Due to global warming, glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau(TP) are experiencing widespread shrinkage; however, the mechanisms controlling glacier variations across the TP are still rather unclear, especially on the northe...Due to global warming, glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau(TP) are experiencing widespread shrinkage; however, the mechanisms controlling glacier variations across the TP are still rather unclear, especially on the northeastern TP. In this study, a physically based, distributed surface-energy and mass-balance model was used to simulate glacier mass balance forced by meteorological data. The model was applied to Laohugou No. 12 Glacier, western Qilian Mountains, China, during2010~2012. The simulated albedo and mass balance were validated and calibrated by in situ measurements. The simulated annual glacier-wide mass balances were-385 mm water equivalent(w.e.) in 2010/2011 and-232 mm w.e. in 2011/2012,respectively. The mean equilibrium-line altitude(ELA) was 5,015 m a.s.l., during 2010~2012, which ascended by 215 m compared to that in the 1970 s. The mean accumulation area ratio(AAR) was 39% during the two years. Climatic-sensitivity experiments indicated that the change of glacier mass balance resulting from a 1.5 °C increase in air temperature could be offset by a 30% increase in annual precipitation. The glacier mass balance varied linearly with precipitation, at a rate of130 mm w.e. per 10% change in total precipitation.展开更多
The Jimo coast encompasses an area of 2157 km^2, and the ecosystem is valuable both socially and economically with regional fisheries substantially contributing to the value. A mass-balanced trophic model consisting o...The Jimo coast encompasses an area of 2157 km^2, and the ecosystem is valuable both socially and economically with regional fisheries substantially contributing to the value. A mass-balanced trophic model consisting of 15 functional ecological groups was developed for the coastal ecosystem using the Ecopath model in Ecopath with Ecosim(Ew E) software(version 6.4.3). The results of the model simulations indicated that the trophic levels of the functional groups varied between 1.0 and 3.76, and the total production of the system was estimated to be 5112.733 t km^(-2) yr^(-1) with a total energy transfer efficiency of 17.6%. The proportion of the total flow originating from detritus was estimated to be 48%, whereas that from primary producers was 52%, indicating that the grazing food chain dominated the energy flow. The ratio of total primary productivity to total respiration in the system was 3.78, and the connectivity index was 0.4. The fin cycling index and the mean path length of the energy flow were 4.92% and 2.57%, respectively, which indicated that the ecosystem exhibits relatively low maturity and stability. The