This article explains British measures against food hawking in the emergent city of Victoria, Hong Kong during the Opium War. It argues that British interest in the long-term development ofHong Kong can be traced back...This article explains British measures against food hawking in the emergent city of Victoria, Hong Kong during the Opium War. It argues that British interest in the long-term development ofHong Kong can be traced back to the establishment in May 1842 of the Central Market in Victoria specifically to prevent food peddling. It was a time when Hong Kong was still under military occupation and its status as a British colony was uncertain. Although Hong Kong＇s public markets were associated with many of the problems that came with early British rule in the territory, the British administrators of Opium War Hong Kong intended that the Central Market, the first public market in Victoria, benefit both the Western and Chinese communities. This article also argues that the founding of the Central Market to eliminate food hawking exemplifies the overall manner that the British authorifes took in dealing with the urban Chinese population. In addition to strictly prohibiting Chinese peddling, which often obstructed roads and streets, the authorities encouraged Chinese food hawkers to move to the orderly Central Market. While the British authorities exercised some direct control to maintain social order inside the Central Market, the government appointed a better-off Chinese person to oversee its routine operation. The 1842 Central Market was one of the earliest urban Chinese ＂elite organizations＂ in British Hong Kong where Chinese elites managed the affairs of the Chinese community of Victoria city.展开更多
Chinese public air transport market has been undergoing restructuring and marketization since the reform and opening up, which plays a special and significant role in the social and economic aspects of the state. Afte...Chinese public air transport market has been undergoing restructuring and marketization since the reform and opening up, which plays a special and significant role in the social and economic aspects of the state. After the enforcement of the Anti-Monopoly Law of China in 2008, the issue of effective regulation on the anticompetitive practices of public air transport market has become the focus of the relevant discussions, in which monopoly agreements and concentration of undertakings play a key part. Only thorough understandings of and insights from the competition motives of relevant industry, markets and enterprises based on comprehensive legal controls, can the relevant anti-monopoly legislation and law enforcement be effectively optimized and improved.展开更多
文摘This article explains British measures against food hawking in the emergent city of Victoria, Hong Kong during the Opium War. It argues that British interest in the long-term development ofHong Kong can be traced back to the establishment in May 1842 of the Central Market in Victoria specifically to prevent food peddling. It was a time when Hong Kong was still under military occupation and its status as a British colony was uncertain. Although Hong Kong＇s public markets were associated with many of the problems that came with early British rule in the territory, the British administrators of Opium War Hong Kong intended that the Central Market, the first public market in Victoria, benefit both the Western and Chinese communities. This article also argues that the founding of the Central Market to eliminate food hawking exemplifies the overall manner that the British authorifes took in dealing with the urban Chinese population. In addition to strictly prohibiting Chinese peddling, which often obstructed roads and streets, the authorities encouraged Chinese food hawkers to move to the orderly Central Market. While the British authorities exercised some direct control to maintain social order inside the Central Market, the government appointed a better-off Chinese person to oversee its routine operation. The 1842 Central Market was one of the earliest urban Chinese ＂elite organizations＂ in British Hong Kong where Chinese elites managed the affairs of the Chinese community of Victoria city.
文摘Chinese public air transport market has been undergoing restructuring and marketization since the reform and opening up, which plays a special and significant role in the social and economic aspects of the state. After the enforcement of the Anti-Monopoly Law of China in 2008, the issue of effective regulation on the anticompetitive practices of public air transport market has become the focus of the relevant discussions, in which monopoly agreements and concentration of undertakings play a key part. Only thorough understandings of and insights from the competition motives of relevant industry, markets and enterprises based on comprehensive legal controls, can the relevant anti-monopoly legislation and law enforcement be effectively optimized and improved.
