Central Bank Interest Rate Policy as a Pro-Crisis Instrument of Macroeconomic Regulation

Why does interest rate policy not work in the economy as economic theory suggests?To understand why,you need to look at the economy from a higher level of abstraction.With this approach,only two states of the economy can be distinguished.The first is a“normal”state;the second is crisis and recession.The“normal”state is the period after the recession and before the next crisis.During this period,the basic laws of the market economy work.During a crisis,the relationship between the level of interest rates and borrowing by households and businesses is broken.This explains the ineffectiveness of the policy of lowering interest rates.Different states of the economy have their own laws,and you cannot extrapolate tools that are successful under“normal”market conditions linearly to the crisis state of the economy.Why does the interest rate policy during the period of the“normal”state of the economy not adjust its development in order to prevent the onset of the crisis?Firstly,the conditions for the emergence of crisis phenomena are created by the interest rate policy at the very beginning of the business cycle,when central banks set and maintain low interest rates for a relatively long period.Secondly,by the end of the business cycle,the credit burden in economy reaches its maximum,so there is no further possibility of expanding effective demand by decreasing interest rates.Thirdly,interest rate policy is an instrument for rough adjustment of the economy,indiscriminately affecting all participants in economic relations.In an attempt to stimulate the economy,the central bank creates the conditions for increasing its imbalance.Fourth,at the end of the business cycle,the interest rate policy does not actually support the real economy,but only the stock market.Fifth,the Fed’s policy has formed a pro-crisis conditioned reflex among market participants.Thus,central banks should leave the determination of the level of interest rates to the free market.

Flow-rate Characteristics Measurement of Regulators Based on the Pressure Response in an Isothermal Tank

Regulators are important components in pneumatic system, and their flow-rate characteristics are the key parameters for designers. According to the correlatively international standard and national standard of China, which describe the flow-rate characteristics measurement method of pneumatic regulators, the pressure and the flow are measured point by point, and then the flow-rate characteristics curve is plotted point to point. This method has some disadvantages, such as equipment complexity, much air consumption, and low efficiency. To settle the problems presented above, this paper puts forward a new high efficient and energy saving flow-rate characteristics measurement method of regulators, which is based on the pressure response when charging and discharging to an isothermal tank without any flow meters. The measurement principle, the system and the steps are introduced. And the tracking differentiator is used for the data processing of the pressure difference. Two typical kinds of regulators were experimentally investigated, and their flow-rate characteristics curves were obtained with the new and the conventional method, respectively. Comparatively, it＇s proved that this new method is feasible because it is not only able to meet the demand of the measurement precision, but also to save energy and improve efficiency. Compared to the conventional method, the new method takes only about 1/10 amount of time and consumes about only 1/30 amount of air. Hopefully it will be able to serve as an international standard of flow-rate characteristics measurement method of regulators.

Dose-rate effects of low-dropout voltage regulator at various biases

A low-dropout voltage regulator,LM2941,was irradiated by ^(60)Coγ-rays at various dose rates and biases for investigating the total dose and dose rate effects.The radiation responses show that the key electrical parameters, including its output and dropout voltage,and the maximum output current,are sensitive to total dose and dose rates, and are significantly degraded at low dose rate and zero bias.The integrated circuits damage change with the dose rates and biases,and the dose-rate effects are relative to its electric field.

BNetzA (Federal Network Agency for Electricity, Gas, Telecommunications, Post and Railway)1 and Its Role in Energy Infrastructure Regulation and Planning/Permitting

The following contribution aims at explaining BNetzA’s role in energy infrastructure regulation and planning/permitting of high-voltage electricity nationwide and cross-border transmission lines. It shows the interplay of the two main regulatory instruments and the planning/permitting task as well as more generally the changing role of the regulator in the era of energy transition. The article is based on two presentations on the topic, one at the VIIth WFER in Mexico in March 2018 and one at a conference on “The Governance of Maintenance and Investment in Infrastructures” of the University of Paris-Dauphine in April 2018.

基于频率响应特性的储能辅助电网调频方法

新能源渗透率的提高增加了电网频率控制的复杂度,储能辅助电网调频能在一定程度上缓解该问题,但受储能运行的安全性与经济性约束,要求调频措施更具针对性。文中对此展开研究,提出一种基于频率响应特性的储能辅助电网一次调频方法。首先,在储能辅助电网调频模型基础上,选择惯性加下垂的储能辅助电网调频综合控制方法,通过电网频率变化率(rate of change of frequency,RoCoF)、频率偏差与调频需求的关联性分析,设计基于频率响应特性的调频需求分区规则;然后,根据不同调频需求对应的分区判断,对储能有功输出方式进行动态调整,以响应调频需求的不确定性,并在此基础上,针对调频需求与储能出力需求、储能出力强弱与其循环使用寿命间的矛盾关系,通过多目标优化问题的设计与求解来予以平衡;最后,仿真结果验证了所提方法能够在保证电网调频效果的基础上,有效降低储能充放电深度。

网约车平台算法个性化定价、乘客履约率及其监管对策

网约车平台算法个性化定价产生了复杂的市场影响,相比传统出租车服务,网约车乘客违约率达30%左右,因此算法个性化定价对乘客违约率的影响机制以及乘客是否履约的关键特征值得探索。文中尝试运用矩形Hotelling模型建立算法个性化定价与乘客违约率的因果关联机制,以两个网约车平台之间的Stackelberg博弈模型揭示歧视性定价、乘客违约率与平台之间竞争强度的关系。进一步运用网约车平台订单大数据,以Bhattacharyya距离、提升决策树及改进拉斯维加斯方法(包裹法)等归纳学习工具对网约车平台百万量级订单进行数据挖掘,找出决定乘客是否履约的关键特征。分析结果表明,平台进行个性化定价时乘客的最终消费选择主要取决于价格因素;而改进车辆匹配、派单策略及减少乘客候车时间可显著提高订单履约率。研究结果对网约车平台完善定价及运营策略以维持双边市场用户数量、保证平台持续成功运营具有重要参考价值,也为反垄断部门干预平台个性化定价提供了理论依据。