mixed trophic impact(MTI) procedure suggested that the ecological groups at lower trophic levels dominated the feeding dynamics in the Jimo coastal ecosystem. Overfishing is thought to be the primary reason for the degeneration of the Jimo coastal ecosystem, resulting in a decline in the abundance of pelagic and demersal fish species and a subsequent shift to the predominance of lower-trophic-level functional groups. Finally, we offered some recommendations for improving current fishery management practices.展开更多
Ecopath model is an important evaluation model in the field of ecological research.At present,Ecopath model is mainly applied in the structure of food web,material circulation and energy flow,environmental capacity an...Ecopath model is an important evaluation model in the field of ecological research.At present,Ecopath model is mainly applied in the structure of food web,material circulation and energy flow,environmental capacity and so on.The Ecopath models in ocean,lake and reservoir ecosystems were reviewed,including the ecological nutrient conversion efficiency(EE),ecosystem characteristic index(CI),Niche Overlap and energy flow characteristics of trophic level.The practical significance of Ecopath model in marine ecosystem evaluation and application is expounded by comparing and analyzing the literature data,which provides the technical support for the scientific management of inland ecosystem in the future.展开更多
[目的]为促进棋盘山水库生态系统健康稳定提供参考依据。[方法]基于2021年棋盘山水库生态环境和渔业资源的调查数据,采用Ecopath with Ecosim软件构建了棋盘山水库生态系统的物质平衡Ecopath模型,对生态系统的食物网结构、传递效率、营...[目的]为促进棋盘山水库生态系统健康稳定提供参考依据。[方法]基于2021年棋盘山水库生态环境和渔业资源的调查数据,采用Ecopath with Ecosim软件构建了棋盘山水库生态系统的物质平衡Ecopath模型,对生态系统的食物网结构、传递效率、营养交互关系和系统总体特征等进行分析。[结果]棋盘山水库食物网中22个功能组的有效营养级数值为1.000~3.419,营养级较高的功能组为肉食性鱼类。能量流动主要有5级,其中来自初级生产者的平均传递效率为3.13%,来自碎屑的平均传递效率为3.39%。系统总生产量为36268.078 t/(km^(2)·a),总流量为86057.620 t/(km^(2)·a),联结指数和系统杂食系数分别为0.205、0.142;总初级生产量/总呼吸量、总生物量/总周转量分别为2.106和0.003。[结论]该研究解析了该水库营养结构和系统发育状况,可为棋盘山水库生态环境的可持续利用和科学管理提供理论依据。展开更多
以大莲湖生态系统为研究对象,将生物分为翘嘴红鲌、红鳍鲌、鲫等25个功能组,运用Ecopath with Ecosim(EWE)软件,构建了大莲湖生态系统的Ecopath模型。研究结果表明:大莲湖生态系统种营养级最高的生物为翘嘴红鲌、蒙古红鲌,有效营养级3.3...以大莲湖生态系统为研究对象,将生物分为翘嘴红鲌、红鳍鲌、鲫等25个功能组,运用Ecopath with Ecosim(EWE)软件,构建了大莲湖生态系统的Ecopath模型。研究结果表明:大莲湖生态系统种营养级最高的生物为翘嘴红鲌、蒙古红鲌,有效营养级3.36。系统的总能量转换效率为8.74%,能流主要在营养级Ⅰ到Ⅳ之间流动,转化效率最高发生在第Ⅳ和第Ⅴ营养级之间(15.0%)。生态系统总体特征参数连接指数(CI)和系统杂食性指数(SOI)分别为0.33和0.13,Finn's循环指数(FCI)和Finn's循环平均能流路径长度(FCL)14.17%和3.18%。总体来看,大莲湖生态系统受渔业养殖影响,生态系统较脆弱,为此,提出了建议:适当控制养殖强度,以维护大莲湖湖泊生态系统稳定。展开更多
为了解象山港生态系统在环境和捕捞等多重因素胁迫下的结构和功能现状,实现象山港基于生态系统的渔业管理和生态承载力评价,本研究根据2011~2014年在象山港开展的渔业资源和生态环境定点调查数据,利用Ecopath with Ecosim 6.4软件构建...为了解象山港生态系统在环境和捕捞等多重因素胁迫下的结构和功能现状,实现象山港基于生态系统的渔业管理和生态承载力评价,本研究根据2011~2014年在象山港开展的渔业资源和生态环境定点调查数据,利用Ecopath with Ecosim 6.4软件构建了象山港生态系统的Ecopath模型,并通过模型系统分析了象山港生态系统食物网结构、能量流动和系统功能的总体特征。模型包含了浮游植物、大型海藻、浮游动物、游泳动物等25个功能组,大体涵盖了象山港生态系统能量流动的整个过程。研究结果表明,象山港生态系统表达能流路径的食物链主要有两条,分别为牧食食物链和碎屑食物链,其中以牧食食物链为主要能流通道。系统中各功能组的营养级在1.00~3.62级。系统总能流为2 210 t·km-2·a-1,主要分布在Ⅰ~Ⅳ营养级上。流量中来自碎屑的比例为38%,初级生产者是系统能量的主要来源。营养级Ⅰ和Ⅱ的利用效率较低,大量初级生产力和次级生产力未能流入更高的营养层次。系统的总能量转换效率为3.8%;总初级生产量/总呼吸量（TPP/TR）为1.52;系统连接指数（CI）为0.342;系统杂食性指数（SOI）为0.182。生态系统总体特征反映了象山港生态系统的营养关系较简单,食物网复杂程度低;系统成熟度和稳定性偏低,抵抗外界干扰的能力较弱。展开更多
