Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma masquerading as acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy

Dear Editor,Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma（PVRL）is a rare form of ocular malignancy and it is usually considered as a subset of primary central nervous system lymphoma（PCNSL）.An insidious onset associated with delays in diagnosis iscommon.

Plantar lichen planus masquerading eumycetoma of dark grains

Lichen planus is a common inflammatory disease but its perforating variety is not so common and it has been described in small number of text and articles. Here we reported a case of plantar lichen planus where there was a history of discharge of dark grains from the sole of foot and diagnosing the disease as eumycetoma of dark grains repeated antifungal therapy could not resolve the lesions and histopathologically it showed the classical pictures of lichen planus. Collaborating the clinical and histological features we have diagnosed the case as perforating lichen planus but Verhoeff-Van Gieson stain could not elucidate the perforating channel which ot difficult to delineate and often missed. So, we have put the diagnosis of plantar lichen planus and treated with intramuscular triamcinolone and the lesions resolved.

Masquerading predators deceive prey by aggressively mimicking bird droppings in a crab spider

In aggressive mimicry,a predator accesses prey by mimicking the appearance and/or behavior of a harmless or beneficial model in order to avoid being correctly identified by its prey.The crab spider genus Phrynarachne is often cited as a textbook example of masquerading as bird droppings(BDs)in order to avoid predation.However,Phrynarachne spiders may also aggressively mimic BDs in order to deceive potential prey.To date,there is no experimental evidence to support aggressive mimicry in masquerading crab spiders;therefore,we performed a field survey,a manipulative field experiment,and visual modeling to test this hypothesis using Phrynarachne ceylonica.We compared prey-attraction rates among BDs,spiders,and control empty leaves in the field.We found that although all prey combined and agromyzid dipterans,in particular,were attracted to BDs at a higher rate than to spiders,other dipterans and hymenopterans were attracted to BDs at a similar rate as to spiders.Both spiders and BDs attracted insects at a significantly higher rate than did control leaves.As predicted,prey was attracted to experimentally blackened or whitened spiders significantly less frequently than to unmanipulated spiders.Finally,visual modeling suggested that spiders and BDs can be detected by dipterans and hymenopterans against background leaves,but they are indistinguishable from each other.Taken together,our results suggest that insects lured by spiders may misidentify them as BDs,and bird-dropping masquerading may serve as aggressive mimicry in addition to predator avoidance in P.ceylonica.

Inspiration and Innovative Approach in Creating Textile Designs and Prints from Sekondi-Takoradi’s Masquerade Costume Designs

Masquerade culture is an essential part of Sekondi-Takoradi cultural embodiment. The masquerade festival titled Ankos displays interesting costumes that have artistic elements of potent colour display and performances. The masquerade costumes manifest intricate fabric decoration techniques for example pleating, folding, gathering, smocking, hand and machine stitching and the use of varied colour schemes. These decorative techniques make costume production laborious, tedious and downtime constraints. In contributing to the innovative approaches to creating textile designs and prints, the study explored the inspirational possibilities of surface designs of the masquerade costume for textile designs and prints. The art-based research design and direct observation as research instrumentation were employed in the artistic creation for the study. Adobe Photoshop was used in the simulation design processes. The study revealed that the simulation design processes produced an innovative imitated visual appearance of the masquerade costume and production processes from a machine-stitched work to a hand-printed fabric. It is recommended that costume makers adopt the contemporary possibility of using hand screen to print hitherto the traditional laborious and tedious process of producing masquerade costumes.

Celebrating the Harvest and san yklk： Exploring Festival and Public Ritual as Collective Memory to Sustain Cultural Identity

This paper argues that ritual is not only restricted to religious activities, but can also be ethological, sociological, and ecological in nature. The artistic, stylistic, and functional characteristics of one particular festival of the Bamana in Mali to celebrate the harvest and new planting season will be analyzed. This festival primarily takes on the form of animal masquerades in which masks, puppets, drumming, singing, and dancing are blended into a ritualistic celebration of a certain cultural identity. The Bamana culture has lost religion as a marker, as Islam is now the dominant religion in Mali, but traditional social relationships and morals among the Bamana as a patriarchal society are concretized and objectified by their animal masquerades. Apart from being a seasonal festival, events from the past are commemorated; customary gender roles are defined; and some fundamental and complex social concepts are reinforced by a performance mode which relies on a collective memory and oral transmission.

