A Physical Interpretation of Mass-Energy Equivalence Based on the Orthogonal Collision

Einstein described the mass-energy equivalence as the most important result of special relativity. But more than a century after Einstein first derived the relationship between mass-energy equivalence (or mass-energy equation), questions left for people are how to understand that mass and energy are somehow equivalent, and how to give the dynamical process for the conversion from mass to energy (or vice versa). This paper first interprets the formula of mass-energy equivalence published by Einstein in 1905, and then gives the equivalence relationship of mass-energy transition based on the dynamics of particle orthogonal collision. As a result, the orthogonal collision of two high-energy mass particles can generate a huge mass-energy density, equivalent to the total energy of N new particles, which is a one-way dynamic process that generates new mass-energy density and new matter. This conversion of mass into energy has nothing to do with special relativity.

The Mass-Energy Equivalence Principle in Fluid Dynamics

From Lagrangian formalism as in Classical Field Theory and within the theoretical scheme of the Hamilton-Type Variational Principle, the mass-energy equivalence principle for any fluid is obtained.

Cost-Effective Monitoring of the Fuel Air Equivalence-Ratio with a Lambda Sensor and a Microcontroller in a Downdraft Biomass Gasifier

The operation of biomass treatment devices such as gasifiers is based on the control of key parameters that play an important role in product formation. These include: temperature, excess oxygen, relative humidity and biomass composition. This work focuses on excess oxygen and temperature. Unfortunately, flue gas oxygen analyzers are expensive and not accessible to small industries. However, the equivalence ratio is linked to excess oxygen and has the advantage of not depending on biomass composition. This study therefore focuses on the design and development of a device for controlling this equivalence ratio by measuring oxygen concentration using a self-propelled Lambda probe, and a system for monitoring this equivalence ratio using an Arduino Uno 3 microcontroller. The temperature is recorded with an accuracy of ±1.5°C. For a heating time of 10 minutes, the response time to temperature change is around 3 seconds, which is sufficient for the device to function properly. This simple device is an efficient and cost-effective means of checking the equivalence ratio.

From“Semantic Equivalence”to“Verve Reproduction”—Exploration on Xu Yuanchong’s English Translation of the Analects

This paper focuses on the English translation of Xu Yuanchong’s Analects,explains in depth the theory of semantic equivalence and the theory of verve reproduction.It analyzes the application and integration of these two theories by Xu Yuanchong in detail.Through a comprehensive textual analysis,this paper summarizes the remarkable achievements of the English translation of the Analects,such as the accurate transmission of semantics and the vivid reproduction of cultural charm,which is expected to bring new thinking directions and valuable references to the study of the English translation of the Analects.

Special Relativity’s “Newtonization” in Complex “Para-Space”: The Two Theories Equivalence Question

Complex model, say C3, of “para-space” as alternative to the real M4 Minkowski space-time for both relativistic and classical mechanics was shortly introduced as reference to our previous works on that subject. The actual aim, however, is an additional analysis of the physical and para-physical phenomena’ behavior as we formally transport observable mechanical phenomena [motion] to non-real interior of the complex domain. As it turns out, such procedure, when properly set, corresponds to transition from relativistic to more classic (or, possibly, just classic) kind of the motion. This procedure, we call the “Newtonization of relativistic physical quantities and phenomena”, first of all, includes the mechanical motion’s characteristics in the C3. The algebraic structure of vector spaces was imposed and analyzed on both: the set of all relativistic velocities and on the set of the corresponding to them “Galilean” velocities. The key point of the analysis is realization that, as a matter of fact, the relativistic theory and the classical are equivalent at least as for the kinematics. This conclusion follows the fact that the two defined structures of topological vector spaces i.e., the structure imposed on sets of all relativistic velocities and the structure on set of all “Galilean” velocities, are both diffeomorphic in their topological parts and are isomorphic as the vector spaces. As for the relativistic theory, the two approaches: the hyperbolic (“classical” SR) with its four-vector formalism and Euclidean, where SR is modeled by the complex para-space C3, were analyzed and compared.

