CONTROL OF TWO DIMENSIONAL JETS USING MINIATURE ZERO MASS FLUX JETS

Zero mass flux jets, synthesized by acoustic actuators, have been used for the purpose of jet mixing enhancement and jet vectoring. Zero mass flux jets composed of entirely entrained fluid allow momentum transfer into the embedding flow. In the present experiments, miniature scale high aspect ratio actuator jets are placed along the long sides and near the exit plane of a primary two dimensional jet. In different modes, the primary jet can be vectored either towards or away from the actuator jets and the jet mixing is enhanced. The disturbance of the excitation frequency is developed while the unstable frequency of the primary jet is completely suppressed.

Sand particle lift-off velocity measurements and numerical simulation of mass flux distributions in a wind tunnel

Lift-off velocity of saltating sand particles in wind-blown sand located at 1.0 mm above the sand bed surface was measured using a phase Doppler particle analyzer in a wind tunnel. The results show that the probability distribution of lift-off velocity can be expressed as a lognormal function, while that of lift-off angle follows an exponential function. The probability distribution of lift-off angle conditioned for each lift-off velocity also follows an exponential function, with a slope that becomes steeper with increasing lift-off velocity. This implies that the probability distribution of lift-off velocity is strongly dependent on the lift-off angle. However, these lift-off parameters are generally treated as an independent joint probability distribution in the literature. Numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the effects of conditional versus independent joint probability distributions on the vertical sand mass flux distribution. The simulation results derived from the conditional joint probability distribution agree much better with experimental data than those from the independent ones. Thus, it is better to describe the lift-off velocity of saltating sand particles using the conditional joint probability distribution. These results improve our understanding of saltation processes in wind-blown sand.

Heat and mass flux estimation of modem seafloor hydrothermal activity

Research on heat and mass flux yielded by modern seafloor hydrothermal activity is very important, because it is involved not only in the base of ocean environment research, but also in the historical evolution of seawater properties. Currently, estimating heat flux is based on the observation data of hydrothermal smokers, low-temperature diffusive flow and mid-ocean ridge mainly. But there are some faults, for example, there is lack of a concurrent conductive item in estimating the heat flux by smokers and the error between the half-space cooling model and the observation data is too large. So, three kinds of methods are applied to re-estimating the heat flux of hydrothermal activity resepectively, corresponding estimation is 97.359 GW by hydrothermal smoker and diffusive flow, 84.895 GW by hydrothermal plume, and 4.11 TW by exponential attenuation method put forward by this paper. Research on mass flux estimation is relatively rare, the main reason for this is insufficient field observation data. Mass fluxes of different elements are calculated using hydrothermal vent fluid data from the TAG hydrothermal area on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge for the first time. Difference of estimations by different methods reflects the researching extent of hydrothermal activity, and systematically in-situ observation will help to estimate the contribution of hydrothermal activity to ocean chemical environment, ocean circulation and global climate precisely.

Flow and heat transfer of nanofluid over an exponentially shrinking porous sheet with heat and mass fluxes

Steady boundary layer flow of nanofluid past an exponentially porous shrinking sheet in presence of heat and mass fluxes is presented.In this model the combined effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis on heat transfer and nanoparticle volume fraction are considered.Similarity transformations are used to obtain the self-similar equations which are then solved numerically using shooting technique along with fourth order Runge-Kutta method.Similarity solution depends on the suction parameter.This investigation reveals that the variable heat flux and mass flux have major significant effects on temperature field and the nanoparticle volume fraction.The wall mass transfer through the porous sheet causes an increase of fluid velocity for the first branch of solution.Temperature as well as nanoparticle volume fraction decreases for both branches of solutions.For the Brownian motion,the temperature increases but the nanoparticle volume fraction decreases.Heat transfer rate becomes lower with the increase of Lewis number.Due to increase in thermophoresis parameter,both the temperature and nanoparticle volume fraction increase.