多种操作平台上Linux IP Masquerade的实现方法

文章介绍了在多种操作平台之上 Linux IP

基于Linux操作系统的IP伪装技术

在网络安全问题日益突出,有限的IP地址资源变得越来越紧张的今天,IP伪装技术应运而生。本文浅析了基于Linux操作系统的IP伪装技术。

Masquerade Detection Using Support Vector Machine

A new method using support vector data description (SVDD) to distinguishlegitimate users from mas-queradcrs based on UNIX user command sequences is proposed Sliding windowsare used to get low detection delay. Experiments demonstrate that the detection effect usingenriched sequences is better than that of using truncated sequences. As a SVDD profile is composedof a small amount of support vectors, our SVDD-based method can achieve computation and storageadvantage when the detection performance issimilar to existing method.

Retinoblastoma in an older child with secondary glaucoma as the first clinical presenting symptom: A case report

BACKGROUND Retinoblastoma(Rb)is primarily found in infants or young children.The most common primary presenting sign of Rb is leukocoria.Rb is very rare in children who are 10 years old or older.Timely and correct diagnosis as well as proper treatment are the key factors affecting the prognosis of Rb.CASE SUMMARY A 10-year-old girl with symptoms of vision loss,redness,swelling and pain in the right eye for 2 mo was admitted to our Department of Ophthalmology.The visual acuity of the right eye was graded as hand movement.The intraocular pressure of the eye was 46.9 mmHg.No substantial space-occupying lesion or characteristic calcified plaque was found in the eye.The patient underwent anterior chamber irrigation under general anesthesia on the same day of admission,and 2 mL of irrigation solution was saved for pathological examination.Histopathological examination of the anterior chamber fluid revealed cancer cells.A diagnosis of Rb with masquerade syndrome was made.The patient underwent enucleation followed by 6 rounds of systematic chemotherapy.A follow-up examination almost 9 years later found no relapse of Rb.CONCLUSION For older pediatric patients who have secondary glaucoma and uveitis symptoms without a clear cause of the disease and have no space-occupying lesion found by imaging examination,aqueous humor or vitreous humor examination is recommended for timely and correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Illegal Access Detection in the Cloud Computing Environment

In this paper detection method for the illegal access to the cloud infrastructure is proposed. Detection process is based on the collaborative filtering algorithm constructed on the cloud model. Here, first of all, the normal behavior of the user is formed in the shape of a cloud model, then these models are compared with each other by using the cosine similarity method and by applying the collaborative filtering method the deviations from the normal behavior are evaluated. If the deviation value is above than the threshold, the user who gained access to the system is evaluated as illegal, otherwise he is evaluated as a real user.

Diagnosis and management of intraocular lymphoma:a narrative review

Background and Objective:Intraocular lymphoma(IOL)is a heterogenous category of rare malignancies that are often misdiagnosed and underrecognized.The rarity of IOL impedes clinical research and contributes to difficulty in standardizing its management.In this article we review the existing scientific literature to identify the current diagnostic tools and discuss comprehensive management of various categories of IOL.Our objective is to increase disease recognition of IOL as a whole and explore updated management options for each subtype.Methods:PubMed and Embase were searched for publications using the terms‘intraocular lymphoma’,‘vitreoretinal lymphoma’,‘uveal lymphoma’,‘iris lymphoma’,‘choroidal lymphoma’and‘ciliary body lymphoma’published from 1990 to June 2021.Inclusion criteria were English language articles.Exclusion criteria were non-English language articles,case reports and animal studies.Key Content and Findings:IOL often presents in middle-aged and older patients with symptoms of floaters and vision changes,but a broad array of clinical signs and symptoms are possible depending upon subtype.IOL can be subdivided by location of involvement into vitreoretinal and uveal lymphoma.These subtypes express key differences in their pathophysiology,clinical presentation,histology,prognosis,and treatment.Primary vitreoretinal lymphomas(PVRL)generally originate from B-lymphocytes and are associated with central nervous system(CNS)lymphoma.Ophthalmic findings include retinal pigment epithelium changes with yellow subretinal deposits known as“leopard spotting.”Primary uveal lymphomas generally originate from low-grade B-lymphocytes invading the choroid and carry an improved prognosis compared to vitreoretinal lymphomas.Funduscopic findings of primary uveal lymphoma include yellow to pink-yellow choroidal swelling with infiltrative subconjunctival“salmon-patch”lesions.Diagnosis for IOL is often delayed due to insidious onset,low prevalence,and tendency to mimic diseases such as uveitis.Diagnosis may be challenging,often relying on biopsy with specialized laboratory testing for confirmation of IOL.Optimal treatment regimens are currently debated among experts.Management of IOL is best coordinated in association with neuro-oncology clinicians due to the tendency for intracranial involvement.Conclusions:IOL represents a group of multiple malignancies with distinct clinicopathologic features.Future outlook for treatment and prognosis of IOL is likely to improve with less invasive molecular diagnostic techniques and increased awareness.Clinicians should be circumspect in all patients with possible IOL and promptly refer to oncologic specialists for rapid evaluation and treatment.

