Petroleum geology of marl in Triassic Leikoupo Formation and discovery significance of Well Chongtan1 in central Sichuan Basin,SW China

In 2022,the risk exploration well Chongtan1(CT1)in the Sichuan Basin revealed commercial oil and gas flow during test in a new zone–the marl of the second submember of the third member of Leikoupo Formation(Lei-32)of Middle Triassic,recording a significant discovery.However,the hydrocarbon accumulation in marl remains unclear,which restricts the selection and deployment of exploration area.Focusing on Well CT1,the hydrocarbon accumulation characteristics of Lei-32 marl are analyzed to clarify the potential zones for exploration.The following findings are obtained.First,according to the geochemical analysis of petroleum and source rocks,oil and gas in the Lei-32 marl of Well CT1 are originated from the same marl.The marl acts as both source rock and reservoir rock.Second,the Lei-32 marl in central Sichuan Basin is of lagoonal facies,with a thickness of 40–130 m,an area of about 40000 km^(2),a hydrocarbon generation intensity of(4–12)×10^(8) m^(3)/km^(2),and an estimated quantity of generated hydrocarbons of 25×10^(12) m^(3).Third,the lagoonal marl reservoirs are widely distributed in central Sichuan Basin.Typically,in Xichong–Yilong,Ziyang–Jianyang and Moxi South,the reservoirs are 20–60 m thick and cover an area of 7500 km^(2).Fourth,hydrocarbons in the lagoonal marl are generated and stored in the Lei-32 marl,which means that marl serves as both source rock and reservoir rock.They represent a new type of unconventional resource,which is worthy of exploring.Fifth,based on the interpretation of 2D and 3D seismic data from central Sichuan Basin,Xichong and Suining are defined as favorable prospects with estimated resources of(2000–3000)×10^(8) m^(3).

Quantifying a critical marl thickness for vertical fracture extension using field data and numerical experiments

In fractured reservoirs characterized by low matrix permeability,fracture networks control the main fluid flow paths.However,in layered reservoirs,the vertical extension of fractures is often restricted to single layers.In this study,we explored the effect of changing marl/shale thickness on fracture extension using comprehensive field data and numerical modeling.The field data were sampled from coastal exposures of Liassic limestone-marl/shale alternations in Wales and Somerset(Bristol Channel Basin,UK).The vertical fracture traces of more than 4000 fractures were mapped in detail.Six sections were selected to represent a variety of layer thicknesses.Besides the field data also thin sections were analyzed.Numerical models of fracture extension in a two-layer limestone-marl system were based on field data and laboratory measurements of Young's moduli.The modeled principal stress magnitude σ3 along the lithological contact was used as an indication for fracture extension through marls.Field data exhibit good correlation(R^2=0.76) between fracture extension and marl thickness,the thicker the marl layer the fewer fractures propagate through.The model results show that almost no tensile stress reaches the top of the marl layer when the marls are thicker than 30 cm.For marls that are less than 20 cm,the propagation of stress is more dependent on the stiffness of the marls.The higher the contrast between limestone and marl stiffness the lower the stress that is transmitted into the marl layer.In both model experiments and field data the critical marl thickness for fracture extension is ca.15-20 cm.This quantification of critical marl thicknesses can be used to improve predictions of fracture networks and permeability in layered rocks.Up-or downsampling methods often ignore spatially continuous impermeable layers with thicknesses that are under the detection limit of seismic data.However,ignoring these layers can lead to overestimates of the overall permeability.Therefore,the understanding of how fractures propagate and terminate through impermeable layers will help to improve the characterization of conventional reservoirs.

Investigation into engineering parameters of marls from Seydoon dam in Iran

The quality of designed structures embedded in rocks is strongly related to rock strength parameters of intact rock.Measuring different parameters from tests could be very expensive in designing phase of projects.Estimating some parameters from other ones can reduce costs and time of project procedure.In this paper,the relationships between static and dynamic parameters of marls are studied by using the single and multiple linear regressions.For this purpose,several marl core samples from Seydoon region,Khoozestan Province in Iran are collected and tested.Some equations with sufficient correlation have been obtained to predict the engineering parameters of marls,especially the uniaxial compressive strength(UCS).