为了从能量量化的角度分析淡水池塘循环水养殖系统的构建,选择了在中国水产科学研究院池塘生态工程研究中心(上海泖港,30°57′1.89″N,121°08′52.21″E)构建的分隔式和序批式2种复合养殖模式,并选择了1个传统池塘作为对照。...为了从能量量化的角度分析淡水池塘循环水养殖系统的构建,选择了在中国水产科学研究院池塘生态工程研究中心(上海泖港,30°57′1.89″N,121°08′52.21″E)构建的分隔式和序批式2种复合养殖模式,并选择了1个传统池塘作为对照。根据2016年全年的实测数据,应用Ecopath with Ecosim 6.5软件分析了3种淡水池塘循环水养殖系统能量流动特征。结果显示,传统池塘、分隔式池塘、序批式池塘饲料的营养传递效率(EE)最高,依次为0.77、0.75、0.99,饲料系数依次为2.5、2.8、1.6,表明按规格区分的序批式池塘系统更有利于饲料转化。枝角类、桡足类、轮虫在传统池塘、分隔式池塘、序批式池塘中EE依次分别为0.7/0.09/0.39、0.8/0.02/0.12、0.77/0.89/0.07,表明枝角类能被系统有效利用,但不同养殖模式影响着不同浮游动物的营养传递效率。另外,降雨和底泥沉积物EE均小于0.1,表明功能组底泥沉积物和功能组降雨没有被系统有效利用。生态位重叠分析显示分隔式池塘猎物重叠度指数最大,序批式池塘捕食重叠度最大,表明分隔式池塘中饵料竞争强度大,序批式池塘来自于同一捕食者的捕食压力大,分隔式池塘可以通过加强区域水体流动来降低饵料竞争强度。能流分析显示淡水池塘循环水养殖系统的主要能量流动方式为牧食链。系统总体特征分析显示,分隔式和序批式复合池塘在系统成熟度上优于传统池塘,说明通过复合养殖模式的构建,在改变单一传统池塘生态脆弱和提高系统多样性上是可行的。展开更多
基于2014-2016年青岛崂山湾人工鱼礁区的生物资源调查数据,利用Ecopath with Ecosim(EwE)软件构建崂山湾人工鱼礁区生态系统生态通道模型(Ecopath),系统分析了崂山湾人工鱼礁区生态系统的能量流动规律和结构特征,估算了栉孔扇贝的养殖...基于2014-2016年青岛崂山湾人工鱼礁区的生物资源调查数据,利用Ecopath with Ecosim(EwE)软件构建崂山湾人工鱼礁区生态系统生态通道模型(Ecopath),系统分析了崂山湾人工鱼礁区生态系统的能量流动规律和结构特征,估算了栉孔扇贝的养殖容量。该模型由17个功能组组成,基本涵盖了崂山湾人工鱼礁区生态系统能量流动的主要过程。生态网络分析表明,生态系统各功能组的营养级范围为1.0-4.255,星康吉鳗占据了营养级的最高层。能量流动主要有5级,各营养级平均能量传递效率为10.8%,其中来自初级生产者的能量效率为9.8%,来自碎屑的传递效率为10.9%;系统总流量为14256.510 t km^-2 a^-1,其中68%的能量来自碎屑供给;系统的总初级生产量/总呼吸量为1.127,系统联结指数为0.293,杂食指数为0.333,表明崂山湾人工鱼礁区生态系统成熟度较高,食物网结构较复杂,系统内部稳定性较高。关键种指数分析结果显示,许氏平鲉具有较高的关键指数和相对总影响,表明其可能在当前生态系统中扮演重要的生态角色。吊笼养殖栉孔扇贝生态容纳量为189.679 t/km^2,在维持生态系统平衡和稳定的前提下,当前现存量最大可增加18.55%。展开更多
利用Ecopath with Ecosim（EwE）5．1软件构建了北部湾海洋生态系统1960s（1959～1961）和1990s（1997～1999）2个时期的Ecopath模型，比较和分析了渔业资源衰退前后北部湾生态系统的结构和功能的变化，并进一步根据Odum＇S生态系统发...利用Ecopath with Ecosim（EwE）5．1软件构建了北部湾海洋生态系统1960s（1959～1961）和1990s（1997～1999）2个时期的Ecopath模型，比较和分析了渔业资源衰退前后北部湾生态系统的结构和功能的变化，并进一步根据Odum＇S生态系统发展理论，评价了当前北部湾生态系统的健康状况。该模型包含渔业、海洋哺乳动物、海鸟、中上层鱼类、底层鱼类、底栖无脊椎动物以及浮游动物、浮游植物和碎屑等20个功能组。结果表明，20世纪60年代系统中营养级Ⅳ、Ⅴ的生物量高于90年代，尤其是营养级V的生物量是90年代的32倍多；而90年代的Ⅰ和Ⅱ的生物量较高，表明系统中群落结构组成逐步从k选择性占优势转向，选择性为主。同时生态系统的能量转化效率不断提高，从1960s的7．0％上升到1990s的9．8％。从1960s到1990s间，系统的净生产力、初级生产力／总呼吸不断增加，而连接指数（CI）、杂食指数（OI）、总生物量／总流量、Finn＇S循环指数则显著下降，综合表明目前该生态系统总体特衙在人类活动和自然环境的扰动下由“成熟态”向“幼态”发展，生态系统发育的过程中产生了逆行演替。[中国水产科学，2008，15（3）：460-468]展开更多
基金supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KJZD-EW-G03-04)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41721091,41671071)Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering(No.2017490711)
