Dual Focus upon Industrial Restructuring and Market Access Management

The Central Economic Working Conference of the CPC sets out an important mission for China’s economic development in 2007:"tak- ing energy conservation and protection of the ecological environment as the starting point,actively promote optimization and upgrade of the industrial structure".

Market Access for Developing Countries： Advantages and Constraints

This paper examines the issue of market access for development in the context of Africa during the age of globalization. The opportunity offered by China--the huge emerging market for Africa＇s exports goes in the way of openness source of economic success.

Research on the Legal Regulation of Market Access for Agricultural Products in China

On the basis of defining the concept of market access for agricultural products,this paper analyzes the necessity of establishing market access system of agricultural products,proposes the conception of establishing market access system of agricultural products in China;sets up the frame of market access system of agricultural products;analyzes the rationality of the frame of market access system of agricultural products;poses the consideration of economic law regarding setup of market access system of agricultural products.This paper also puts forward the legislative suggestions for establishing market access system of agricultural products as follows:establish the frame of market access system of agricultural products taking quality access as core;establish and perfect the compensation and relief system of guaranteeing benefit of manager and producers;establish the market access system of agricultural products with hierarchical structure;sort out existing laws and form the sound the legal frame of market access system of agricultural products.

Transition to Certification Schemes and Implications for Market Access: GlobalGAP Perspectives in Kenya

Voluntary pre-farm certification schemes especially GlobalGAP are increasingly defining market access for smallholders in developing countries. Their strict demand for financial and technical competencies and concerns for producer welfare and environmental conservation imply that transition to certified production could spell smallholders’ exit or shift to alternative markets for no-compliance. But what factors motivate successful transition to certification and does alternative market access exist for the unsuccessful transition? Multinomial logit estimates reveal training and higher farm assets base as key indicators of successful certification and organized production. However, a large cultivated land resource favours certification but disfavours transition to organized production. The results point to sensitivity of certification schemes to expertise on technical information and assets that enhance cultivation of quality, reliable and hygienic produce and economies of scale in farming. The transition to organized production seems efficient if technical knowledge and assets that enhance cultivation of quality, reliable and hygienic produce are present. The results imply that farmer expertise, farm assets and land resource are critical barriers for farmers transiting to certification schemes. This calls for concerted mitigation if smallholders in developing countries are to benefit from the lucrative premium markets in Western Europe.

Can the improvement of competitive adequacy and fairness reduce discriminatory M&A behavior?Evidence from the market access negative list pilot in China

Corporate mergers and acquisitions(M&As)are subject to skewed logic due to excessive government regulation.China is progressively adopting the Market Access Negative List(MANL)pilot to transfer the power of resource allocation from the government to the market.Using the DID method,we examine the impact of relaxing market access regulation on firms’M&A behavior against China’s institutional background and the M&A events of listed companies from 2012 to 2019.The MANL significantly increases firms’M&A tendency and amount and strengthens the competitive adequacy and fairness of market-oriented M&A decisions.Post-M&A financial performance does not increase,but human capital productivity,innovation effectiveness and total factor productivity do,demonstrating the dynamic balance of profit and efficiency in M&As.

A corpus-based approach to understanding market access in fisheries and aquaculture international business research:A systematic literature review

Although fisheries and aquaculture studies might seem marginal to international business(IB)studies in general,fisheries and aquaculture IB(FAIB)management is currently facing increasing pressure to meet global demand and consumption for fish in the next coming decades.In part address to this challenge,the purpose of this systematic review of literature(SLR)study is to investigate the use of the term‘market access’in its context of use in the generic literature and business sector discourse,in comparison to the more specific literature and discourse in fisheries,aquaculture and seafood.This SLR aims to uncover the knowledge/interest gaps between the academic subject discourses and business sector practices.Corpus driven in methodology and using a triangulation method of three different text analysis softwares including AntConc,VOSviewer and Web of Science(WoS)analytics,the SLR results indicate a gap in conceptual knowledge and business practices in how market access is conceived,studied and managed in the pharmaceutical and healthcare marketing industry in comparison to fisheries and aquaculture.FAIB's complexity is directly acknowledged in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and Zero Hunger.And while the product orientation of different business sectors might differ,this SLR study works with the assumption that both business sectors are international in orientation,and complex in their operations from product to market.To that extent,research scholars and practitioners in FAIB will need to broaden their efforts in understanding the multiplicity of forces that influences fisheries and aquaculture and its international orientation towards both emerging as well as mature markets.This SLR suggests a conceptual model in understanding the challenges,the potential barriers as well as avenues for solutions to developing market access for FAIB.

