,与理论预测的偏差值为4.9%。该模型失拟项不显著,模型可靠,实验设计简单,具有较好的可预测性。

万寿菊叶黄素对蛋鸡蛋品质、血清生化指标、免疫功能和抗氧化能力的影响

研究饲粮中添加万寿菊叶黄素(Marigold lutein)对蛋鸡蛋品质、血清生化、免疫功能和抗氧化能力的影响。选取20~21周龄罗曼灰产蛋鸡432羽,随机分为6组,每组6个重复,每个重复12只,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,另设阳性对照组,饲喂添加800 mg/kg万寿菊叶黄素的饲粮,命名为LDE-800组;其余4组为试验组,饲粮中分别添加200、400、800 mg/kg和1 600 mg/kg的万寿菊叶黄素分别命名为CG-200、CG-400、CG-800、CG-1600组。预试7 d,正试期56 d。于试验第28天和第56天测定蛋品质,在试验第56天采血测定免疫指标、抗氧化能力和血清生化指标。结果表明:(1)在蛋品质方面,在试验第28天时除CG-200组外其他试验组和阳性对照组的蛋黄颜色均显著提高,试验56 d时所有试验组和阳性对照组的蛋黄颜色均显著提高,但万寿菊叶黄素对其他蛋品质指标均无显著影响。(2)在血清生化方面,CG-1600组的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)的含量显著增加(P<0.05),谷草转氨酶(AST)的活性也显著增加(P<0.05);CG-200组的谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性则显著降低(P<0.05)。(3)在免疫功能方面,CG-200组和阳性对照组的蛋鸡血清免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量有显著提高(P<0.05);CG-400、CG-1600组和阳性对照组的蛋鸡血清免疫球蛋白A(IgA)含量显著提高(P<0.05);CG-800、CG-1600组和阳性对照组蛋鸡血清免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量显著提高(P<0.05);CG-200组的蛋鸡血清白介素10(IL-10)含量显著提高(P<0.05),阳性对照组蛋鸡血清干扰素γ(INF-γ)含量有显著提高。(4)在抗氧化能力方面,CG-400组血清中丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低(P<0.05);CG-400、CG-800组血清中过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著增强(P<0.05);CG-800、CG-1600组和阳性对照组血清中总超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著增强(P<0.05);所有剂量组均对血清中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性无显著影响(P>0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加适量的万寿菊叶黄素能够显著改善蛋黄颜色,并能增强机体的免疫功能及抗氧化能力。

八个万寿菊品种染色体核型分析

【目的】为研究万寿菊属不同品种间染色体核型差异,揭示不同品种万寿菊染色体核型差异。【方法】采用‘丰富’、‘印卡’、‘发现’黄、‘发现’橙、‘梦之月’、‘奇迹’、‘超美’、‘大英雄’8个品种为试材,研究了核型公式、平均臂长、最长与最短染色体的相对长度比、核型类型、染色体长度组成以及核型不对称系数等指标。【结果】8个品种万寿菊的核型不对称系数从大到小依次为‘丰富’、‘印卡’、‘大英雄’、‘发现’黄、‘梦之月’、‘发现’橙、‘奇迹’、‘超美’。核型参数的分析结果在此体现可以推出8种万寿菊的进化顺序为:‘超美’、‘奇迹’、‘发现’橙、‘梦之月’、‘发现’黄、‘大英雄’、‘印卡’、‘丰富’。【结论】证明万寿菊可能是万寿菊属相对比较进化的种。

Efficient Microorganism Compost Benefits Plant Growth and Improves Soil Health in Calendula and Marigold

Organic farming needs to be promoted as a means of sustaining soil health and reducing the cost of farming, especially for small farmers.The present study deals with the effect of organic compost, prepared using Efficient Microorganism(EM) consortium and applied along with full or half of the recommended dose of chemical fertilizers, on the growth of Calendula and Marigold plants, soil physico-chemical parameters and soil enzyme activities. Soil enzyme activities were improved with the increase in the rate of EM compost application in both Calendula and Marigold. Carotenoid pigment increased by 46.11% and 12.19% with application of EM compost over the control in Calendula and Marigold flowers respectively. Soil humus, available nitrogen and organic carbon content also increased due to the supplementation of EM compost resulting in better soil fertility. For Calendula, treatment T5(Half dose NPK + EM compost 20 000 kg·hm^(-2)) was found to be the most promising in terms of acid phosphatase(82.63 μg p-Nitrophenyl Phosphate·g^(-1)·h^(-1)), dehydrogenase(10.46 μg Triphenyl Formazan·g^(-1)·d^(-1)) and β-glucosidase(0.30 IU·g^(-1)) activities. In Marigold, treatment C(Half dose NPK + EM compost 5 000 kg·hm^(-2)) was the most promising in terms of amendment in soil enzyme activities.