MODIFIED MASS FLUX CUMULUS CONVECTIVE PARAMETERIZATION SCHEME AND ITS SIMULATION EXPERIMENT—PART Ⅰ:MASS FLUX SCHEME AND ITS SIMULATION OF THE 1991 FLOOD EVENT

Based on the existing cumulus convective parameterization schemes,a mass flux scheme(MFS)for cumulus convective parameterization has been successfully developed by reference to thework of Chen et al.(1996).The MFS is a comprehensive scheme.In MFS,not only theimportance of the large-scale moisture convergence is taken into account,but also it includes thecumulus updrafts and downdrafts,cumulus-induced subsidence in the environmental air.entrainment,detrainment and evaporation.The interaction between the cumulus and theenvironment is described by using a one-dimensional bulk model.At the same time the schemeincludes the penetrative and shallow convections.The MFS has been successfully incorporated into the regional climate model RegCM2developed by NCAR.The new model has been applied to simulate summer monsoon characteristicsand their variations of heavy rainfall process in the Changjiang-Huaihe River Basins for threemonths from May to July 1991.The results show that the new model can successfully simulate thisrainfall prolonged process.By comparising the model outputs of RegCM2.using the Kuo schemeand the MFS.it is found that the MFS is better in simulating the surface temperature,rainfallposition and amount,and rainfall duration.

MODIFIED MASS FLUX CUMULUS CONVECTIVE PARAMETERIZATION SCHEME AND ITS SIMULATION EXPERIMENT—PART II:CUMULUS CONVECTION ACTIVITIES SIMULATED FROM THREE SCHEMES AND SENSITIVITY EXPERIMENTS BY USE OF MASS FLUX SCHEME

By comparison of simulated cumulus convection processes in RegCM2,using the Kuo scheme,the Grell scheme and the mass flux scheme (MFS),it is found that the MFS can simulate thecumulus heating and moistening very well.A series of sensitivity tests show that the parametersfor specifying the conversion coefficient from cloud droplets to raindrops,the turbulententrainment and detrainment rates in updrafts anddowndrafts,and the intensity of thedowndraftshave different degrees of influence upon the cumulus convection.Therefore.it is quite importantfor cumulus parameterization scheme to define these parameters as accurately as possible.

Development and improvement of mass flux convection parameterization scheme and its applications in the seasonal climate predication model

The features of Gregory cumulus parameterization scheme, which is used in British Weather Office, are researched and then this scheme is developed and improved according to the characteristics of area precipitation over China. Firstly, the influence of the large-scale convergence in lower tropopause upon cumulus convection is directly taken into account in a 揵ulk?cloud model. The organized entrainment and detrainment is considered in the model. Secondly, the initial mass flux is revised. Thirdly, the effects of subcooling water upon saturation vapour pressure are considered. Eventually, the drown-draft air is regulated. For several years, the numerical forecast of seasonal precipitation in China has been carried out by using the modified Gregory scheme. The result shows that the model with improved Gregory scheme well simulates the precipitation over China and the prediction result is good.

Re-evaluating the vertical mass-flux profiles of aeolian sediment at the southern fringe of the Taklimakan Desert, China

Reliable estimation of the mass-flux profiles of aeolian sediment is essential for predicting sediment transport rates accurately and designing measures to cope with wind-erosion. Vertical mass-flux profiles from seventeen wind-erosion events were re-evaluated using five typical models based on observed data obtained from a smooth bare field at the southern fringe of the Taklimakan Desert, China. The results showed that the exponential-function model and the logarithmic-function model exhibited the poorest fit between observed and predicted mass-flux profiles. The power-function model and the modified power-function model improved the fit to field data to an equivalent extent, while the five-parameter combined-function model with a scale constant(σ) of 0.00001 m(different from the σ value proposed by Fryear, which represented the height above which 50% of the total mass flux occurred) was verified as the best for describing the vertical aeolian sediment mass-flux profiles using goodness of fit(R2) and the Akaike Information Criterion(AIC) values to evaluate model performance. According to relationships among model parameters, the modified power model played a prominent explanatory role in describing the vertical profiles of the observed data, whereas the exponential model played a coordinating role. In addition, it was found that the vertical profiles could not be extrapolated using the five selected models or easily estimated using an efficient model without field observations by a near-surface sampler at 0 to 0.05 m.

