Transport and behavior of marine oil spill containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mesocosm experiments

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)are one of the most important groups in oil,and re sponsible for major toxic and/or carcinogenic impact on humans and wildlife.It is important to understand the behavior of PAHs in marine environment after an oil-spill incident.However,interaction between petroleum PAHs and microbial communities in a marine environment remains unclear.Therefore,a series of mesocosm experiments were conducted.in which water-accommodated fraction(WAF)of oil was generated to simulate an oil-spill scenario and to analyze the transport and behavior of marine oil spill containing PAHs with and without dispersants.Results indicate that the application of dispersant could increase the concentration of total PAHs in water column due mainly to significant increase in the concentration of highmolecular weight(HMW)PAHs at a lower removal rate.At the end of the 7-day experiment,significant amount of HMW PAHs were accumulated in sediment.In general,the application of dispersant did not increase the sediment uptake of PAHs but increased the PAHs concentration in water column.

Studies on Marine Oil Spills and Their Ecological Damage

The sources of marine oil spills are mainly from accidents of marine oil tankers or freighters, marine oil-drilling platforms, marine oil pipelines, marine oilfields, terrestrial pollution, oil-bearing atmosphere, and offshore oil production equipment. It is concluded upon analysis that there are two main reasons for marine oil spills: (I) The motive for huge economic benefits of oil industry owners and oil shipping agents far surpasses their sense of ecological risks. (II) Marine ecological safety has not become the main concern of national security. Oil spills are disasters because humans spare no efforts to get economic benefits from oil. The present paper draws another conclusion that marine ecological damage caused by oil spills can be roughly divided into two categories: damage to marine resource value (direct value) and damage to marine ecosystem service value (indirect value). Marine oil spills cause damage to marine biological, fishery, seawater, tourism and mineral resources to various extents, which contributes to the lower quality and value of marine resources.

Problems of Marine Ecological and Environmental Compensations of Oil Spill in China

In recent years, the frequent occurrences of marine oil spills have already become one of the major reasons threatening the marine ecological safety of China. In the event of oil spill, oth-er than taking the necessary emergent measures aiming specifically at the damage to the marine ecology and environment, using legal means to assure that the damage liabilities are borne by the respon-sible persons to protect the national interests are also very neces-sary. This paper advances five recommendations regarding the development of a system for ecological legal compensations from the standpoint of the current status of legislation and execution of the laws on compensation of oil spill polluting marine ecosystem. These five recommendations include: determination of the status of juristic action in marine ecological and environmental compen-sations in accordance with the laws, determination of plaintiff of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws, determination of the four basic principles in the le-gal actions of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws, determination of assessment technical standard of marine ecological and environmental damages in ac-cordance with the laws, and determination of the scope of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws.

Environmental Consequences of Oil Spills on Marine Habitats and the Mitigating Measures—The Niger Delta Perspective

The Niger Delta region has witnessed environmental impacts arising from oil production activities. Soil fertility in these areas and the entire marine habitat was investigated based on the re-occurring spill incidents in the area to establish the consequences of oil pollution on key performance indicators as well as the remedial actions for resuscitation. One of the bases of evaluation was on the fertility profile of the area impacted by oil spills as compared with the areas without oil spills influence. A suitable cost effective and environmentally friendly technique to handle the pollutions in the Niger Delta region can be found in systematic containment, recovery, clean up and restoration of the marine habitat to its initial capacity and status to be able to sustain life once again.

Marine oil spill contingency planning

According to the practice researching and formulating “The Oil Spill Contingency Plan of South Chinese Sea”, this paper analyses and discusses the structure, functions and main contents of marine oil spill contingency planning, programs the organizing and commanding system and emergency response system, and advances the planning and researching method to coordinate comprehensively and to design practically the detailed emergency response steps until to formulate the ease operating programs for the plan implementation(PPI) and the PPI to apply high techniques supporting emergency administrations and response.