Impact of market access and comparative advantage on regional distribution of manufacturing sector

We discuss the effects of trade costs and comparative technology on industry location by employing the model presented by Martin and Rogers(1995).The model supposes comparative technology differences and different intraregional and interregional trade costs and argues how different factors influence location of industrial value added.By processing the designed model,equations were set up to check whether the conclusions from our mathematical model are credible under panel data at the provincial level of China from 1995 to 2014.We find that location of industrial value added in a region is strongly related to infrastructure and local market size while geographical location of a region is an important determinant for deciding which factor should be handled first.

MIIT Plans to Open Broadband Access Market

November 28, 2014--Reeently, MIIT issued the ＂Opinions On Open Access To Broadband Market （Draft）＂, which regulates that private enterprises should be enc：ouraged to participate in the construction and operation of broadband access network infrastructure; encourage the private enterprises to participate in the relevant investment and carry out cooperation with infrastructure companies anti provide broadband resale services etc. The mainthree telecom operators shall not sign exclusive agreements with private enterprises and dynamic adjustment mechanism of prices should be estahlished.

Contribution of Rural Roads to Access to-and Participation in Markets:Theory and Results from Northern Ethiopia

Road accessibility is considered to be one of the major factors influencing (or correlated to) rural households’ access to- and participation in markets. However, there are few studies that investigate this important topic. This paper, therefore, explores the issue from both theoretical and practical perspectives with household and village level data from Northern Ethiopia. It is generally assumed that road accessibility significantly contributes to both access to- and participation in markets by rural households. The results in this study, however, suggest that neither participation in major markets nor the amount of purchased agricultural inputs use are significantly different for households with respect to the degree of road accessibility in the study area. Nevertheless, the situation seems somewhat better in locations with good access to roads. On the other hand, the results in this study confirm that road accessibility significantly contributes to reducing farm gate prices of manufactured goods and increasing farm gate prices of agricultural goods.

CHINA’S MARKET CLIMATE AND THE ECONOMIC PROSPECT AFTER ITS WTO ACCESSION

Reform and opening up to the outside world constitutes a basic long-term state policy that China adheres to 20 odd years’ reform and development has brought about profound changes to the Chinese economy. First, China has transformed from a planned economy to

Study of the impacts of upstream natural gas market reform in China on infrastructure deployment and social welfare using an SVM-based rolling horizon stochastic game analysis

Natural gas is expected to play a much more important role in China in future decades, and market reform is crucial for its rapid market penetration. At present, the main gas fields, pipelines and liquefied natural gas(LNG) infrastructure are mainly monopolized by large state-owned companies, and one of the important market reform policies is to open up LNG import rights to smaller private companies and traders. Therefore, in the present study, a game theoretical model is proposed to analyze and compare the impacts of different market structures on infrastructure deployment and social welfare. Moreover, a support vector machine-based rolling horizon stochastic method is adopted in the model to simulate real LNG price fluctuations. Four market reform scenarios are proposed considering different policies such as business separation, third-party access(TPA) and their combinations. The results indicate that, with third-party access(TPA)entrance into the LNG market, the construction of LNG infrastructure will be promoted and more gas will be provided at lower prices, and thus the total social welfare will be improved greatly.

Antibiotics/antibacterial drug use, their marketing and promotion during the post-antibiotic golden age and their role in emergence of bacterial resistance

During the post-antibiotic golden age, it has seen a massive antibiotic/antibacterial production and an increase in irrational use of these few existing drugs in the medical and veterinary practice, food industries, tissue cultures, agriculture and commercial ethanol production globally. The irrational drug use has been further exacerbated by the increased marketing and promotion of these drugs by the pharmaceutical companies thus increasing their accessibility in the public and hence their improper use. The lack of production and introduction of the newer and effective antibiotic/antibacterial drugs in clinical practice in the post-antibiotic golden age has seen an increase in the emergence of the resistant pathogenic bacterial infections creating a significant problem in the global health of humankind. The massive productions of the antibiotic/antibacterial drugs have contributed to the poor disposal of these drugs and hence many of them are discharged in various water bodies contributing to the environmental antibiotic/antibacterial drug pollution. In the environment, these drugs exert pressure on the environmental bacteria by destroying useful bacteria that are responsible for the recycling of the organic matter and as well as promoting the selection of the resistant pathogenic bacteria that can spread in human and animal population thus causing an increase in the observed bacterial disease burden and hence a significant global public health problem. The resistant bacterial diseases lead to the high cost, increased occurrence of adverse drug reactions, prolonged hospitalization, the exposure to the second- and third-line drugs like in MDR-TB and XDR-TB that leads to toxicity and deaths as well as the increased poor production in agriculture and animal industry and commercial ethanol production.