基于Linux操作系统的SNAT策略

随着Internet网络在全世界范围内的迅速发展,IPv4协议支持的可用IP地址资源逐渐变得山穷水尽,资源的匮乏使得许多企业难以申请更多的公网IP地址,或者只能承受一个或者少数几个公网IP地址的费用。而与此同时,大部分企业面临着将局域网内的主机接入Internet的需求。针对这一问题,讨论一下在Linux操作系统下怎样使用Iptables的SNAT策略来化解这一难题。

Assessing temporal dynamics of predation and effectiveness of caterpillar visual defense using sawfly larval color and resting posture as a model

Caterpillars(Lepidoptera and Symphyta larvae)employ diverse visual defensive tactics,and effectiveness of such tactics may be highly dynamic across time due to seasonal changes in the predator assemblages and their preferences.However,this has rarely been studied especially in tropical regions.Here we assessed temporal changes in the defensive value of caterpillar color and shape,using six types of plasticine dummy caterpillars:three colors(green,black,and white)x two shapes(curled and straight).These dummy caterpillars were deployed five times over different seasons in tropical forests of Xishuangbanna(China)and,as a comparison,twice in a temperate forest of Hirosaki(Japan).The colors and shapes of dummy caterpillars simulate visual traits of black sawfly larvae which take the curled resting posture in tropical rainforests of Xishuangbanna,apparently masquerading excrements commonly found on plants,while in Hirosaki there is no black-curled sawfly larvae and few excrements on plants.Wc found no significant effects of caterpillar colors or shapes on predation in Hirosaki.In contrast,black and curled caterpillars received significantly lower predation by birds in Xishuangbanna constantly across time.However,we were unable to provide evidence that the black-curled sawfly larvae are masquerading as excrements.Shapes of the dummy caterpillars also affected the predation by ants and parasitoid wasps at certain times.This is the first report on ecological function of the curled posture of sawfly larvae,and we demonstrated the importance to assess the temporal dynamics of predation and effectiveness of defensive tactics in tropical forests.

From deception to frankness： Benefits of ontogenetic shift in the anti-predator strategy of alder moth Acronicta alni larvae

Animals can avoid predation by masquerading as objects that are not food to their predators. Alder moth Acronicta alni larvae go through an impressive ontogenetic change from masquerade to highly conspicuous appearance： early larval stages resemble bird droppings but in the last instar the larval coloration changes into striking yellow-and-black stripes. We hypothe- sized that such a change may be driven by differential predation favoring dissimilar anti-predator strategies in different life stages We show with a series of laboratory assays that larvae are distasteful to birds regardless of their developmental stage, suggesting that ontogenetic color change is not driven by the differential chemical defense. Birds showed higher variance in hesitation to- ward conspicuous prey; some individuals hesitated long time before attacking whereas all birds attacked instantly masqueraded prey. We also found that the activity level of the larvae increased with age, which fits to the fact that larvae need to move from foliage to pupation sites. In the field by using artificial larvae resembling the two life-history stages we found predation risk to vary during the season： In early summer larger yellow-and-black larvae were attacked most, whereas later in the summer small ＇bird-dropping-larvae＇ suffered the highest predation. We conclude that the ontogenetic switch from masquerading to aposema- tism is adaptive most likely because actively moving prey cannot mimic immotile objects and thus, aposematism during the ac- tive and vulnerable period when larvae are searching for pupation sites becomes beneficial

Choosing between a rock and a hard place： Camouflage in the round-tailed horned lizard Phrynosoma modestum

The round-tailed homed lizard Phrynosoma modestum is cryptically colored and resembles a small stone when it draws legs close to its body and elevates its back. We investigated effectiveness of camouflage in P. modestum and its dependence on stones by placing a lizard in one of two microhabitats （uniform sand or sand with surface rocks approximately the same size as lizards）. An observer who knew which microhabitat contained the lizard was asked to locate the lizard visually. Latency to detec- tion was longer and probability of no detection within 60 s was higher for lizards on rock background than on bare sand. In arenas where lizards could choose to occupy rock or bare sand, much higher proportions selected rocky backgrounds throughout the day; at night all lizards slept among stones. A unique posture gives P modestum a rounded appearance similar to many natural stones. Lizards occasionally adopted the posture, but none did so in response to a nearby experimenter. Stimuli that elicit the posture are unknown. That P. modestum is better camouflaged among rocks than on bare sand and prefers to occupy rocky areas suggests that special resemblance to rocks （masquerade） enhances camouflage attributable to coloration and immobility.

