Side-Channel Leakage Analysis of Inner Product Masking

The Inner Product Masking(IPM)scheme has been shown to provide higher theoretical security guarantees than the BooleanMasking(BM).This scheme aims to increase the algebraic complexity of the coding to achieve a higher level of security.Some previous work unfolds when certain(adversarial and implementation)conditions are met,and we seek to complement these investigations by understanding what happens when these conditions deviate from their expected behaviour.In this paper,we investigate the security characteristics of IPM under different conditions.In adversarial condition,the security properties of first-order IPMs obtained through parametric characterization are preserved in the face of univariate and bivariate attacks.In implementation condition,we construct two new polynomial leakage functions to observe the nonlinear leakage of the IPM and connect the security order amplification to the nonlinear function.We observe that the security of IPMis affected by the degree and the linear component in the leakage function.In addition,the comparison experiments from the coefficients,signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)and the public parameter show that the security properties of the IPM are highly implementation-dependent.

基于FFT和Masking的实时语音通话降噪算法

针对语音通话质量的提升问题,提出一种基于快速傅里叶变换(Fast Fourier Transform,FFT)和Masking技术的实时语音通话降噪算法。首先,提出一个实时语音通话降噪的基本框架,并研究了帧分割、窗函数处理及FFT的数学原理。其次,阐述了基于人耳听觉特性的Masking方法及其在频域中的应用。最后,通过逆快速傅里叶变换(Inverse Fast Fourier Transform,IFFT)将信号转换回时域,并进行实验分析。实验结果表明,该降噪算法可以有效改善语音的清晰度和整体感知质量。

Data Masking for Chinese Electronic Medical Records with Named Entity Recognition

With the rapid development of information technology,the electronifi-cation of medical records has gradually become a trend.In China,the population base is huge and the supporting medical institutions are numerous,so this reality drives the conversion of paper medical records to electronic medical records.Electronic medical records are the basis for establishing a smart hospital and an important guarantee for achieving medical intelligence,and the massive amount of electronic medical record data is also an important data set for conducting research in the medical field.However,electronic medical records contain a large amount of private patient information,which must be desensitized before they are used as open resources.Therefore,to solve the above problems,data masking for Chinese electronic medical records with named entity recognition is proposed in this paper.Firstly,the text is vectorized to satisfy the required format of the model input.Secondly,since the input sentences may have a long or short length and the relationship between sentences in context is not negligible.To this end,a neural network model for named entity recognition based on bidirectional long short-term memory(BiLSTM)with conditional random fields(CRF)is constructed.Finally,the data masking operation is performed based on the named entity recog-nition results,mainly using regular expression filtering encryption and principal component analysis(PCA)word vector compression and replacement.In addi-tion,comparison experiments with the hidden markov model(HMM)model,LSTM-CRF model,and BiLSTM model are conducted in this paper.The experi-mental results show that the method used in this paper achieves 92.72%Accuracy,92.30%Recall,and 92.51%F1_score,which has higher accuracy compared with other models.

Speech perception in noise:Masking and unmasking

Speech perception is essential for daily communication.Background noise or concurrent talkers,on the other hand,can make it challenging for listeners to track the target speech(i.e.,cocktail party problem).The present study reviews and compares existing findings on speech perception and unmasking in cocktail party listening environments in English and Mandarin Chinese.The review starts with an introduction section followed by related concepts of auditory masking.The next two sections review factors that release speech perception from masking in English and Mandarin Chinese,respectively.The last section presents an overall summary of the findings with comparisons between the two languages.Future research directions with respect to the difference in literature on the reviewed topic between the two languages are also discussed.

Taste masking of ciprofloxacin by ion-exchange resin and sustain release at gastric-intestinal through interpenetrating polymer network

The aim of the study was to taste mask ciprofloxacin(CP)by using ion-exchange resins(IERs)followed by sustain release of CP by forming interpenetrating polymer network(IPN).IERs based on the copolymerization of acrylic acid with different cross linking agents were synthesised.Drug-resin complexes(DRCs)with three different ratios of drug to IERs(1:1,1:2,1:4)were prepared&evaluated for taste masking by following in vivo and in vitro methods.Human volunteers graded ADC 1:4,acrylic acid-divinyl benzene(ADC-3)resin as tasteless.Characterization studies such as FTIR,SEM,DSC,P-XRD differentiated ADC 1:4,from physical mixture(PM 1:4)and confirmed the formation of complex.In vitro drug release of ADC 1:4 showed complete release of CP within 60 min at simulated gastric fluid(SGF)i.e.pH 1.2.IPN beads were prepared with ADC 1:4 by using sodium alginate(AL)and sodium alginate-chitosan(AL-CS)for sustain release of CP at SGF pH and followed by simulated intestinal fluid(SIF i.e.pH 7.4).FTIR spectra confirmed the formation of IPN beads.The release of CP was sustain at SGF pH(<20%)whereas in SIF media it was more(>75%).The kinetic model of IPN beads showed the release of CP was non-Fickian diffusion type.