Empowering Women and Ethnic Minority Groups to Collectively Market non Timber Forest Products from Community Forests in Cameroon

Community forestry （CF） was introduced in Cameroon in 1994 as a way to reduce poverty and enhance sustainable forest management. CF activities have primarily focused on timber exploitation rather than non-timber forest product （NTFP） collection, processing or marketing. The study reports on a two year participatory action research project that aimed to test ways of increasing access to income from NTFPs for women and people of the Baka ethnic group in nine CFs around Lomie, East Cameroon. After a participatory diagnosis of problems and stakeholders harvesting NTFPs, approaches to enhance processing, packaging, marketing, monitoring and data collection were evaluated. This led to the development of a market information system that aimed to balance supply and demandby providing information lines on market prices between buyers and sellers. Training support was provided for sustainable harvesting, and to aid harvesters to negotiate prices. This led to 100% price increase in group sales; an increase in selling prices by 39% and an increased sales volume of six NTFPs： Irvingia gabonensis, Ricinodendron heudelotii, Pentacletra macrophylla, Baillonela toxisperma, Tetrapleura tetraptera, Pleurotus tuber-regiumresulting in a sales revenue increaseof 210% （to ε772,500） between 2010 and 2012. In a context where logging is restricted to men, supporting access to NTFP markets has led to increased income for women and Baka. These results suggest that support to sustainably harvest and market NTFPs can aid development and access to markets for women and minority ethnic groups. The implications for the revision of the law on small scale commercialization, and the ability of the CFs to continue this system without support from development NGOs are discussed.

ESG表现与企业跨区域投资

跨区域投资不仅是企业实现规模扩张的重要方式,也是政府促进区域协调发展的重要抓手。文章选取2009—2022年我国A股上市公司数据,探讨企业ESG表现与跨区域投资的关系。研究发现:良好的ESG表现会促进企业跨区域投资;机制检验发现,企业ESG表现主要通过资源获取效应和市场拓展效应促进跨区域投资,当企业信息披露质量越高、受到的融资约束越强、所在地区的市场化水平越低时,ESG表现对企业跨区域投资的促进作用越明显;拓展性研究表明,在投资区位选择上,良好的ESG表现会促使企业资本由经济发达地区向经济欠发达地区流动,在投资模式上,相较于并购投资模式,良好的ESG表现会促使企业更倾向选择新建投资模式进行跨区域投资。研究结果对优化企业跨区域投资策略,推动区域经济协同发展具有重要借鉴价值。

预防与控制:能源市场准入制度因应“双碳”目标的法律机理

能源结构低碳化转型作为“双碳”目标推进的重要战略,需要一系列制度措施来促进“清洁用能”和“能源供给”兼备的能源结构格局之形成。市场机制是能源结构低碳化转型的主要驱动,而能源市场准入制度是发挥市场机制秩序稳定与风险防范作用的重要约束和规制工具。因此,能源结构低碳化转型须构建完善的能源市场准入制度予以落实。传统能源市场准入制度对低碳治理的规制存在局限,革新的能源市场准入制度应当体现出维护能源市场秩序与气候公共利益实现的双重价值追求,功能定位在“预防—控制”的二元结构。“预防—控制”的功能定位呼唤能源市场准入制度明确更为科学的立法导向,该制度的规范建构须分别在“碳源”阶段与“碳流”阶段实施不同的功能分配、资源整合与立法策略:前者聚焦于调适能源开发利用中传统化石能源、清洁能源与可再生能源的比例,促进能源结构的低碳升级;后者注重能源产业的资质准入与行为监督,在保障能源合理供给的基础上强化低碳治理。由此切入,能源市场准入制度的革新应当按照统一性与差异性相结合的原则,从能源供给与低碳控制两个层面归纳所涉制度要素并对之定性,进一步完善准入标准、许可事务、准入审批与后续监管等要素的规范形态,充实规范内容与程序结构,提升制度能力。具言之,一是以协调能源供给与低碳控制为原则,注重不同能源准入情景下需要何种强度的资格准入、规模准入、项目审查等标准的实践性指向,形成具备稳定性与定量性的准入标准;二是以“能源供给的必要性”和“碳风险程度”为划分标准,根据不同能源开采企业与加工转换企业的特性来识别差异化的运营需求与行为要求,进而厘定各类能源产业的许可条件设定与事务分配;三是以准入审批与后续监管并重的结构化联结为理念,构建以“准入事务与标准的履行能力”为中心的专项审查模式与以“能源供给与低碳控制的义务履行实效”为中心的后续监管模式,强化被准入主体的能源服务供给与低碳义务的履行。