“Water-Colouring” and Geomorphologic Features of the Marl Hills in Changing Quality of Soil and Water

Water scarcity has always been one of the most important obstacles in the process of agricultural development in arid and low-rainfall climates. In farming, the water quality also plays an important role;as the poor quality of water can be one of the limiting factors in this sector that in addition to the agricultural problems has also caused soil problems. In this paper, we introduce and study an indigenous method of water conservation and soil protection in the east of Iran termed as “water-colouring” and the role of geomorphologic features of marl hills in one of the rivers located in the southern slopes of the Joghtay Mountain (Kalateh-Sadat Watershed). In this study, field observation, sampling and analysis of water and sediment, physicochemical experiments, SPSS software for statistical analysis and satellite images have been used to produce digital models. Finally, the effects of muddy water and clear water have been compared in terms of chemical quality and productivity of agricultural land. The results show that the method of water-colouring is the best indigenous-economical method for moisture retention and regeneration of the agricultural land soil. Given the statistical reasons and studying the other researches in this field, water-colouring causes change texture and soil composition, fertility of agricultural land and reduce the losses due to evaporation and infiltration.

移动性感知下基于负载均衡的任务迁移方案

针对移动边缘计算中用户移动性导致服务器间负载分布不均,用户服务质量(Quality of Service,QoS)下降的问题,提出了一种移动性感知下的分布式任务迁移方案。首先,以优化网络中性能最差的用户QoS为目标,建立了一个长期极大极小化公平性问题(Max Min Fairness,MMF),利用李雅普诺夫(Lyapunov)优化将原问题转化解耦。然后,将其建模为去中心化部分可观测马尔可夫决策过程(Decentralized Partially Observable Markov Decision Process,Dec-POMDP),提出一种基于多智能体柔性演员-评论家(Soft Actor-Critic,SAC)的分布式任务迁移算法,将奖励函数解耦为节点奖励和用户个体奖励,分别基于节点负载均衡度和用户QoS施加奖励。仿真结果表明,相比于现有任务迁移方案,所提算法能够在保证用户QoS的前提下降低任务迁移率,保证系统负载均衡。

Performance Evaluation ofMulti-Agent Reinforcement Learning Algorithms

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning(MARL)has proven to be successful in cooperative assignments.MARL is used to investigate how autonomous agents with the same interests can connect and act in one team.MARL cooperation scenarios are explored in recreational cooperative augmented reality environments,as well as realworld scenarios in robotics.In this paper,we explore the realm of MARL and its potential applications in cooperative assignments.Our focus is on developing a multi-agent system that can collaborate to attack or defend against enemies and achieve victory withminimal damage.To accomplish this,we utilize the StarCraftMulti-Agent Challenge(SMAC)environment and train four MARL algorithms:Q-learning with Mixtures of Experts(QMIX),Value-DecompositionNetwork(VDN),Multi-agent Proximal PolicyOptimizer(MAPPO),andMulti-Agent Actor Attention Critic(MAA2C).These algorithms allow multiple agents to cooperate in a specific scenario to achieve the targeted mission.Our results show that the QMIX algorithm outperforms the other three algorithms in the attacking scenario,while the VDN algorithm achieves the best results in the defending scenario.Specifically,the VDNalgorithmreaches the highest value of battle wonmean and the lowest value of dead alliesmean.Our research demonstrates the potential forMARL algorithms to be used in real-world applications,such as controllingmultiple robots to provide helpful services or coordinating teams of agents to accomplish tasks that would be impossible for a human to do.The SMAC environment provides a unique opportunity to test and evaluate MARL algorithms in a challenging and dynamic environment,and our results show that these algorithms can be used to achieve victory with minimal damage.

Rock Types and Reservoir Characteristics of Shahejie Formation Marl in Shulu Sag, Jizhong Depression, Bohai Bay Basin

Due to the complicated lithology in the ES3 Member of the Shahejie Formation in the Shulu sag,Jizhong depression,it is difficult to classify the rock types and characterize the reservoirs at the marl intervals.In this paper,a four-element classification method has been proposed,and seven rock types have been identified by analyzing the mineral composition.The primary rock types are medium-high organic carbonate rocks and medium-high organic shaly-siliceous carbonate rocks.With the methods of field emission scanning electron microscopy,high-pressure mercury intrusion,nitrogen adsorption,and nano-CT,four types of reservoir spaces have been identified,including intra-granular pores,intergranular pores(inter-crystalline pores),organic pores,and micro-fractures.By combining the method of high-pressure mercury intrusion with the method of the nitrogen adsorption,the porosity of the marl has been measured,ranging from 0.73%to 5.39%.The distribution of the pore sizes is bimodal,and the pore types are dominated by micron pores.Through this study,it has been concluded that the sag area to the east of Well ST1H is the favorable area for the development of self-sourced and self-reservoired shale oil.According to the results of geochemical and reservoir analysis,the III Oil Group may have sweet spot layers.