Experimental Investigation of Improving the Performance of the Chaotic Optical Communication with Chaos-Masking through Wavelength Mismatch

In this paper, the wavelength mismatch between the message and the chaotic carrier in the chaotic optical communication with chaos-masking has been experimentally investigated. The results show that the decryption performance of the receiver can be improved when the message wavelength is greater than that of the chaotic carrier. When the wavelength offset is set to 0.12 nm, high-speed secure optical communication with a message of 2.5 Gbits/s is achieved.

Taste masking of ofloxacin and formation of interpenetrating polymer network beads for sustained release

The objective of this study was to carry out taste masking of ofloxacin(Ofl) by ion exchange resins(IERs)followed by sustained release of Ofl by forming interpenetrating polymer network(IPN) beads. Drug-resin complexes(DRCs) with three different ratios of Ofl to IERs(1:1, 1:2, 1:4) were prepared by batch method and investigated for in vivo and in vitro taste masking. DRC of methacrylic acid-divinyl benzene(MD) resin and Ofl prepared at a ratio of 1:4 was used to form IPN beads. IPN beads of MD 1:4 were prepared by following the ionic cross-linking method using sodium carboxymethyl xanthan gum(SCMXG) and SCMXG-sodium carboxymethyl cellulose(SCMXG-SCMC). IPN beads were characterized with FT-IR and further studied on sustained release of Ofl at different pH. In vivo taste masking carried out by human volunteers showed that MD 1:4 significantly reduced the bitterness of Ofl. Characterization studies such as FT-IR, DSC, P-XRD and taste masking showed that complex formation took place between drug and resin. In vitro study at gastric pH showed complete release of drug from MD 1:4 within 30 min whereas IPN beads took 5 h at gastric pH and 10 h at salivary pH for the complete release of drug. As the crosslinking increased the release kinetics changed into non-Fickian diffusion to zero-order release mechanism. MD 1:4 showed better performance for the taste masking of Ofl and IPNs beads prepared from it were found useful for the sustained release of Ofl at both the pH, indicating a versatile drug delivery system.

MODIFIED QUANTIZATION INDEX MODULATION WATERMARKING ADAPTIVE TO CONTRAST MASKING THRESHOLDS

In this paper,we suggest an adaptive watermarking method to improve both transparence and robustness of quantization index modulation(QIM) scheme. Instead of a fixed quantization step-size,we apply a step-size adapted to image content in each 8×8 block to make a balance of robust extraction and transparent embedding.The modified step-size is determined by contrast masking thresholds of Watson’s perceptual model.From a normalized crossed-correlation value between the original watermark and the detected watermark,we could observe that our method is robust to attacks of additive white Gaussian noise(AWGN),Salt and Pepper noise and Joint Photographic Experts Group(JPEG) compression than the original QIM.By taking into account the contrast insensitivity and visible thresholds of human visual system,the suggested improvement achieves a maximum embedding strength and an appropriate quantization step-size which is consistent with local values of a host signal.

Hyper-chaos encryption using convolutional masking and model free unmasking

In this paper, during the masking process the encrypted message is convolved and embedded into a Qi hyper-chaotic system characterizing a high disorder degree. The masking scheme was tested using both Qi hyper-chaos and Lorenz chaos and indicated that Qi hyper-chaos based masking can resist attacks of the filtering and power spectrum analysis, while the Lorenz based scheme fails for high amplitude data. To unmask the message at the receiving end, two methods are proposed. In the first method, a model-free synchronizer, i.e. a multivariable higher-order differential feedback controller between the transmitter and receiver is employed to de-convolve the message embedded in the receiving signal. In the second method, no synchronization is required since the message is de-convolved using the information of the estimated derivative.

Open-loop frequency response for a chaotic masking system

In this paper, a new numerical simulation approach is proposed for the study of open-loop frequency response of a chaotic masking system. Using Chua＇s circuit and the Lorenz system as illustrative examples, we have shown that one can employ chaos synchronization to separate the feedback network from a chaotic masking system, and then use numerical simulation to obtain the open-loop synchronization response, the phase response, and the amplitude response of a chaotic masking system. Based on the analysis of the frequency response, we have also proved that changing the amplitude of the exciting （input） signal within normal working domain does not influence the frequency response of the chaotic masking system. The new numerical simulation method developed in this paper can be extended to consider the open-loop frequency response of other systems described by differential or difference equations.

Image encryption based on a novel memristive chaotic system,Grain-128a algorithm and dynamic pixel masking

In this paper,we first propose a memristive chaotic system and implement it by circuit simulation.The chaotic dynamics and various attractors are analysed by using phase portrait,bifurcation diagram,and Lyapunov exponents.In particular,the system has robust chaos in a wide parameter range and the initial value space,which is favourable to the security communication application.Consequently,we further explore its application in image encryption and present a new scheme.Before image processing,the external key is protected by the Grain-128a algorithm and the initial values of the memristive system are updated with the plain image.We not only perform random pixel extraction and masking with the chaotic cipher,but also use them as control parameters for Brownian motion to obtain the permutation matrix.In addition,multiplication on the finite field GF(2^(8))is added to further enhance the cryptography.Finally,the simulation results verify that the proposed image encryption scheme has better performance and higher security,which can effectively resist various attacks.