Deterioration of equivalent thermal conductivity of granite subjected to heating-cooling treatment

Understanding the thermal conductivity of granite is critical for many geological and deep engineering applications.The heated granite was subjected to air-,water-,and liquid nitrogen(LN2-)coolings in this context.The transient hot-wire technique was used to determine the equivalent thermal conductivity(ETC)of the granite before and after treatment.The deterioration mechanism of ETC is analyzed from the meso-perspective.Finally,the numerical model is used to quantitatively study the impact of cooling rate on the microcrack propagation and heat conduction characteristics of granite.The results show that the ETC of granite is not only related to the heating temperature,but also affected by the cooling rate.The ETC of granite decreases nonlinearly with increasing heating temperature.A faster cooling rate causes a greater decrease in ETC at the same heating temperature.The higher the heating temperature,the stronger the influence of cooling rate on ETC.The main explanation for the decrease in ETC of granite is the increase in porosity and microcrack density produced by the formation and propagation of pore structure and microcracks during heating and cooling.Further analysis displays that the damage of granite at the heating stage is induced by the difference in thermal expansion and elastic properties of mineral particles.At the cooling stage,the faster cooling rate causes a higher temperature gradient,which in turn produces greater thermal stress.As a result,it not only causes new cracks in the granite,but also aggravates the damage at the heating stage,which induces a further decrease in the heat conduction performance of granite,and this scenario is more obvious at higher temperatures.

Promoting the International Dissemination of Chinese Culture Through International Chinese Language Education: A Case Study of Chinese-English Idiomatic Equivalence

One major task of our improvement of China’s international communication capabilities is to tell China’s stories well and make China’s voice heard to communicate a comprehensive,multi-dimensional view of China in the international arena.International Chinese language education bears the dual responsibility of spreading the Chinese language and promoting the Chinese culture.How to shape global narratives for telling China’s stories and improve China’s international communication capabilities has become an important issue that concerns international Chinese language education.Chinese idioms,which are hidden treasures of the Chinese language,can play a unique role in this regard.It is therefore necessary to review the content and methods of including idioms in international Chinese language education.In this paper,instruction in idioms is approached by making a corpus-based comparative analysis from the theoretical perspectives of equivalence,cognitive metaphor,and second language acquisition.Qualitative and quantitative methods are combined to analyze idioms to be added to the vocabulary of international Chinese language education in three dimensions:word frequency,semantic transparency,and functional equivalence.This paper aims to explore a new approach to the dissemination of Chinese culture through instruction in idioms in international Chinese language education.

Equivalent linear model for seismic damage evaluation of single-degree-of-freedom systems representing reinforced concrete structures considering cyclic degradation behavior

In this study,a novel equivalent damping ratio model that is suitable for reinforced concrete(RC)structures considering cyclic degradation behavior is developed,and a new equivalent linearization analysis method for implementing the proposed equivalent damping ratio model for use in seismic damage evaluation is presented.To this end,Ibarra’s peak-oriented model,which incorporates an energy-based degradation rule,is selected for representing hysteretic behavior of RC structure,and the optimized equivalent damping for predicting the maximum displacement response is presented by using the empirical method,in which the effect of cyclic degradation is considered.Moreover,the relationship between the hysteretic energy dissipation of the inelastic system and the elastic strain energy of the equivalent linear system is established so that the proposed equivalent linear system can be directly integrated with the Park-Ang seismic model to implement seismic damage evaluation.Due to the simplicity of the equivalent linearization method,the proposed method provides an efficient and reliable way of obtaining comprehensive insight into the seismic performance of RC structures.The verification demonstrates the validity of the proposed method.

An equivalent target plate damage probability calculation mathematics model and damage evaluation method

Aiming at the requirement of damage testing and evaluation of equivalent target plate based on the explosion of intelligent ammunition, this paper proposes a novel method for damage testing and evaluation method of circumferential equivalent target plate. Leveraging the dispersion characteristics parameters of fragment, we establish a calculation model of the fragment power situation and the damage calculation model under the condition of fragment ultimate penetration equivalent target plate. The damage model of equivalent target plate involves the fragment dispersion density, the local perforation damage criterion, the tearing damage model, and the damage probability. We use the camera to obtain the image of the equivalent target plate with fragment perforation, and research the algorithm of fragment distribution position recognition and fragment perforation area calculation method on the equivalent target plate by image processing technology. Based on the obtained parameters of the breakdown position and perforation area of fragments on equivalent target plate, we apply to damage calculation model of equivalent target plate, and calculate the damage probability of each equivalent target plate, and use the combined probabilistic damage calculation method to obtain the damage evaluation results of the circumferential equivalent target plate in an intelligent ammunition explosion experiment. Through an experimental testing, we verify the feasibility and rationality of the proposed damage evaluation method by comparison, the calculation results can reflect the actual damage effect of the equivalent target plate.