Isolation and characterization of a high-efficiency marine diesel oil-degrading bacterium

In the recent 50 years,marine oil spills had resulted in severe environmental pollution problems worldwide.In this study,12 petroleum-degrading strains named MJ1 to MJ12,which can use diesel oil as the sole carbon source for growth,were isolated from the seawater in Jiaozhou Bay,China.Strain MJ4 has the highest diesel-degrading rate which is up to 26.54%in 5 days with the diesel oil concentration of 10 g/L.According to the BLAST research,16SrRNA sequence of MJ4 showed 99%similarity to Bacillus megaterium strain.Single-factor experiments and response surface methodology were carried out to optimize the environmental factors and their reciprocal action for affecting the diesel oil degradation process of Bacillus sp.MJ4.Results of single-factor experiments revealed that the highest degradation rate was obtained with temperature of 28°C,pH of 8.8,diesel oil concentration of 25 g/L,P/N ratio of 0.56,nitrogen and phosphorus dosage quantity of 0.35 g/L and 0.18 g/L,respectively.A nonlinear regression equation of diesel oil degradation rate and pH,temperature,P/N ratio was obtained.The model predicted the maximum degradation rate of 72.21%with temperature of 28°C,pH of 8.88,P/N ratio of 0.31,respectively.

A fast,edge-preserving,distance-regularized model with bilateral filtering for oil spill segmentation of SAR images

Marine oil spills are among the most significant sources of marine pollution.Synthetic aperture radar(SAR)has been used to improve oil spill observations because of its advantages in oil spill detection and identification.However,speckle noise,weak boundaries,and intensity inhomogeneity often exist in the oil spill regions of SAR imagery,which will seriously aff ect the accurate identification of oil spills.To enhance marine oil spill segmentation of SAR images,a fast,edge-preserving framework based on the distance-regularized level set evolution(DRLSE)model was proposed.Specifically,a bilateral filter penalty term is designed and incorporated into the DRLSE energy function(BF-DRLSE)to preserve the edges of oil spills,and an adaptive initial box boundary was selected for the DRLSE model to reduce the operation time complexity.Two sets of RadarSat-2 SAR data were used to test the proposed method.The experimental results indicate that the bilateral filtering scheme incorporated into the energy function during level set evolution improved the stability of level set evolution.Compared with other methods,the proposed improved BF-DRLSE algorithm displayed a higher overall segmentation accuracy(97.83%).In addition,using an appropriate initial box boundary for the DRLSE method accelerated the global search process,improved the accuracy of oil spill segmentation,and reduced computational time.Therefore,the results suggest that the proposed framework is eff ective and applicable for marine oil spill segmentation.

Field Experiments of Multi-Channel Oceanographic Fluorescence Lidar for Oil Spill and Chlorophyll-a Detection

A Multi-channel Oceanographic Fluorescence Lidar(MOFL), with a UV excitation at 355 nm and multiple receiving channels at typical wavelengths of fluorescence from oil spills and chlorophyll-a(Chl-a), has been developed using the Laser- induced Fluorescence(LIF) technique. The sketch of the MOFL system equipped with a compact multi-channel photomultiplier tube(MPMT) is introduced in the paper. The methods of differentiating the oil fluorescence from the background water fluorescence and evaluating the Chl-a concentration are described. Two field experiments were carried out to investigate the field performance of the system, i.e., an experiment in coastal areas for oil pollution detection and an experiment over the Yellow Sea for Chl-a monitoring. In the coastal experiment, several oil samples and other fluorescence substances were used to analyze the fluorescence spectral characteristics for oil identification, and to estimate the thickness of oil films at the water surface. The experiment shows that both the spectral shape of fluorescence induced from surface water and the intensity ratio of two channels(I495/I405) are essential to determine oil-spill occurrence. In the airborne experiment, MOFL was applied to measure relative Chl-a concentrations in the upper layer of the ocean. A comparison of relative Chl-a concentration measurements by MOFL and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) indicates that the two datasets are in good agreement. The results show that the MOFL system is capable of monitoring oil spills and Chl-a in the upper layer of ocean water.

海洋油膜偏振反射特性仿真与测试

为了海洋溢油的检测与识别,在偏振特性建模中综合考虑天空的偏振辐射、油膜表面的动态反射、接收探测器的姿态和性能,进行全数字仿真,开展外场动态水面的实测,进行油膜偏振半实物仿真,最后对海洋溢油进行了偏振测试与分析。试验结果表明:在区分油品方面,汽油和水的强度差值为29.33%,线偏振度差值为0.97%,二者结合可较好的分辨溢油。