Responses of five woody species to burial by marly sediment: the role of biomass allocation pattern flexibility

Aims In eroded lands of the French Southern Alps,burial of early established seedlings under marly sediment weakens the effect of vegetation on soil stabilization and sediment trapping.Therefore,this protective role is largely dependent on species’resistance to burial,and the understanding of species’tolerance to this environmental disturbance is highly valuable for basic knowledge on plant succession and for ecological restoration purposes.Methods The response of five woody species with contrasting ecological requirements and natural habitats—three tree species,Pinus nigra,Robinia pseudoacacia and Acer campestre,and two shrubs,Ononis fruticosa and Hippophae rhamnoides—to experimental burial under marly sediment was studied.Seedlings were exposed to three burial levels:no burial(control),partial burial(50%of seedling height)and complete burial(100%of seedling height).Burial tolerance was evaluated based on seedling survival,height and biomass.Biomass allocation to shoots and roots and soluble sugar and starch contents in roots and stems were measured to identify plant traits that determine species response to burial.Important Findings All species survived partial burial but only A.campestre seedlings emerged from complete burial.Tree species were more tolerant to burial and buried plants showed no significant differences with control.The two shrubs were found less tolerant and buried plants showed slower growth than controls.The results showed that species response was not related to initial soluble and starch content in roots and stems,but instead to biomass allocation pattern flexibility.

夹泥灰岩隧道爆破参数对超欠挖的影响研究

为了研究夹泥灰岩隧道爆破参数对超欠挖的影响,通过ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元计算软件建立夹泥灰岩隧道周边孔爆破三维模型,以爆破超欠挖面积为评价指标,得到了周边孔的孔间距、径向不耦合系数、光爆层厚度以及装药结构4种关键参数对超欠挖的影响规律;设计了正交试验方案,得出各爆破参数的最佳取值,并将优化后的爆破方案运用到三角塘隧道中,得到优化后方案超挖面积减小5.03 m^(2),相较于原爆破方案降低了69%,隧道每延米可直接节省经济成本613.8元。

川中地区三叠系雷口坡组泥灰岩油气地质特征及充探1井发现意义

2022年,风险探井充探1井在中三叠统雷口坡组雷三2亚段海相泥灰岩段测试获工业油气流,发现新的产油气层段和新类型油气资源,勘探取得重大发现,但对泥灰岩油气成藏认识尚不清楚,制约了勘探选区与部署。以充探1井为重点,研究剖析了雷三2亚段泥灰岩油气成藏特征。研究表明:①油气及烃源岩地球化学分析数据显示充探1井雷三2亚段泥灰岩油气来源于自身泥灰岩烃源,泥灰岩既是烃源岩、又是储集层,源-储一体;②雷三2亚段泥灰岩在川中地区为潟湖相沉积,厚40~130 m,面积约40000 km^(2),生烃强度为(4~12)×10^(8)m^(3)/km^(2),估算生烃量为25×10^(12)m^(3);③川中潟湖相区泥灰岩储集层大面积分布,西充—仪陇、资阳—简阳和磨溪南等3个地区储集层厚20~60 m,分布面积为7500 km^(2);④潟湖相泥灰岩油气具有“源-储一体、膏盐岩封盖、超压”成藏特征,属于海相非常规油气新类型,油气在生烃中心、储集层厚值区和裂缝发育复合区富集,是一个值得勘探重视的非常规油气新领域。⑤依据川中二维地震并结合三维地震解释分析,优选西充和遂宁2个有利区带,估算区带天然气资源量为(2000~3000)×10^(8)m^(3),是近期值得重视的勘探有利区。