文摘Due to global warming, glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau(TP) are experiencing widespread shrinkage; however, the mechanisms controlling glacier variations across the TP are still rather unclear, especially on the northeastern TP. In this study, a physically based, distributed surface-energy and mass-balance model was used to simulate glacier mass balance forced by meteorological data. The model was applied to Laohugou No. 12 Glacier, western Qilian Mountains, China, during2010~2012. The simulated albedo and mass balance were validated and calibrated by in situ measurements. The simulated annual glacier-wide mass balances were-385 mm water equivalent(w.e.) in 2010/2011 and-232 mm w.e. in 2011/2012,respectively. The mean equilibrium-line altitude(ELA) was 5,015 m a.s.l., during 2010~2012, which ascended by 215 m compared to that in the 1970 s. The mean accumulation area ratio(AAR) was 39% during the two years. Climatic-sensitivity experiments indicated that the change of glacier mass balance resulting from a 1.5 °C increase in air temperature could be offset by a 30% increase in annual precipitation. The glacier mass balance varied linearly with precipitation, at a rate of130 mm w.e. per 10% change in total precipitation.
基金the financial support provided by the National Social Science Foundation (Grant No.12JJD790032)the Project of the Chinese Ministry of Education (Grant No.13JJD790032)
文摘The Jimo coast encompasses an area of 2157 km^2, and the ecosystem is valuable both socially and economically with regional fisheries substantially contributing to the value. A mass-balanced trophic model consisting of 15 functional ecological groups was developed for the coastal ecosystem using the Ecopath model in Ecopath with Ecosim(Ew E) software(version 6.4.3). The results of the model simulations indicated that the trophic levels of the functional groups varied between 1.0 and 3.76, and the total production of the system was estimated to be 5112.733 t km^(-2) yr^(-1) with a total energy transfer efficiency of 17.6%. The proportion of the total flow originating from detritus was estimated to be 48%, whereas that from primary producers was 52%, indicating that the grazing food chain dominated the energy flow. The ratio of total primary productivity to total respiration in the system was 3.78, and the connectivity index was 0.4. The fin cycling index and the mean path length of the energy flow were 4.92% and 2.57%, respectively, which indicated that the ecosystem exhibits relatively low maturity and stability. The mixed trophic impact(MTI) procedure suggested that the ecological groups at lower trophic levels dominated the feeding dynamics in the Jimo coastal ecosystem. Overfishing is thought to be the primary reason for the degeneration of the Jimo coastal ecosystem, resulting in a decline in the abundance of pelagic and demersal fish species and a subsequent shift to the predominance of lower-trophic-level functional groups. Finally, we offered some recommendations for improving current fishery management practices.