WATER MASS FORMATION IN THE SOUTH INDIAN OCEAN BY AIR-SEA FLUXES

Indian Central Water （ICW） and Subantarctic Mode Water （SAMW） formation rates are estimated from two air-sea flux products, the Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set （COADS） and the Southampton Oceanography Centre （SOC） climatology. The ICW formation is estimated to be 8 Sv (1 Sv = 106m3·s-1 ) from both products, with more contributions from freshwater flux. From the COADS product, the SAMW formation rate is estimated to be 31 Sv in the potential density range of 26.5-26.9σθ, with also a significant contribution from freshwater flux. However, the SAMW formation rate estimated from the SOC product is much smaller, which may be due to bias of the SOC heat flux. Poorer quality of the flux products in the Southern Ocean may also contribute to the difference.

Numerical Solution of MHD Convection and Mass Transfer Flow of Viscous Incompressible Fluid about an Inclined Plate with Hall Current and Constant Heat Flux

The present numerically study investigates the influence of the Hall current and constant heat flux on the Magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) natural convection boundary layer viscous incompressible fluid flow in the manifestation of transverse magnetic field near an inclined vertical permeable flat plate. It is assumed that the induced magnetic field is negligible compared with the imposed magnetic field. The governing boundary layer equations have been transferred into non-similar model by implementing similarity approaches. The physical dimensionless parameter has been set up into the model as Prandtl number, Eckert number, Magnetic parameter, Schmidt number, local Grashof number and local modified Grashof number. The numerical method of Nactsheim-Swigert shooting iteration technique together with Runge-Kutta six order iteration scheme has been used to solve the system of governing non-similar equations. The physical effects of the various parameters on dimensionless primary velocity profile, secondary velocity profile, and temperature and concentration profile are discussed graphically. Moreover, the local skin friction coefficient, the local Nusselt number and Sherwood number are shown in tabular form for various values of the parameters.

Particle flux through the Huanghai Sea cold water mass

Settling particulate matter (SPM) was collected by using sediment traps at four stations in a survey section from Qingdao to Cheju-do,across the Huanghai Sea cold water mass (HSCWM), in August 2002. The sediment traps were planted in three layers: the upper layer of the thermocline (ULT) above the HSCWM, the lower layer of the thermocline (LLT), and the bottom layer of water column (BL).To determine the particle flux, the contents of organic carbon (POC), organic nitrogen (PON), total carbon (PC), and total phosphorous(PP) in SPM were analyzed, and two flux models (Ⅰ and Ⅱ ) were improved to calculate the resuspension ratio, with an assumption in Model Ⅰ that the vertical flux of SPM in the LLT equals the net vertical flux of SPM in the whole water column. An X value, i.e., the fraction of the resuspension flux originating from the surficial sediments nearby the sampling station, was deduced from Model Ⅰ to estimate the contribution of lateral currents to the total resuspension flux. The results showed that inorganic particles, fecal pellets, and miscellaneous aggregates were the major types of SPM in the HSCWM, and the contents of POC, PON, PC, and PP all decreased with water depth. A great deal of fecal pellets found in the LLT indicates that the main space producing biogenic SPM is the thermocline,and especially the LLT, where the C/N ratio is lower than that in the ULT. The resuspension ratios, 90%～96% among stations, imply strong impact ofresuspension on particle flux in the BL. These values were not significantly different between the two flux models,suggesting that the hypothesis in Model Ⅰ that the flux in the LLT equaling the net flux to the bottom is acceptable for shallow waters with stratification like the HSCWM. The POC export ratio from the HSCWM ranges from 35% to 68%. It benefits from the short sinking distance in shallow water. The upwelling in the HSCWM enhanced the POC flux through the water mass, and the lateral currents provides up to being greater than 50% ofresuspension flux in the BL according to evaluation of the X value.