An efficient approach for the equivalent linearization of frame structures with plastic hinges under nonstationary seismic excitations

An efficient approach is proposed for the equivalent linearization of frame structures with plastic hinges under nonstationary seismic excitations.The concentrated plastic hinges,described by the Bouc-Wen model,are assumed to occur at the two ends of a linear-elastic beam element.The auxiliary differential equations governing the plastic rotational displacements and their corresponding hysteretic displacements are replaced with linearized differential equations.Then,the two sets of equations of motion for the original nonlinear system can be reduced to an expanded-order equivalent linearized equation of motion for equivalent linear systems.To solve the equation of motion for equivalent linear systems,the nonstationary random vibration analysis is carried out based on the explicit time-domain method with high efficiency.Finally,the proposed treatment method for initial values of equivalent parameters is investigated in conjunction with parallel computing technology,which provides a new way of obtaining the equivalent linear systems at different time instants.Based on the explicit time-domain method,the key responses of interest of the converged equivalent linear system can be calculated through dimension reduction analysis with high efficiency.Numerical examples indicate that the proposed approach has high computational efficiency,and shows good applicability to weak nonlinear and medium-intensity nonlinear systems.

Analysis of secondary makeup characteristics of drill collar joint and prediction of downhole equivalent impact torque of Well SDTK1

Based on the three-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element analysis of the 8"(203.2 mm)drill collar joint,this paper studies the mechanical characteristics of the pin and box of NC56 drill collar joints under complex load conditions,as well as the downhole secondary makeup features,and calculates the downhole equivalent impact torque with the relative offset at the shoulder of internal and external threads.On the basis of verifying the correctness of the calculation results by using measured results in Well GT1,the prediction model of the downhole equivalent impact torque is formed and applied in the first extra-deep well with a depth over 10000 m in China(Well SDTK1).The results indicate that under complex loads,the stress distribution in drill collar joints is uneven,with relatively higher von Mises stress at the shoulder and the threads close to the shoulder.For 203.2 mm drill collar joints pre-tightened according to the make-up torque recommended by American Petroleum Institute standards,when the downhole equivalent impact torque exceeds 65 kN·m,the preload balance of the joint is disrupted,leading to secondary make-up of the joint.As the downhole equivalent impact torque increases,the relative offset at the shoulder of internal and external threads increases.The calculation results reveal that there exists significant downhole impact torque in Well SDTK1 with complex loading environment.It is necessary to use double shoulder collar joints to improve the impact torque resistance of the joint or optimize the operating parameters to reduce the downhole impact torque,and effectively prevent drilling tool failure.

An improved algorithm based on equivalent sound velocity profile method at large incident angle

With the development of ultra-wide coverage technology,multibeam echo-sounder(MBES)system has put forward higher requirements for localization accuracy and computational efficiency of ray tracing method.The classical equivalent sound speed profile(ESSP)method replaces the measured sound velocity profile(SVP)with a simple constant gradient SVP,reducing the computational workload of beam positioning.However,in deep-sea environment,the depth measurement error of this method rapidly increases from the central beam to the edge beam.By analyzing the positioning error of the ESSP method at edge beam,it is discovered that the positioning error increases monotonically with the incident angle,and the relationship between them could be expressed by polynomial function.Therefore,an error correction algorithm based on polynomial fitting is obtained.The simulation experiment conducted on an inclined seafloor shows that the proposed algorithm exhibits comparable efficiency to the original ESSP method,while significantly improving bathymetry accuracy by nearly eight times in the edge beam.