基金supported by the National large-scale freshwater fish industry technology system(CARS-45)Tianjin Freshwater Aquaculture Industry Technology System Innovation Team+2 种基金Tianjin Science and Technology Program(16zzync00100)Tianjin Science and Technology Program(18ZXZYNC00150)the Opening Foundation of Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria(2019-04).
文摘Ecopath model is an important evaluation model in the field of ecological research.At present,Ecopath model is mainly applied in the structure of food web,material circulation and energy flow,environmental capacity and so on.The Ecopath models in ocean,lake and reservoir ecosystems were reviewed,including the ecological nutrient conversion efficiency(EE),ecosystem characteristic index(CI),Niche Overlap and energy flow characteristics of trophic level.The practical significance of Ecopath model in marine ecosystem evaluation and application is expounded by comparing and analyzing the literature data,which provides the technical support for the scientific management of inland ecosystem in the future.
文摘[目的]为促进棋盘山水库生态系统健康稳定提供参考依据。[方法]基于2021年棋盘山水库生态环境和渔业资源的调查数据,采用Ecopath with Ecosim软件构建了棋盘山水库生态系统的物质平衡Ecopath模型,对生态系统的食物网结构、传递效率、营养交互关系和系统总体特征等进行分析。[结果]棋盘山水库食物网中22个功能组的有效营养级数值为1.000~3.419,营养级较高的功能组为肉食性鱼类。能量流动主要有5级,其中来自初级生产者的平均传递效率为3.13%,来自碎屑的平均传递效率为3.39%。系统总生产量为36268.078 t/(km^(2)·a),总流量为86057.620 t/(km^(2)·a),联结指数和系统杂食系数分别为0.205、0.142;总初级生产量/总呼吸量、总生物量/总周转量分别为2.106和0.003。[结论]该研究解析了该水库营养结构和系统发育状况,可为棋盘山水库生态环境的可持续利用和科学管理提供理论依据。
文摘以大莲湖生态系统为研究对象,将生物分为翘嘴红鲌、红鳍鲌、鲫等25个功能组,运用Ecopath with Ecosim(EWE)软件,构建了大莲湖生态系统的Ecopath模型。研究结果表明:大莲湖生态系统种营养级最高的生物为翘嘴红鲌、蒙古红鲌,有效营养级3.36。系统的总能量转换效率为8.74%,能流主要在营养级Ⅰ到Ⅳ之间流动,转化效率最高发生在第Ⅳ和第Ⅴ营养级之间(15.0%)。生态系统总体特征参数连接指数(CI)和系统杂食性指数(SOI)分别为0.33和0.13,Finn's循环指数(FCI)和Finn's循环平均能流路径长度(FCL)14.17%和3.18%。总体来看,大莲湖生态系统受渔业养殖影响,生态系统较脆弱,为此,提出了建议:适当控制养殖强度,以维护大莲湖湖泊生态系统稳定。