深时源-汇系统要素的常用定量分析方法

源-汇系统研究是构造地质学、沉积学和层序地层学的综合,因其整体性、动态化和半定量-定量的特点受到了广泛关注。首先阐述了目前深时(前第四纪)源-汇系统的关键问题是物质平衡的定量表征及搬运过程对沉积物的控制,由于地层记录缺失和参数获取困难等原因,研究仍极具挑战。随后综述了深时源-汇系统定量分析方法,可分为地质年代学法、将今论古法和沉积学法。各方法通过获取地貌要素、水力学参数、侵蚀速率、沉积通量等信息,建立“源”“汇”之间的定量关系,进而重建盆地沉积充填演化史。通过系统介绍不同方法的基本原理、相关参数,对比其优越性及局限性,认为地质年代学法应用较广,核心在于物源示踪;将今论古法关键是地质背景的类比及地质参数的选择;沉积学法受多变量控制,需兼顾构造-气候背景及研究尺度。最后对深时源-汇系统定量分析的发展进行了展望,在“将今论古”这一重要思想指导下,需着眼于物源体系、沉积物搬运路径、沉积物分配关系、系统内的各要素及其耦合作用,需注重多时间尺度的定量表征、多学科交叉的动态研究。而相较于大陆边缘源-汇系统,陆相湖盆源-汇系统模式与预测模型有待进一步完善。

垂直管内高质量流速超临界CO_(2)换热特性

利用已有的流动传热实验数据,对不同湍流模型预测超临界CO_(2)(S-CO_(2))传热能力进行了评价及选取,确定了SST k-ω湍流模型为最优模型。分析了入口温度、热流密度、质量流速、浮升力和流动加速效应对内径为10mm的垂直加热管内S-CO_(2)的对流传热特性的影响。结果表明:在一些工况条件下Bu<10^(-5)、Bu^(*)<5.6×10^(-7)和K_(v)<3×10^(-6)并不满足,表明浮升力和流动加速度效应并不能解释高质量流速下的数值模拟结果。基于超临界类沸腾理论,建立了垂直加热管内S-CO_(2)类沸腾传热模型,并阐述了S-CO_(2)传热恶化现象,径向方向上S-CO_(2)热物性和湍流的详细分布表明超临界传热受类气膜的厚度、类气膜的热性质和近壁区湍流动能的影响很大,成功解释了SCO_(2)在高质量流速下的传热机理。最后引入超临界沸腾数SBO,提出了适用高质量流速的传热关联式。

胶州湾大气降水水溶性离子组成特征及来源解析

基于2019年6月至2020年8月胶州湾沿岸的大气降水样品,分析降水主要水溶性离子(Na^(+)、K^(+)、Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)、NH^(4+)、F-、Cl^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)、NO_(3)^(-)、MAS-(甲基磺酸根))的组成特征和湿沉降通量,评估其对近海营养成分输入的贡献和潜在生态效应,并利用气团后向轨迹和正定矩阵因子分解法(PMF)解析其主要来源.结果表明,观测期间,胶州湾大气降水雨量加权平均(Volume-weighted Mean,VWM)pH为6.41,电导率的VWM值为19.3μS/cm,降水中水溶性离子以Na^(+)、NH^(4+)、NO_(3)^(-)、Cl^(-)和SO_(4)^(2-)为主,在季节上呈现出冬春季浓度明显高于夏秋季的特征,而湿沉降通量则因受降水量的控制而主要集中在夏季(约占55%).胶州湾区域大气降水共清除7274.6t水溶性离子,营养盐(主要为NH^(4+)和NO_(3)^(-),以氮计)沉降入海量达951.9t/a,表明降水在清洁大气的同时也加剧了海洋环境的污染和海洋生态系统的失衡.气团后向轨迹分析得到了观测期间控制胶州湾降水的4类主要气团,在不同季节,降水过程受到不同气团的影响,其中以来自华东地区和东北方向的气团的影响较大.基于PMF的源解析结果显示,胶州湾大气降水水溶性离子受到农业源、海洋源、扬尘源、生物质和垃圾燃烧源、工业和交通源5种来源的共同控制,其中以农业源排放的贡献最为突出(26.7%),而其他4种源的贡献大致相当.研究证实胶州湾大气环境受到复杂人为源排放、矿物沙尘以及海洋源排放的综合制约,而人为排放的贡献占主导地位.