De novo Flower-bud Differentiation in Tissue Culture of Marigold, Violet Orychophragmus and Tobacco

Floral bud differentiation in vitro is affected by many factors, among which the effect of exogenous phytohormones is striking. According to the study of floral gradient, however, it is possible that the function of phytohormones in floral bud regeneration in vitro may be just a 'trigger', i.e. providing a suitable condition for those cells to express the po-

液相色谱法测定不同地区的万寿菊花中槲皮万寿菊苷的含量

建立新的万寿菊花等产品中槲皮万寿菊苷HPLC检测方法,并对不同地区的万寿菊花中槲皮万寿菊素和槲皮万寿菊苷的含量进行了检测和差异对比。确定色谱柱为:SHUSEUDO MGⅡC18 (250 mm×4.6mm,2.5μm),柱温:30℃,进样量:10μL,液相条件为:乙腈和0.1%磷酸梯度洗脱,运行时间:33 min,流速1 mL/min,波长358 nm,以60%甲醇作为萃取液,结果表明,槲皮万寿菊苷保留时间在10.740 min,测定线性范围为0.004~0.522 mg/mL,R^(2)=0.999,当添加量为0.261~0.522 mg/kg,回收率为95.40%~96.89%。样品检测误差要求为原料≤5%,过程样品≤3%。通过对比不同地区的万寿菊花中QG及QG糖苷的含量,明确了不同地区的万寿菊花中QG及QG糖苷含量差异较大,云南地区万寿菊花中QG糖苷含量高于新疆、河北地区,而QG含量则相反。该方法能够满足检测需求,灵敏度高,重现性好,适用于万寿菊花等产品中槲皮万寿菊苷的测定。

Response of African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) to different concentrations of chlorpyrifos and microbial diversity in root rhizosphere

Objective: To assess the response of African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) to exposed different concentration of chlorpyrifos by evaluating morphology (root and shoot length), biomass (fresh weight and dry weight), photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b), protein and microbial diversity in root rhizosphere.Methods: The study was carried out in pot culture and treated with various concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0%, and 2.5%) as well as control treatments. The morphological, biomass,photosynthetic pigments, protein, and microbial diversity were analyzed on 30, 60, and 90 days.Results: The obtained results revealed that the tested pesticide reduced the growth, biomass and photosynthetic pigment of African marigold when applied at higher concentration than the optimum dosage. But the lower dose the pesticide had some stimulatory effect of analyzed parameters. A similar effect of pesticide was observed on the microbial population of root rhizosphere that is decreased in microbial population was caused at higher doses. But it was increased at lower doses.Conclusions: It can be concluded that pesticide above the certain dosage level adversely affect all the analyzed parameters at higher doses. The application of recommended doses should be discouraged. Further study is needed for the effect of pesticide use on microbial diversity, since these studies are carried out in a controlled pot experiment, including the current study. Thus,future study directed towards by studying the phyoremediation of theses contaminted site with intraction of microbes.

Optimization of xanthophylls extraction from Marigold extractum with supercritical CO_(2) by response surface methodology

In this work,xanthophylls were extracted from Marigold using supercritical CO_(2).A response surface experimental design was used to optimize operating conditions for extraction pressure(22-30 MPa),extraction temperature(50-60℃),CO_(2) flow rate(9-15 kg/h).The maximum concentration of xanthophyll in extracts was determined to be 35.8%by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC),and optimum xanthophylls extraction was obtained at 55℃,26 MPa and 12 kg/h.The optimization results demonstrated that for xanthophylls extraction,all variables(temperature,pressure and CO_(2) flow rate)were to be the influential variables,with the statistical significant effect p-value was smaller than 0.05.