A General View of the Equivalence Between Chinese and English

This paper briefly presents a study of the relationship between English and Chinese, which is put forward from the point of the equivalence in both languages. By observing and analyzing the examples in the parts of full equivalence and partial equivalence, we can surely conclude that English and Chinese have close relationship with each other. However, the equivalence reflected in the languages is, to some extent, greatly influenced by their respective culture, which still needs us to do more research about it.

On English-Chinese Equivalence Translation in Various Clauses

The paper discusses the application of the thematic theory and theinformation equivalence to English-Chinese translation.It first probes into thetraditional way of translating and points out its weaknesses.Then,it interprets thesignificance of achieving thematic equivalence and information equivalence in English-Chinese translating.Finally,it presents a lot of examples to show how the research isapplied to the translation of various clause structures from English into Chinese so as towin equivalence translation.

Application of functional equivalence to the translation strategy of Chinese American literature： A case study of The Joy Luck Club

Ever since the 1970s when Chinese American writers thrived from a marginal position and integrated into the mainstream of American literature, the study on Chinese American Literature has received more and more attention from the academic circles. However, the research on this newly emerging subject in the field of translation studies has not been treated with equal attention. This thesis attempts to propose a possible strategy to translate Chinese American works, based on the theory of ＂functional equivalence＂, taking the comparison of the 2 Chinese versions of TAN＇s The Joy Luck Club as an example.

Non Equivalence of English and Chinese Idioms in Translation─A Contrastive Approach

Both the English and Chinese languages enjoy prolonged history and abound with idioms,which are the linguistic and intellectual essence of their people.But due to the differences in geography,history,religion,custom and other aspects of life,English and Chinese idioms serve as carriers of different cultural characteristic.As a result,cultural barriers often pose quite a difficulty for translation theory and practice.Therefore,as we understand and translate idioms of one language into another,the problems of how to retain the original image,style,flavor,characteristics,and how to overcome the misunderstandings between the two cultures constitute the most pressing issues.This paper aims to explore some reasons and strategies of non equivalence of idioms in translation.

To Split or to Unify?-A Comparative Study on Functional Equivalence Translation Theory and Relevance Translation Theory

Functional equivalence,a focus in the translation studies,has been bombarded with numerous criticisms.Meanwhile,relevance translation theory,proposed by Ernst-August Gutt,offers a united theoretical framework for translation studies.The development of the translation theories does not rely on the appearance of a brand-new theory,but on the successful connection among various theories.To split or to unify,it is a question and it will direct the further development of translation studies.Analyzing the similarities and differences between these two theories,the author are striving for a unity of them and striking a better way to approach translation studies.

从Equivalence到Equality——西方翻译理论从语言内部对等到文化身份平等

在语言学盛行时期,翻译界一直把Equivalence奉为金科玉律,借此来评判译文好坏。现今的翻译事件发生的时间空间都发生了大变化,人们习惯于把翻译放在文化、社会、政治、权力等环境下来讨论,旨在争取民族文化身份上的Equality,必将以全新的视角审视曾经的概念Equivalence。

Application of Nida＇s theory of functional equivalence in trademark translation

Through the introduction of Nida＇s translation principles that should be obeyed in trademark translation, the theory, characteristics of trademark and some essay discussed that the theory of dynamic equivalence （functional equivalence） was applied in trademark translation through the literal translation, transliteration and combination of the both. The essay also pointed out that the theory of functional equivalence was an important theory for trademark translation.

A Survey on the Fortress Besieged from the Perspective of Politeness Equivalence

Politeness Principle is a seminal principle in pragmatic studies;research on politeness almost goes hand in hand with the blooming of pragmatics as an important branch in linguistics.Based their respective languages,both Chinese and western scholars,with Gu Yueguo,Leech and Levinson etc.as their representatives,have voiced their ideas in this field.It is the fact that politeness theory is closely linked with homogeneity and heterogeneity of languages that makes "politeness equivalence" an important criterion of "functional equivalence".This paper is designed to carry out a research on politeness equivalence in translation.The whole paper is divided into four parts:the first part is the introduction;in the second part,the author introduces typical politeness theories both home and abroad;the third part,with The Fortress Besieged as a frame of reference,is devoted to a survey of the application of politeness theory in translation;the last part is the summary of this paper.