南极宇航员海夏季水文结构变化特征研究

本文基于中国南极考察(CHINARE37-38)在宇航员海获取的海洋综合站位观测数据,结合海冰密集度、WOA23和ERA5再分析资料等,分析了该海域主要水文结构及其变化特征。结果表明:宇航员海夏季水团包括南极表层水(分为夏季表层水与冬季残留水)、绕极深层水、变性绕极深层水和南极底层水。夏季表层水均分布在表层50 m深度以浅,呈现出南冷北暖的趋势。66°S以南的冬季残留水最厚,最深可达200 m左右。绕极深层水向南侵入的趋势明显,CHINARE-38绕极深层水向上涌升的高度较CHINARE-37高出10~20 m。夏季表层水的高温高盐核心位于中心海域无冰区,因为无冰海域的表层海水长时间接收太阳短波辐射而温度较高。近岸海域因冰融水导致局部夏季表层水降温淡化。宇航员海中心海域海面风场维持低气压气旋式环流,次表层水体通过Ekman抽吸上升冷却表层暖水,导致表层与次表层水体混合加强,绕极深层水向南侵入并向上涌升。

Characterization of Rayleigh Convection in Interfacial Mass Transfer by Lattice Boltzmann Simulation and Experimental Verification

集中坡度导致了有效地界面的集体转移处理的瑞利传送对流罐头影响，但是传送对流现象作为 mesoscopic 和建筑群被知道。以便调查这现象，一个二方程的格子 Boltzmann 方法(LBM ) 被建议模仿速度和在 CO2 吸收产生进乙醇液体的瑞利传送对流的集中分布。速度分布上的模仿的结果被 PIV (粒子图象 velocimetry 技术) 试验性地验证大小。以便简化分析，在模拟以及在实验的传送对流，瑞利传送对流在流动模式下面被操作进一个单身者。模仿的结果证明集中轮廓在文学与 schlieren 图象同意品质上。试验性、模仿的结果证明在调查下面的瑞利传送对流被流动统治在向下方向并且推动在界面的附近和支持界面的液体的更新的液体体积之间的液体的交换，并且因此提高集体转移。比较在之间模仿，试验性的结果证明建议 LBM 是为模仿集体转移的一种有希望的选择劝诱的瑞利传送对流。

A discrete model for prediction of radon flux from fractured rocks

Prediction of radon flux from the fractured zone of a propagating cave mine is basically associated with uncertainty and complexity. For instance, there is restricted access to these zones for field measurements, and it is quite difficult to replicate the complex nature of both natural and induced fractures in these zones in laboratory studies. Hence, a technique for predicting radon flux from a fractured rock using a discrete fracture network(DFN) model is developed to address these difficulties. This model quantifies the contribution of fractures to the total radon flux, and estimates the fracture density from a measured radon flux considering the effects of advection, diffusion, as well as radon generation and decay. Radon generation and decay are classified as reaction processes. Therefore, the equation solved is termed as the advection-diffusion-reaction equation(ADRE). Peclet number(Pe), a conventional dimensionless parameter that indicates the ratio of mass transport by advection to diffusion, is used to classify the transport regimes. The results show that the proposed model effectively predicts radon flux from a fractured rock. An increase in fracture density for a rock sample with uniformly distributed radon generation rate can elevate radon flux significantly compared with another rock sample with an equivalent increase in radon generation rate. In addition to Pe, two other independent dimensionless parameters(derived for radon transport through fractures) significantly affect radon dimensionless flux.Findings provide insight into radon transport through fractured rocks and can be used to improve radon control measures for proactive mitigation.