万寿菊秸秆在肉羊养殖中饲料化利用技术的探讨

万寿菊秸秆大量闲置造成秸秆资源浪费,同时也是人居环境整治中农业面环境污染的主要问题,对全面推进人居环境整治造成严重影响,本文旨在通过开展万寿菊秸秆加工调制、饲喂方法等一系列对比试验,探索出适合肉羊养殖的饲料化利用技术,全面推广使用,如果将万寿菊秸秆资源在养殖业中广泛利用,逐步探索建立“万寿菊-饲料-肉羊饲养-有机肥-万寿菊”的良性循环模式,实现万寿菊和草牧业两大产业融合发展,实现农业生产和养殖户收入持续稳定增长,达到生态、经济和社会效益的有机统一,在推进人居环境整治农业面源污染、草牧业高质量追赶发展和万寿菊产业发展方面具有重要意义,为此,本人通过调查研究、查阅资料,对万寿菊秸秆在养殖业中利用价值、秸秆调制加工和饲喂技术方面进行探讨,总结出适宜适合肉羊养殖的万寿菊秸秆饲料化利用技术。

简单·木——英国设计师Peter Marigold的设计主张

英国设计师Peter Marigold是艺术设计领域的通才。早年毕业于中央圣马丁学院的他,先后从事过雕塑和舞台设计。2006年自皇家艺术学院毕业后,因取得EsmeeFairburn助学金得以独立创办设计工作室。他的设计总是能够把视觉性与实用性完美结合,用最简单的设计创造最美好的产品。木是他最普遍使用的材质之一,在他看来,我们生活在一个"游牧年代"。

育苗盘规格对万寿菊发芽及幼苗生长的影响

以万寿菊品种“色素1号”种子为试材,研究不同规格孔径育苗盘对种子发芽及幼苗生长发育的影响。结果表明:与72穴育苗盘对照,32穴育苗盘的发芽速度快35.94,平均发芽时间和每日平均发芽数的表现较优,发芽完成时间提前2 d,总发芽率提高2.26个百分点;32穴育苗盘中的幼苗长势相对一致且健壮,72穴育苗盘中的幼苗因空间狭小、紧密而影响苗茎的伸长发育和须根的空间分布,但不同育苗盘对幼苗生长期生物量的影响微弱,建议使用32穴育苗盘进行万寿菊育苗为宜。

Botanicals, as a Sustainable Agroecological Alternative to Synthetic Pesticide for Controlling Leaf Miner (Pinworm) and Fusarium Wilt Disease of Tomato

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill) is a staple fruit vegetable widely grown worldwide for its rich nutrients including vitamins, minerals and proteins. In spite of its importance, yield and fruit quality in Buea, Cameroon is quite low compared to other countries. Pests and diseases are responsible for these limitations. Those of high importance are pinworm (Tatu absoluta) and Fusarium wilt respectively. Synthetic chemicals have been used to manage this pest/disease on tomato but this has not been very successful because of high cost and unavailability of these chemicals. Botanicals are known to have anti-microbial properties. 10% Leeks and marigold extracts were applied to tomato plants one week after planting. Five treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block. They include a control, a synthetic insecticide, leeks extract, marigold extract, and leeks/marigold extracts. Growth and yield parameters were evaluated and data obtained was analysed by descriptive statistics and ANOVA. Results showed that more tomato plant leaves were recorded in the leeks + marigold treatment (54) which differed significantly (P = 0.05) from the control (45). More fruits were harvested in the leeks + marigold treatment (32) which differed significantly (P = 0.05) from the control (18). Pinworm numbers were significantly higher in control (6) (P = 0.05) than the other treatments. Numerous leaf damage was observed in control (20) which differed significantly (P = 0.05) across treatments. More fruit damage was seen in control (14) and differed significantly (P = 0.05) from the other treatments. The least disease incidence was noted in Leeks + Marigold treatment (27.5%), and the most in control (72.5%) which differed significantly (P = 0.05) across treatments. Fusarium oxysporium and Fusarium semitectum were identified. There was a significant difference in pathogen number in control compared to other treatments. Thus leeks and marigold extract increased yield of tomato by mitigating the effects of leaf miner and fusarium wilt.