国内贸易网络与企业全球价值链地位——基于市场可达性的中介效应

现代经济生产与分工日渐网络化,促使国内贸易网络对企业全球价值链地位攀升的重要作用逐步凸显。文章基于2012—2022年我国上市公司和中国海关匹配数据,考察国内贸易网络对企业全球价值链地位的影响和作用机制。研究结果表明:国内贸易网络对企业全球价值链地位具有显著促进作用;中介机制检验结果显示,市场可达性在国内贸易网络影响企业全球价值链地位过程中发挥中介作用;门槛效应检验发现,在市场可达性较高地区,国内贸易网络对企业全球价值链地位的促进作用更强;异质性检验表明,国内贸易网络对企业全球价值链地位的正向影响在高生产率企业和中低质量产品企业中更显著。据此,文章提出跨区域拓展与延伸国内贸易网络、制定差异化扶持策略、借助于现有交通网络深化市场可达性等对策建议,以期更好助力企业实现全球价值链地位攀升。

稳步扩大制度型开放的策略与重点

制度型开放是高水平对外开放的重要标志,其特征是主动对接国际高标准经贸规则。稳步扩大制度型开放应同时实施向内向外维度的双向推动策略。一方面,向内以高水平开放促进经济体制改革,提升与国际高标准经贸规则的相容度,打造透明稳定可预期的制度环境;另一方面,向外积极推动国际经济制度建设,主动参与全球经济治理体系改革,从制度的接受者、接轨者转向制度的提供者,为世界经济稳定发展提供更多制度性公共产品。基于制度型开放的双向推动策略,稳步扩大制度型开放应重点推进对接国际高标准经贸规则、建设市场化、法治化、国际化营商环境、扩大自主开放、维护以世界贸易组织为核心的多边贸易体制、推动加入CPTPP和DEPA以及推进人民币国际化等。

How Does E-Commerce Policy Affect Consumption Disparities of Rural Households?-Evidence from China

In the context of China’s ongoing efforts to promote countryside revitalization and facilitate domestic economic circulation,it is of great significance to reduce the consumption disparity among rural households and unleash the consumption potential in the countryside.Based on data from China Family Panel Studies,this paper adopts a staggered difference-in-differences method to assess the impact of the e-commerce to enter rural areas on the consumption disparity among rural households.Findings:the comprehensive demonstration work of promoting e-commerce to enter rural areas has reduced the consumption disparity among rural households through the following mechanisms.Firstly,this policy initiative has mitigated the consumption-inhibiting effect on rural household consumption due to the local market size and external market accessibility by promoting the distribution of consumer goods to villages.Secondly,this policy initiative has also increased the agricultural income of rural households and reduced their consumption disparity by distributing farm produce to cities and enhancing the agricultural income of rural households.Moreover,the work is characterized by inclusive growth and is not susceptible to the“elite capture”phenomenon.

制度创新何以赋能区域创新:来自市场准入负面清单模式的证据

作为一项极具中国特色的制度创新,市场准入负面清单模式通过更好把握“有效市场”和“有为政府”的关系,是否可以进一步释放中国创新潜力推动新质生产力提升?借助中国城市层级的数据,构建多期双重差分模型考察市场准入负面清单模式对区域创新的影响及其机制。研究发现,市场准入负面清单模式的实施显著促进了区域创新,并且随时间推移作用效果逐渐增大。机制检验发现,集聚创新资本要素和减少制度性交易成本是上述效应的两条核心机制渠道。异质性影响证实,市场准入负面清单的创新赋能作用在资本要素市场分割程度较高、政商关系水平较低地区中表现得更为明显。最后,对政府配套政策的考察发现,财政科技投入、财政教育投入、知识产权保护与数字政府建设水平的提升均可以强化市场准入负面清单模式对区域创新的促进作用。研究结果表明完善市场准入基础性制度可以进一步释放中国创新潜力,同时也为如何更好发挥区域创新系统中“有效市场”和“有为政府”的协同作用提供了新的启发。

公共基础设施如何影响农地转入增收效应?——基于生产决策与市场接入视角的实证分析

基于陕川渝三省(市)的1436份农户调查数据,对公共基础设施与农户生产决策和市场接入的内在联系进行探讨,进一步厘清在不同公共基础设施水平下农地转入对农户农业收入的影响。结果表明,农地转入促进了家庭农业收入的增长,且生产性公共基础设施和交易效率公共基础设施均能增强农地转入的增收效应。机制分析发现,生产性基础设施通过影响要素投入和种植行为两方面的生产决策提高增收效应,具体包括种子、化肥和农业机械投入的提升,以及减少玉米、增加水稻种植的结构调整。交易效率基础设施尽管对农户的要素投入决策无影响,但能够优化其种植行为决策,表现为既提高种植类型调整频率和经济作物种植概率,又能提升农户的市场接入水平,主要是增强对粮价的关切及拓宽农业销售渠道。异质性分析表明,生产性基础设施强化青年农户与高学历农户的农地转入增收效应更为显著,而交易效率基础设施增强了传统小农和市场型农地转入的增收效应。因此,应进一步完善农村生产性与交易效率等公共基础设施的建设,以充分释放其在农地增收效应中发挥的重要促进作用。