Circulation and Heat Flux along the Western Boundary of the North Pacific

On the basis of the conductivity temperature depth(CTD)observation data off the coast of the Philippines(7.5°–18°N,130°E–the east coast of the Philippines)in the fall of 2005,the water mass distribution,geostrophic flow field,and heat budget are examined.Four water masses are present:the North Pacific Tropical Surface Water,the North Pacific Sub-surface Water,the North Pacific Intermediate Water,and the Antarctic Intermediate Water(AAIW).The previous three corresponded with the North Equatorial Current(NEC),the Kuroshio Current(KC),and the Mindanao Current(MC),respectively.AAIW is the source of the Mindanao Undercurrent.The mass transport of NEC,KC,and MC is 58.7,15,and 27.95Sv,respectively(relative to 1500db).NEC can be balanced by the transport across the whole transect 18°N(31.81 Sv)and 7.5°N(26.11 Sv)but not simply by KC and MC.Direct calculation is used to study the heat flux.In sum,1.45PW heat is transported outwards the observed region,which is much more than that released from the ocean to the air at the surface(0.05PW).The net heat lost decreased the water temperature by 0.75℃each month on average,and the trend agreed well with the SST change.Vertically,the heat transported by the currents is mainly completed in the upper 500 m.

Couple stress and Darcy Forchheimer hybrid nanofluid flow on a vertical plate by means of double diffusion Cattaneo-Christov analysis

A three-dimensional Darcy Forchheimer mixed convective flow of a couple stress hybrid nanofluid flow through a vertical plate by means of the double diffusion Cattaneo-Christov model is presented in this study.The influence of highorder velocity slip flow,as well as a passive and active control,is also considered.The motive of the research is to develop a computational model,using cobalt ferrite(Co Fe_(2)O_(4))and copper(Cu)nanoparticles(NPs)in the carrier fluid water,to magnify the energy and mass communication rate and boost the efficiency and performance of thermal energy conduction for a variety of commercial and biological purposes.The proposed model becomes more significant,with an additional effect of non-Fick's mass flux and Fourier's heat model to report the energy and mass passage rate.The results are obtained through the computational strategy parametric continuation method.The figures are plotted to reveal the physical sketch of the obtained solution,while the statistical assessment has been evaluated through tables.It has been observed that the dispersion of Cu and Co Fe_(2)O_(4)NPs to the base fluid significantly enhances the velocity and thermal conductivity of water,which is the most remarkable property of these NPs from the industrial point of view.

Double-diffusive Fluxes of Salt and Heat in the Upper Layer of North Pacific Intermediate Water

Almost half of the oceanic water columns exhibit double-diffusion. The importance of double-diffusion in global oceans’ salt and heat fluxes, water-mass formation and mixing, and circulation is increasingly recognized. However, such an important physical process in the ocean has not been well studied. One of the reasons is the difficulty of parameterizing and quantifying the processes. The paper presented here attempts to quantify the double-diffusive fluxes of salt and heat in the ocean. Previous qualitative analysis by applying the water-mass Turner angle, mTu, to the North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) layer showed a favorable condition for salt-fingering in the upper NPIW due to the overlying warm/salty water above the cold/fresh NPIW core, and a doubly-stable condition in the lower NPIW where potential temperature decreases with depth while salinity increases, inducing double stratification with respect to both potential temperature and salinity. The present study gives a quantitative estimate of double-diffusive fluxes of salt and heat contributed by salt-fingering in the upper NPIW layer.