面向“双碳”目标的光储一体化建筑集群电力协同调度方法研究综述

为实现建筑用能领域的“双碳”目标,需将大规模的城乡建筑集群配置为光储一体化建筑集群,同时考虑到光伏发电的间歇性和随机性,还需实现此类建筑集群的大规模电力协同调度,从而有效的消纳可再生能源。通过文献综述对比了现有发用储融合的用电模式,总结了光储一体化建筑集群电力协同调度的概念和优势,进一步对比分析了针对光储一体化建筑集群电力系统的协同调度方法,认为基于多智能体强化学习的去中心化电力调度方法具有灵活性强、适用度高等特点,并进一步梳理多智能体强化学习应用在电力协同调度中的关键问题,提出基于数字孪生技术能在数据涌现进行算法训练层面有效助力实现基于多智能体强化学习的光储一体化建筑集群电力协同调度。

四川盆地中二叠统茅一段灰岩—泥质灰岩韵律层古温度演化及驱动机制

发生于晚石炭世—中二叠世末期的冰期事件是显生宙史上最剧烈的冰期事件,也是地史上最后一次从冰室期到温室期的转换期。通过薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、主量元素、微量元素、碳氧同位素和锶同位素等地球化学手段,对四川盆地中二叠统茅口组一段古温度及古气候进行恢复,探讨中二叠世重大气候演变过程及驱动机制。研究结果表明,四川盆地中二叠统茅一段灰岩—泥质灰岩韵律层的生物组合类型以有孔虫、腕足和软体动物为主,不发育造礁生物和钙质绿藻;岩石结构以生物碎屑支撑和灰泥支撑为主,无鲕粒等非骨架颗粒,与国际典型的凉水碳酸盐岩类似。通过δ18O与ω(Mg)/ω(Ca)恢复古温度,灰岩沉积期的古海水温度为3.72~12.38℃(平均8.15℃,δ18O标准),13.79~14.28℃(平均13.90℃,ω(Mg)/ω(Ca)标准);泥质灰岩沉积期的古海水温度为7.00~14.24℃(平均10.97℃,δ18O标准),13.82~15.41℃(平均14.27℃,ω(Mg)/ω(Ca)标准)。中二叠统茅一段沉积期古温度变化主要受米兰科维奇短偏心率旋回驱动,短偏心率的旋回性变化是古温度、古气候旋回变化的驱动机制。

基于多智能体强化学习的多无人机边缘计算任务卸载

研究了一种多无人机UAVs辅助移动边缘计算(Mobile Edge Computing,MEC)任务卸载方案,通过联合优化任务划分、卸载关联、无人机轨迹和资源分配,实现系统能耗最小化。由于计算任务生成的随机性和用户移动的不可预测性,该问题不仅是一个非凸整数规划问题,更是一个需要实时决策、长期考虑的目标优化问题,传统离线算法难以求解。提出一种基于多智能体强化学习(Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning,MARL)的任务卸载方法,采用集中式训练-分布式执行架构,根据网络状态的观测做出实时决策。将问题建模为马尔科夫决策模型,基于多智能体近端策略优化算法进行训练,通过不断学习以优化自身策略。针对Actor网络,使用Beta分布改进其策略分布的采样,以适应有界的混合动作空间,引入注意力机制以提升状态值函数的拟合性能,加速算法收敛。仿真结果表明,相比基准方案,所提方法收敛速度提升了10%~30%,用户与无人机的加权能耗降低了22.5%~31.6%。

湘中涟源凹陷泥盆系佘田桥组海相致密泥灰岩气藏特征

近期,湘新页1井在中扬子湘中地区涟源坳陷泥盆系海相致密泥灰岩试气中获工业气流,取得了该地区油气勘查的重要发现。本文基于地层划分与对比、岩石矿物组分、烃源岩评价、含气性分析及与国内外泥灰岩油气藏的对比,对涟源凹陷泥盆系海相致密泥灰岩气藏形成条件进行了深入解剖,以期为湘中地区该类型油气资源勘查与潜力评价提供依据。结果表明,湘中涟源凹陷泥盆系佘田桥组分段特征明显,厚度稳定,可对比性强,含气层集中在下部泥灰岩段,含气段厚度大于150 m;泥灰岩矿物组分以碳酸盐矿物为主,脆性矿物平均含量达到79.4%,有利于后期压裂成缝;泥灰岩有机质类型主要为Ⅱ1、Ⅱ2型,有机质成熟度处于过成熟阶段;岩心中构造成因的裂缝以中、高角度缝为主,低角度缝较少;泥灰岩段气测全烃曲线饱满,垂向气水分异作用不明显,为典型致密气藏特征。与渤海湾盆地沙河街组和墨西哥湾盆地鹰滩组相比,涟源凹陷泥盆系泥灰岩气藏具有埋藏浅、厚度大、地物指标好等特征,具有良好的勘探开发潜力。