紧缩极化SAR卷积神经网络溢油检测方法

为研究利用紧缩极化SAR代替全极化SAR进行海洋溢油检测的可行性,以及不同极化参数对溢油检测准确率的影响,本文利用卷积神经网络(CNN)的SAR溢油检测算法,对全极化模式及由全极化构造的紧缩极化SAR数据分别提取极化参数,研究其对于溢油分类准确率的影响;同时对比不同SAR数据预处理步骤对溢油检测精度的影响。研究结果表明,对于预处理步骤,线性拉伸方法能够有效提升溢油检测的准确率;在极化参数选择上,极化参数极化熵H在全极化与紧缩极化模式上都取得最高的分类准确率,分别为0.972和0.978。该研究结果证明了利用紧缩极化SAR代替全极化SAR进行溢油检测的可行性,在溢油检测方面具有较好的应用潜力。

溢油环境风险综合评价

文章基于危化品风险源、涉海敏感目标和船舶交通密度3种影响因素综合评价溢油环境风险状况。首先从空间分布和数量特征的视角,提取宁波市海域环境风险影响因子,建立海域环境风险评价方法和指标体系,然后依托GIS空间信息平台实现对宁波近岸海域环境风险空间布局的综合评价。结果表明,宁波慈溪市西北部和镇海区潜在的溢油环境风险极高,对石油泄漏的敏感程度也相对较高,进而表明该区域应列为重点风险管控对象;北仑区和奉化区东南部沿海区域和象山港东部海域,其溢油环境风险为一般水平,说明该区域应列为一般风险管控对象,其潜在的溢油环境风险属于中等敏感程度;而象山县东部及东南部、宁海县南部区域,该海域的潜在环境风险极低,其对溢油敏感程度较低。评价结果可为宁波市海洋环境风险防控及应急响应措施、海域空间资源利用配置等提供科学依据和有效借鉴。

Radarsat observations and forecasting of oil slick trajectory movements

RADARSAT data have a potential role for coastal pollution monitoring. This study presents a new approach to detect and forecast oil slick trajectory movements. The oil slick trajectory movements is based on the tidal current effects and Fay's algorithm for oil slick spreading mechanisms. The oil spill trajectory model contains the integration between Doppler frequency shift model and Lagrangian model. Doppler frequency shift model implemented to simulate tidal current pattern from RADARSAT data while the Lagrangian model used to predict oil spill spreading pattern. The classical Fay's algorithm was implemented with the two models to simulate the oil spill trajectory movements.The study shows that the slick lengths are effected by tidal current V component with maximum velocity of 1.4 m/s. This indicates that oil slick trajectory path is moved towards the north direction. The oil slick parcels are accumulated along the coastline after 48 h. The analysis indicated that tidal current V components were the dominant forcing for oil slick spreading.

Deficiencies in Chinese law regarding compensation for damage to marine ecological resources arising from drilling platform oil spill and the ways of improvement:Starting off with the Penglai 19-3 oil spill accident

Based upon the accident of Penglai 19-3 off-shore oil drilling platform and the applicable laws and regulations in China,this paper analyses the deficiencies with respect to liable party,party entitled to claim,scope of compensation,means of settlement and compulsory liability insurance existing in the legal regime in China governing compensation for damage to marine ecological resources caused by oil spill from off-shore oil drilling platform. Suggestions and proposals are put forward to improve the legal regime.

多无人海洋运载器协同编队任务分配方法

为更好地处理海面溢油,针对无人海洋运载器集群队形控制过程中任务分配延迟、收敛速度慢和易陷入局部最优的问题,提出将上层的巡回规划过程与下层的任务指派过程紧密结合的多无人海洋运载器协同编队任务分配方法。首先以匈牙利算法建立多运载器代价矩阵并完成运载器集群个体“可能围油任务”的协同分配,其次以蚁群算法求解运载器集群航迹规划问题,最后得到运载器集群最短闭循环巡回路径。仿真结果表明,通过该方法求得的总航迹长度缩短了15.13%,算法平均运行时间减少了46.57%,任务分配合理性得以有效提升。

基于无人机多光谱光学特性的海面油污辨识方法

为提高海洋溢油识别能力以满足海洋巡检应用要求,通过对无人机海面油污巡检系统进行改进,建立了基于多光谱成像光学特性的综合海面油污巡检系统。首先,分析了多光谱成像辨识海面油污的工作原理,建立基于多光谱成像的无人机与人工巡检相结合的海面油污巡检系统,得到基于该系统下的海面油污实验结果,测量结果验证了对油污辨识的准确性。然后,基于建立的海面油污巡检系统,采用长距离无人机自主海面巡检与人工船舶海面巡检相结合的方法,能够准确快速地对海面油污进行辨识。最后,通过该系统对我国某港口附近海面进行油污检测,得到了海面溢油空间的准确位置和分布情况,油污辨识结果验证了该方法的准确性和可行性。