文摘为了从能量量化的角度分析淡水池塘循环水养殖系统的构建,选择了在中国水产科学研究院池塘生态工程研究中心(上海泖港,30°57′1.89″N,121°08′52.21″E)构建的分隔式和序批式2种复合养殖模式,并选择了1个传统池塘作为对照。根据2016年全年的实测数据,应用Ecopath with Ecosim 6.5软件分析了3种淡水池塘循环水养殖系统能量流动特征。结果显示,传统池塘、分隔式池塘、序批式池塘饲料的营养传递效率(EE)最高,依次为0.77、0.75、0.99,饲料系数依次为2.5、2.8、1.6,表明按规格区分的序批式池塘系统更有利于饲料转化。枝角类、桡足类、轮虫在传统池塘、分隔式池塘、序批式池塘中EE依次分别为0.7/0.09/0.39、0.8/0.02/0.12、0.77/0.89/0.07,表明枝角类能被系统有效利用,但不同养殖模式影响着不同浮游动物的营养传递效率。另外,降雨和底泥沉积物EE均小于0.1,表明功能组底泥沉积物和功能组降雨没有被系统有效利用。生态位重叠分析显示分隔式池塘猎物重叠度指数最大,序批式池塘捕食重叠度最大,表明分隔式池塘中饵料竞争强度大,序批式池塘来自于同一捕食者的捕食压力大,分隔式池塘可以通过加强区域水体流动来降低饵料竞争强度。能流分析显示淡水池塘循环水养殖系统的主要能量流动方式为牧食链。系统总体特征分析显示,分隔式和序批式复合池塘在系统成熟度上优于传统池塘,说明通过复合养殖模式的构建,在改变单一传统池塘生态脆弱和提高系统多样性上是可行的。
文摘基于2014-2016年青岛崂山湾人工鱼礁区的生物资源调查数据,利用Ecopath with Ecosim(EwE)软件构建崂山湾人工鱼礁区生态系统生态通道模型(Ecopath),系统分析了崂山湾人工鱼礁区生态系统的能量流动规律和结构特征,估算了栉孔扇贝的养殖容量。该模型由17个功能组组成,基本涵盖了崂山湾人工鱼礁区生态系统能量流动的主要过程。生态网络分析表明,生态系统各功能组的营养级范围为1.0-4.255,星康吉鳗占据了营养级的最高层。能量流动主要有5级,各营养级平均能量传递效率为10.8%,其中来自初级生产者的能量效率为9.8%,来自碎屑的传递效率为10.9%;系统总流量为14256.510 t km^-2 a^-1,其中68%的能量来自碎屑供给;系统的总初级生产量/总呼吸量为1.127,系统联结指数为0.293,杂食指数为0.333,表明崂山湾人工鱼礁区生态系统成熟度较高,食物网结构较复杂,系统内部稳定性较高。关键种指数分析结果显示,许氏平鲉具有较高的关键指数和相对总影响,表明其可能在当前生态系统中扮演重要的生态角色。吊笼养殖栉孔扇贝生态容纳量为189.679 t/km^2,在维持生态系统平衡和稳定的前提下,当前现存量最大可增加18.55%。
文摘利用Ecopath with Ecosim（EwE）5．1软件构建了北部湾海洋生态系统1960s（1959～1961）和1990s（1997～1999）2个时期的Ecopath模型，比较和分析了渔业资源衰退前后北部湾生态系统的结构和功能的变化，并进一步根据Odum＇S生态系统发展理论，评价了当前北部湾生态系统的健康状况。该模型包含渔业、海洋哺乳动物、海鸟、中上层鱼类、底层鱼类、底栖无脊椎动物以及浮游动物、浮游植物和碎屑等20个功能组。结果表明，20世纪60年代系统中营养级Ⅳ、Ⅴ的生物量高于90年代，尤其是营养级V的生物量是90年代的32倍多；而90年代的Ⅰ和Ⅱ的生物量较高，表明系统中群落结构组成逐步从k选择性占优势转向，选择性为主。同时生态系统的能量转化效率不断提高，从1960s的7．0％上升到1990s的9．8％。从1960s到1990s间，系统的净生产力、初级生产力／总呼吸不断增加，而连接指数（CI）、杂食指数（OI）、总生物量／总流量、Finn＇S循环指数则显著下降，综合表明目前该生态系统总体特衙在人类活动和自然环境的扰动下由“成熟态”向“幼态”发展，生态系统发育的过程中产生了逆行演替。[中国水产科学，2008，15（3）：460-468]
