Recent advancements in decentralized finance(DeFi)have resulted in a rapid increase in the use of Automated Market Makers(AMMs)for creating decentralized exchanges(DEXs).In this paper,we organize these developments by...Recent advancements in decentralized finance(DeFi)have resulted in a rapid increase in the use of Automated Market Makers(AMMs)for creating decentralized exchanges(DEXs).In this paper,we organize these developments by treating an AMM as a neoclassical black-box characterized by the conversion of inputs(tokens)to outputs(prices).The conversion is governed by the technology of the AMM summarized by an‘exchange function’.Various types of AMMs are examined,including:Constant Product Market Makers;Constant Mean Market Makers;Constant Sum Market Makers;Hybrid Function Market Makers;and,Dynamic Automated Market Makers.The paper also looks at the impact of introducing concentrated liquidity in an AMM.Overall,the framework presented here provides an intuitive geometric representation of how an AMM operates,and a clear delineation of the similarities and differences across the various types of AMMs.展开更多
为探索虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)兼顾经济性与低碳性的竞价策略,从VPP作为价格制定者的角度提出一种计及碳交易与风险的VPP参与电能量市场和备用市场的主从博弈竞价模型。以含风电、光伏的VPP为研究对象,首先,采用基准线法为VP...为探索虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)兼顾经济性与低碳性的竞价策略,从VPP作为价格制定者的角度提出一种计及碳交易与风险的VPP参与电能量市场和备用市场的主从博弈竞价模型。以含风电、光伏的VPP为研究对象,首先,采用基准线法为VPP无偿分配碳排放配额,建立VPP的碳交易模型;之后建立了基于主从博弈理论的双层竞价模型,上层领导者为参与碳、电、备用市场的VPP运营商,下层跟随者为电力市场运营商;同时,运用条件风险值(conditional value at risk,CVaR)将上层问题转化为计及风险的多目标优化问题;最后采用遗传算法和求解器联合求解。算例表明该模型可以在多市场的环境下提供经济、低碳的竞价策略及不同市场的出力计划,并分析了不同市场类型、碳交易的加入、不同风险厌恶系数对VPP竞价结果的影响,为提高VPP运营商收益提供了新思路。展开更多
文摘Recent advancements in decentralized finance(DeFi)have resulted in a rapid increase in the use of Automated Market Makers(AMMs)for creating decentralized exchanges(DEXs).In this paper,we organize these developments by treating an AMM as a neoclassical black-box characterized by the conversion of inputs(tokens)to outputs(prices).The conversion is governed by the technology of the AMM summarized by an‘exchange function’.Various types of AMMs are examined,including:Constant Product Market Makers;Constant Mean Market Makers;Constant Sum Market Makers;Hybrid Function Market Makers;and,Dynamic Automated Market Makers.The paper also looks at the impact of introducing concentrated liquidity in an AMM.Overall,the framework presented here provides an intuitive geometric representation of how an AMM operates,and a clear delineation of the similarities and differences across the various types of AMMs.
文摘为探索虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)兼顾经济性与低碳性的竞价策略,从VPP作为价格制定者的角度提出一种计及碳交易与风险的VPP参与电能量市场和备用市场的主从博弈竞价模型。以含风电、光伏的VPP为研究对象,首先,采用基准线法为VPP无偿分配碳排放配额,建立VPP的碳交易模型;之后建立了基于主从博弈理论的双层竞价模型,上层领导者为参与碳、电、备用市场的VPP运营商,下层跟随者为电力市场运营商;同时,运用条件风险值(conditional value at risk,CVaR)将上层问题转化为计及风险的多目标优化问题;最后采用遗传算法和求解器联合求解。算例表明该模型可以在多市场的环境下提供经济、低碳的竞价策略及不同市场的出力计划,并分析了不同市场类型、碳交易的加入、不同风险厌恶系数对VPP竞价结果的影响,为提高VPP运营商收益提供了新思路。