饲粮添加万寿菊粕对绵羊生长性能、瘤胃发酵参数和血清生化指标的影响

为探究饲粮中添加不同水平万寿菊粕对绵羊生长性能、瘤胃发酵参数和血清生化指标的影响,采用单因素完全随机试验设计,选取体重为(28.30±3.95)kg的杜泊羊×湖羊杂交F1代公羔50只,随机分为5组,每组5个重复,每个重复2只,每组小群饲养。各组分别饲喂添加0(对照)、5%、15%、25%和35%万寿菊粕(干物质基础)的等能等氮全混合颗粒饲粮。预试期10 d,正试期30 d。试验结束后分析生长性能、瘤胃发酵参数和血清生化指标。结果表明:1)15%组与25%组的干物质采食量(DMI)极显著高于对照组和35%组(P<0.01),5%组极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。除35%组外,万寿菊粕添加组的平均日增重(ADG)均高于对照组,15%组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。15%组料重比(F/G)最低,且与5%组无显著差异(P>0.05),但极显著低于其他各组(P<0.01)。2)瘤胃发酵参数中,25%组乙酸含量显著高于35%组(P<0.05),35%组丁酸含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。3)血清生化指标方面,5%组葡萄糖(GLU)含量显著高于25%组(P<0.05);15%组肌酸激酶(CK)活性极显著高于25%组(P<0.01),显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);35%组总蛋白(TP)含量极显著高于5%组(P<0.01);25%组白蛋白(ALB)含量显著高于对照组和5%组(P<0.05),35%组显著高于5%组(P<0.05);35%组球蛋白(GLOB)含量极显著高于5%组(P<0.01);35%组甘油三酯(TG)含量极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),显著低于15%组(P<0.05);35%组高密度脂蛋白(HDL)含量显著高于5%组(P<0.05);35%组低密度脂蛋白(LDL)含量显著高于对照组和5%组(P<0.05);35%组极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)含量显著高于5%组(P<0.05);35%组总胆固醇(TC)含量极显著高于对照组和5%组(P<0.01)。在本试验中,饲粮添加5%~25%的万寿菊粕能够提高绵羊的生长性能,影响瘤胃发酵参数和血清生化指标;万寿菊粕添加量为15%时效果最好,而添加35%的万寿菊粕不利于绵羊生长性能的发挥。

不同万寿菊粕水平对绵羊瘤胃细菌多样性的影响

本试验为了探索不同万寿菊粕水平对绵羊瘤胃细菌多样性的影响,采用单因素完全随机试验设计,选取体重为(28.30±3.95)kg的杜泊羊×湖羊杂交F1代公羊50只,随机分为5个组,每组10只。各组饲喂不同饲粮,对照组(CK组)饲粮不添加万寿菊粕,A组、B组、C组、D组饲粮中分别添加5%、15%、25%和35%万寿菊粕。试验期40 d,其中预试期10 d,正试期30 d。在第31天,从各组中随机选取4只公羊,经口腔采集瘤胃液,利用高通量测序技术进行瘤胃细菌多样性分析。结果表明:5组样品共获得1068个操作分类单元(OTU),其中共有OTU 296个;D组ACE指数极显著低于CK组(P<0.01),C组显著低于CK组(P<0.05)。D组Chao1指数极显著低于CK组(P<0.01),C组显著低于CK组(P<0.05)。D组Shannon指数极显著低于CK组(P<0.01)。各组在门水平的优势菌群为拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门。D组拟杆菌门相对丰度极显著高于CK组(P<0.01),C组显著高于CK组(P<0.05);C组和D组变形菌门相对丰度极显著低于CK组(P<0.01);B组、C组和D组疣微菌门相对丰度极显著低于CK组(P<0.01),D组显著低于A组(P<0.05);C组和D组蓝藻菌门的相对丰度极显著低于CK组(P<0.01),D组显著低于A组(P<0.05);C组和D组浮霉菌门的相对丰度极显著高于CK组(P<0.01),C组显著高于A组和B组(P<0.05),B组显著高于CK组(P<0.05)。属水平上的优势菌为普雷沃氏菌属、拟杆菌属、解琥珀酸菌属和奎因氏菌属。D组普雷沃氏菌属相对丰度极显著高于CK组(P<0.01);D组解琥珀杆菌属相对丰度极显著低于CK组(P<0.01),A组显著高于CK组(P<0.05),B组和C组极显著低于A组(P<0.01),显著低于CK组(P<0.05);C组和D组琥珀酸弧菌属相对丰度显著低于CK组(P<0.05)。D组厌氧弧菌属相对丰度极显著低于CK组(P<0.01)。综上所述,在绵羊饲粮中添加万寿菊粕水平为5%~15%时,不会影响绵羊瘤胃菌群丰富度和多样性;当添加万寿菊粕水平在25%~35%时,会降低绵羊瘤胃菌群丰富度和多样性,改变绵羊的菌群结构,增加拟杆菌门和普雷沃氏菌属的相对丰度,且普雷沃氏菌属和密螺旋体属相对丰度与万寿菊粕水平有较强的正相关性。