Mimicry and masquerade from the avian visual perspec-tive

Several of the most celebrated examples of visual mimicry, like mimetic eggs laid by avian brood parasites and pala-table insects mimicking distasteful ones, involve signals directed at the eyes of birds. Despite this, studies of mimicry from the avian visual perspective have been rare, particularly with regard to defensive mimicry and masquerade. Defensive visual mimicry, which includes Batesian and Mtillerian mimicry, occurs when organisms share a visual signal that functions to deter predators. Masquerade occurs when an organism mimics an inedible or uninteresting object, such as a leaf, stick, or pebble. In this paper, I present five case studies covering diverse examples of defensive mimicry and masquerade as seen by birds. The best-known cases of defensive visual mimicry typically come from insect prey, but birds themselves can exhibit defensive visual mimicry in an at- tempt to escape mobbing or dissuade avian predators. Using examples of defensive visual mimicry by both insects and birds, I show how quantitative models of avian color, luminance, and pattern vision can be used to enhance our understanding of mimicry in many systems and produce new hypotheses about the evolution and diversity of signals. Overall, I investigate examples of Batesian mimicry （1 and 2）, Miillerian mimicry （3 and 4）, and masquerade （5） as follows： 1） Polymorphic mimicry in African mocker swallowtail butterflies; 2） Cuckoos mimicking sparrowhawks; 3） Mimicry rings in Neotropical butterflies; 4） Plumage mimicry in toxic pitohuis; and 5） Dead leaf-mimicking butterflies and mantids.

Evolutionary implications of deception in mimicry and masquerade

Aggressive mimicry occurs when an organism resembles some aspect of another organism （the model） in order to obtain prey through its deceptive resemblance. This may function either through the overt response of the receiver or through the lack of response of the receiver. Reviewing selected examples, I discuss some of the difficulties in ascribing a model for the mimic. I also discuss how a single animal can have multiple ploys in its armoury of deceptive signals, thus belonging within two or more categories of deceptive signalling. In addition to aggressive mimicry, these may include crypsis or camouflage, mas- querade （mimicry of inanimate objects）, and Batesian or protective mimicry. Each of these examples of deception has multiple evolutionary pathways, and some deceptive signals may be more costly to receivers than others, but no single organism is subject to a single selection pressure, leading to the reality that many evolutionary pathways contribute to the diversity we see around us. New technologies are opening new channels of investigation into deceptive signaling in many different sensory modalities, and this is reflected in the recent increase in studies investigating the structure and function of deceptive signals. In turn, these studies are beginning to expose the fascinating complexity of deceptive signaling systems, allowing us to discover the myriad, non-mutually exclusive, solutions that can be selected for to obtain prey

The effectiveness of eyespots and masquerade in protecting artificial prey across ontogenetic and seasonal shifts

When constraints on antipredator coloration shift over the course of development,it can be advantageous for animals to adopt different color strategies for each life stage.Many caterpillars in the genus Papilio exhibit unique ontogenetic color sequences:for example,early instars that masquerade as bird feces,with later instars possessing eyespots.I hypothesize that larvae abandon feces masquerade in favor of eyespots due to ontogenetic changes in signaler size.This ontogenetic pattern also occurs within broader seasonal shifts in background color and predator activity.I conducted predation experiments with artificial prey to determine how potential signaling constraints(specifically size and season)shape predation risk,and consequently the expression of ontogenetic color change in Papilio larvae.Seasonally,both predation and background greenness declined significantly from July to September,though there was little evidence that these patterns impacted the effectiveness of either color strategy.Caterpillar size and color strongly affected the attack rate of avian predators:attacks increased with prey size regardless of color,and eyespotted prey were attacked more than masquerading prey overall.These results may reflect a key size-mediated tradeoff between conspicuousness and intimidation in eyespotted prey,and raise questions about how interwoven aspects of behavior and signal environment might maintain the prevalence of large,eyespotted larvae in nature.

Masquerade syndrome:Retinoblastoma presenting as phacolytic glaucoma

We aim to report an uncommon presentation of retinoblastoma and its management.A 4-year-old boy presented with left eye pain for 1 week with eye redness after being hit by a ball.On examination,the visual acuity in his right eye was 6/6 and left eye was no perception to light.The conjunctiva in his left eye was injected and cornea was edematous.There was pseudohypopyon inferiorly.Lens was opaque and there was no fundus view.Intraocular pressure was 50 mmHg.Patient was initially treated as phacolytic glaucoma with severe inflammation.B scan showed intralesional calcification with retinal detachment.CT orbit showed left intraocular mass with calcification and optic nerve involvement.Thus,our final diagnosis was left eye retinoblastoma.Patient was performed a enucleation with chemotherapy in left eye.One year after the treatment,there was no local and distant invasion of the tumor.Anterior inflammation is a rare form of masquerade syndrome associated with retinoblastoma.

Primary tumors of the heart: the great masqueraders

To the Editor： The recent case report of primary cardiac hemangioendothelioma prompted me to write this letter-to-the-editor for 5 reasons.