溢油在海洋生态系统中的风化、生态学效应及环境风险评价

海洋石油污染是全球性的海洋环境问题之一,对海洋生态系统影响极大。本文综述了溢油入海后降解、转化及其随食物链的传递过程,分析其对海洋三大生物类群的毒性效应及可能的作用机制,探讨评价溢油环境风险的方法,并对今后的研究进行展望,为深入研究溢油的生态学效应、科学评价溢油的环境生态风险提供参考。

基于海洋溢油溯源数值模拟方法的长岛保护区污染风险分析

渤海海域油气开发和输运活动频繁,溢油风险源较多,无主漂油事件时有发生。本文采用海洋溢油溯源数值模拟方法对山东长岛国家级自然保护区(即长岛保护区)进行了污染风险分析。利用非结构有限体积法海洋模式(Finite-Volume Community Ocean Model,FVCOM)模拟了渤海海域的潮流,结合欧洲中期天气预报中心的ERA5风场资料,通过一次真实溢油事故的后报验证方法的有效性。将该方法应用在长岛保护区的溯源模拟中,评估月平均统计条件下保护区整体污染危害风险。研究表明,溯源数值模拟方法可以提供对保护区造成危害的溢油来源区域及溢油对保护区造成污染影响的概率等信息,可为保护区相关工作提供参考。

可见光响应型修复剂去除海水中溶解性石油烃的研究

溢油事故残留在海水中的溶解性石油烃(Dissolved Petroleum Hydrocarbons,DPH)会对海洋生态造成严重危害,亟需开发一种能够高效去除DPH的溢油修复剂。以尿素为N源,通过溶胶-凝胶法制备N掺杂的TiO_(2)(N-TiO_(2)),然后将其负载于生物炭(Biochar,BC)上制备N-TiO_(2)@BC溢油修复剂,采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线电子能谱(XPS)以及紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)对其进行表征,探讨该修复剂对海水中DPH的去除效果及作用机理。结果表明:N元素掺杂可增强TiO_(2)的可见光响应能力;海水温度为10℃,修复剂N-TiO_(2)@BC-0.5投加量为1 g/L时,反应3 h后DPH的去除率最高达到80.3%;该体系中DPH的去除符合准一级动力学模型,反应中起主要作用的活性基团为h+和·O_(2)^(-)。

构建强化海油雪体系去除溢油的模拟研究

溢油后生成的海油雪(Marine Oil Snow,MOS)会裹挟水中石油并最终沉降,而MOS中残油的释放会对海洋生态构成威胁。以固定石油降解菌(Petroleum Degrading Bacteria,PDB)的生物炭为强化剂,构建了强化海油雪(Strengthened-MOS,S-MOS)体系并研究了其对石油的去除机理。结果表明:与MOS相比,S-MOS絮体中的PDB分泌了更多的胞外聚合物(Extracellular Polymeric Substances,EPS),且紧密结合型EPS占比更高,导致生成的S-MOS絮体尺寸更大且更密实;对絮体中EPS主要组分的分析结果显示,S-MOS比MOS含有更多的蛋白质及多糖,表明强化后其疏水性增强且吸附位点增多,因而增强了对海水中石油的捕获能力;S-MOS比MOS体系脱氢酶活性高57.2%,对石油的去除率提高了44.3%。

水上重大溢油事故围油栏鲁棒优化调度研究

在水上溢油清污中,围控不同敏感资源的围油栏应急调运要求差异较大,每种环境敏感资源可以被视为一个典型清污情景。在溢油最大污染范围内存在多种溢油清污情景,但受水上不确定性风流场的影响,每种清污情景的发生概率未知。为了使最坏清污情景下的应急调度效果尽量理想,文章构建了围油栏鲁棒优化调度模型,决策各应急反应基地围油栏运输船的调运数量与调运去向。算例分析验证了文章模型有效性,研究结果表明:针对特定清污情景的应急调运要求所制定的优化调度方案,当所应对情景发生变动时应急调度效果会下降;鲁棒调度方案能有效地应对清污情景变动,可以最大限度地规避应急调度方案严重失效的风险。