认知无线网络中基于随机博弈框架的频率分配

为了解决认知无线网络中分布式的动态频率分配问题,采用随机博弈的框架,将认知链路建模成自私理性的智能体,并提出了一种以最大化平均Q函数为目标的多智能体学习算法—MAQ。通过MAQ学习,分布式的智能体可以实现间接的协商而不需要交互Q函数和回报值,因为智能体的决策过程需要考虑其他用户的决策。理论证明了MAQ学习算法的收敛性。仿真结果表明,MAQ算法的吞吐量性能接近中心式的学习算法,但是MAQ只需要较少的信息交互。

泥灰岩边坡滑坡处理施工技术

路堑边坡开挖成形后,泥灰岩暴露在外,泥灰岩遇水崩解、失水干缩,破碎后强度大幅度降低,长期暴露在外经雨水作用后容易发生滑坡。本文结合工程实例,介绍重力式罩面及锚杆、喷射混凝土在处理滑坡时的应用。

情感语言资源语义互操作模型研究

情感分析强烈依赖语言资源,尤其与情感词典有直接关系,而这些情感词典等语言资源通常是分散的、异构的,并且局限于某个特定领域。笔者提出一种模型,旨在:(1)为情感分析构建一个通用语言资源表达模型,为基于已形成的关联数据格式(Lemon、Marl、NIF、ONYX)的情感分析及服务建立APIs;(2)建立一个语言资源池,用互操作的方式使得分散的语言资源及服务能在情感分析中可用。笔者描述了资源池中可用的语言资源及服务,并列举了几个基于资源池的实例应用。

加水热模拟实验气态产物特征及演化规律研究

本文采用低温长时间加水热模拟实验方法，对东濮凹陷卫城地区下第三系低熟泥灰岩进行生、排烃实验研究，系统分析了气体的组成、产率变化特征及其成因，为定量评价不同演化程度的泥灰岩生气量提供了科学依据。对比了模拟实验结果与自然演化剖面的甲烷碳同位素变化异同，揭示了干酪根热降解生气的过程和机理。

四川盆地飞仙关组气藏硫化氢成因及其依据

四川盆地东北部下三叠统飞仙关组鲕滩气藏天然气烃类气体以甲烷为主,含量主要分布在75%～90%之间,C2+含量为0～0.15%;非烃气体以H2S和CO2为主,含量分别为5%～20%和1%～10%。已有观点认为H2S为飞仙关组气藏附近的石膏经硫酸盐热化学还原作用(TSR)而成。随着川东北气区大中型高含硫化氢气田的发现,硫化氢成因机理的研究备受关注。应用金管、高压釜和石英管等实验方法模拟了硫化氢气体的生成,同时检测了模拟生成的硫化氢和石膏、硫磺等硫化物的硫同位素。实验结果表明:硫磺与正己烷在较低温度即可生成大量的硫化氢气体,而正己烷与硫酸钙的反应总体上比较困难,且生成的H2S量较少;富含黄铁矿的低成熟泥灰岩模拟生烃过程中可以生成与甲烷相当,甚至超过甲烷含量的硫化氢气体;含硫化合物与烃类反应生成的硫化氢的硫同位素值比原始物质的硫同位素值重。地层中的SO42-是海相地层中H2S气体形成的最初来源。含硫烃源岩直接生成高硫化氢天然气和储层中单质硫与烃类的反应是川东北飞仙关组天然气中硫化氢形成的主要原因。

武汉地区二叠系栖霞组灰岩—含泥灰岩韵律层生物产率

选取生物产率分析指标生源w(Ba)、生源w(Al)及w(Al)/w(Ti)比值,分析了武汉地区二叠系栖霞组灰岩-含泥灰岩韵律层的生物产率变化;同时用w(V)/w(V+Ni)、w(V)/w(Cr)及w(Mo)等指标分析了韵律层的古氧相特征。结果表明:武汉地区栖霞组灰岩-含泥灰岩韵律层灰岩部分的生物产率较低,形成于常氧环境;含泥质灰岩部分的生物产率明显较高,形成于缺氧环境。这种生物产率和沉积环境古氧相随韵律层规律性的变化,证实生物产率是导致栖霞组有机质质量分数变化的主要原因。