Single-channel speech enhancement method based on masking properties and minimum statistics

A single-channel speech enhancement method of noisy speech signals at very low signal-to-noise ratios is presented, which is based on masking properties of the human auditory system and power spectral density estimation of non stationary noise. It allows for an automatic adaptation in time and frequency of the parametric enhancement system, and finds the best tradeoff among the amount of noise reduction, the speech distortion, and the level of musical residual noise based on a criterion correlated with perception and SNR. This leads to a significant reduction of the unnatural structure of the residual noise. The results with several noise types show that the enhanced speech is more pleasant to a human listener.

WATERMARKING WITH REFINED PERCEPTUAL MASKING TUNED FOR SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR IMAGES

A watermarking scheme designed for remote sensing images needs to meet the same demand of both invisibility as for ordinary digital images. Due to specific perceptual characteristics of Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) images, the watermarking algorithms with consideration of Human Vision System(HVS) modeling from optical images give poor performance when applied on SAR images. This paper examines a variety of factors affecting the noise sensitivity, and further proposes a refined pixel-wise masking approach for watermarking on SAR images. The proposed approach is applied on logarithmic transformed SAR images, and has increased the acceptable watermark embedding strength by about 6 dB to 10 dB while achieving the same levels of watermarked image visual quality. Experimental results show that this approach enhanced the perceptual invisibility of watermarking based on wavelet decomposition.

Forward masking in distinguishing inner and outer hair cell damage

Forward Masking Temporal audiotory resolution is the ability of the auditory system to resolve auditory signals in the time domain. Forward masking is a means of studying temporal resolution where one tone, the probe, is masked by a preceding tone, the masker. Forward masking is

A Perceptual Approach to Reduce Musical Noise Using Critical Bands Tonality Coefficients and Masking Thresholds

Traditional noise reduction techniques have the drawback of generating an annoying musical noise. A new scheme for speech enhancement in high noise environment is developed by considering human auditory system masking characteristics. The new scheme considers the masking threshold of both noisy speech and the denoised one, to detect musical noise components. To make them inaudible, they are set under the noise masking threshold. The improved signal is subjected to extensive subjective and objective tests. It is ob-served that the musical noise is appreciably reduced even at very low signal to noise ratios.

The Development and Application of Quantum Masking

To solve the problem of hiding quantum information in simplified subsystems,Modi et al.[1]introduced the concept of quantum masking.Quantum masking is the encoding of quantum information by composite quantum states in such a way that the quantum information is hidden to the subsystem and spreads to the correlation of the composite systems.The concept of quantum masking was developed along with a new quantum impossibility theorem,the quantum no-masking theorem.The question of whether a quantum state can be masked has been studied by many people from the perspective of the types of quantum states,the number of masking participants,and error correction codes.Others have studied the relationships between maskable quantum states,the deterministic and probabilistic masking of quantum states,and the problem of probabilistic masking.Quantum masking techniques have been shown to outperform previous strategies in quantum bit commitment,quantum multi-party secret sharing,and so on.

缸盖masking技术对发动机性能影响分析

首先论述了缸盖对发动机性能的重要性,介绍了应用在缸盖上的一种新技术——masking技术,通过理论进行该技术的应用结果分析。并进行试验策划,通过试验测试和数据分析,确认该技术的效果和特点,形成产品应用结论。

General Projective Synchronization and Fractional Order Chaotic Masking Scheme

In this paper, a fractional order chaotic masking scheme used for secure communication is introduced. Based on the general projective synchronization of two coupled fractional Chen systems, a popular masking scheme is designed. Numerical example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Reliability Estimation for Component-Based Software Using General Masking Grouped Data

Masked data are the system failure data when exact component causing system failure might be unknown.In this paper,the mathematical description of general masked data was presented in software reliability engineering.Furthermore,a general maskedbased additive non-homogeneous Poisson process(NHPP) model was considered to analyze component reliability.However,the problem of masked-based additive model lies in the difficulty of estimating parameters.The maximum likelihood estimation procedure was derived to estimate parameters.Finally,a numerical example was given to illustrate the applicability of proposed model,and the immune particle swarm optimization(IPSO) algorithm was used in maximize log-likelihood function.

Unmasking the mask:the role of personal protective equipment for ophthalmologists caring for asymptomatic patients during the COVID-19 pandemic

The use of personal protective equipment(PPE)for ophthalmologists caring for asymptomatic patients remains controversial.This commentary reviews the latest emerging evidence.This is paramountly important in shaping health policies in countries which is not currently recommended.