Protective Effects of Common Masks against PM2.5

By using two PM2.5 automatic monitors,the protective effects of five common masks against PM2.5 were synchronously tested under actual ambient air conditions for a whole day. The results showed that not all masks had protective effects on PM2.5,and the protective effects of masks N95 and N90,which were designed specially for dust-proof,were superior among the five tested masks.

Uncontrolled hypertension in older patients： markers and associated factors to masked and white-coat effect

Background Hypertension is the main risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, affecting more than half the elderly population. It is essential to know if they have proper control of hypertension. The aim of this study was to identify the associated factors to masked uncon- trolled hypertension and false uncontrolled hypertension in older patients. Methods Two-hundred seventy-three individuals （70.1±6.7 years-old） had blood pressure （BP） measured at the office and by ambulatory BP monitoring （ABPM）, with the definition of controlled group （C）, individuals with high office BP and adequate ABPM, called white-coat effect group （WCE）, uncontrolled （UC）, and subjects with ap- propriate office BP and elevated ABPM denominated masked effect group （ME）. Age, body mass index, diabetes, pulse pressure （PP） and BP dipping during sleep were evaluated （Kruskal-Wallis test and logistic regression models）. Results Age was higher in UC than in C and ME （P 〈 0.01）, and 24-h ABPM PP was lower in C （48± 7 mmHg） and WCE （51±6 mmHg） than in UC （67±12 mmHg） and ME （59±8 mmHg） （P 〈 0.01）. Sleep systolic BP dipping was lower in ME than in C （P = 0.03）. Female gender was associated with a greater chance of being of ME group, which showed a higher PP and lower BP dipping during sleep. Conclusions In older individuals, office BP measure- ments did not allow the detection of associated factors that would permit to differentiate WCE from UC group and C from ME group. ABPM favored the identification of a higher PP and a lower BP dipping during sleep in the masked effect and uncontrolled groups.

Formation Technologies of Fiber Bragg Gratings

The principle of fiber Bragg gratings(FBG) is briefly described. The formation technologies of FBG are systematically given and analyzed. In addition, the experiment is described in detail, e.g.,the phase mask method is used to write directly the period Bragg gratings into the Ge-doped single mode fiber with KrF excimer UV laser. The results of experiment are also presented and analyzed.

ILT Approach for Compensating 3-D Mask Effects

As mask features scale to smaller dimensions, the so-called ＂3-D mask effects＂ which have mostly been neglected before, become important. This paper properly models the 3-D thick mask effects, and then analyses the object-based inverse lithography technique using a simulated annealing algorithm to determine the mask shapes that produce the desired on-wafer results. Evaluations against rigorous simulations show that the synthesized masks provide good image fidelity up to 0.94, and this approach gives improved accuracy and faster results than existing methods.