太赫兹各向异性超材料极化调控器设计与实现

电磁波极化特性会影响无线通信系统的性能,随着电磁场与微波技术的广泛应用,为满足信息传输和信息获取需求,电磁波极化特性的自由调控变得非常重要,在无线通信和雷达目标识别技术领域,都是通过改变极化状态来实现极化自由调控,随着波长的变短,相比微波通信,太赫兹通信具备频谱资源更丰富、传输速率更高的优势,但传统结构的极化调控器因存在各种缺陷,在太赫兹频段中的应用具有一定的局限性。针对这个问题,利用各向异性超材料设计了一款可用于太赫兹频段的双功能极化调控器,首先采用坐标分解法分析了器件的双功能极化调控特性,分析结果表明所设计的调控器既可以实现线极化波调控,又可以实现圆极化波调控,具备双功能调控特点;然后采用表面电流法分析了调控器的极化转换机理,仿真结果表明调控器具有4个谐振点,超材料单元结构中发生的四阶电磁谐振叠加,使得调控器工作频带宽,且极化转化效率高,在0.45~1.152 THz的频带内效率可高达90%以上;最后还分析了器件的不同参数对器件性能的影响,提出了调控器性能的优化思路和调控器的实际使用条件。通过对结构参数的分析,发现结构参数的变化会影响调控器工作时的频带宽度和谐振点的分布位置,调控器性能与自身工作频带宽度存在互斥关系,工作频带变宽,调控器性能变差,工作频带变窄,调控器性能变好,在调控器的实际应用过程中,为获取满意的调控特性,要根据具体的调控要求对结构参数进行优化调整;通过对入射角和方位角的分析,发现调控器性能对入射角的变化非常敏感,并指出在使用调控器时,它的摆放位置方向要满足入射波在调控器中的投影与调控器边沿保持平行。与现有工作相比,所设计的调控器性能更高效,结构更简单,并且双功能特性使器件的使用更加便捷和多样化,该工作为太赫兹极化转化器的发展和应用提供了理论参考。

基于智能逆变技术的玉米精播机性能优化

为进一步提升我国玉米精播机的综合作业效率,以性能优化提升作为研究目标,基于智能逆变技术的深度应用展开分析。以电控逆变处理与调速机制相融合为出发点,建立正确的电控模块逆变应用数学模型,通过控制分析与硬件优化,进行整机作业试验。结果表明:基于智能逆变技术应用的玉米精播机性能优化效果明显,排种精准率与播深合格率分别可提升至94.46%与94.05%,满足精量播种机的设计要求;同时,种子的重播率与漏播率可降低至3.83%与3.06%,整机作业运行稳定,各零部件指令执行协同性好,综合效率相对提升了5.88%,充分体现了智能逆变应用的准确性与适应性,可为类似农机播种装备优化提供参考。

Effect of plant growth regulator on rate of twin seedlings of rice with polyembryony

Rice with polyembryony characterized bytwin seedlings is a good genetic tool for apomixisresearch.A study on the effect of five plantgrowth regulators(IAA,KT,GA,2,4-D and6-BAP)on rate of twin seedlings in 3 rice varie.ties with polyembryony(Shuang 3,Shuang 13and Lu 52)was conducted.The results showed

环境规制对我国出口国内附加值率的影响研究

在“双碳”目标和经济高质量发展的要求下,我国出口面临着更大的环境压力,如何利用合理的环境规制政策来实现贸易高质量发展值得关注。本文从理论和实证两个层面阐述并检验了环境规制对我国出口国内附加值率的影响及其机制。结果显示,环境规制和我国出口国内附加值率呈现非线性的“U”型关系,即:环境规制政策实施初期,在成本效应的影响下,环境规制对出口国内附加值率具有明显的负外部性,而随着政策效应的延续,环境规制政策可以倒逼企业开展创新活动、改善能源结构和资源配置,对出口国内附加值率又会呈现明显的正外部性。为此,国家层面,政府应把握好环境规制强度,加强环境规制政策的顶层设计;行业层面,政府应依据行业特点制定差异化政策,积极发挥行业协会在环境规制中的作用;企业层面,企业应积极利用环境规制政策的正外部性,融入全球绿色技术创新网络。

利率市场化改革的信贷配置质量效应研究

不当行政干预造成区域壁垒,诱发寻租问题,是导致要素市场分割与资源错配的重要成因,信贷市场尤为如此。基于商业银行信贷行为选择视角,运用2003—2019年我国31个省份的面板数据,对地方政府干预情形下我国利率市场化改革的信贷配置质量效应加以研究。结果表明,在干预市场条件下,商业银行具有较强的信贷寻租动机,信贷投放更倾向于迎合地方政府需求而非商业化导向;利率市场化改革带来的市场约束收紧尽管可促使商业银行增强信贷投放的商业性,显著增强区域贷款增长对盈利能力的敏感性,但无法对其信贷寻租动机形成有效抑制,以致其对信贷配置的质量效应难以发挥。而良好的地方政府治理可有效提升利率市场化改革的信贷配置质量效应。研究结论有助于厘清高质量发展要求下深化利率市场化改革的关键点,也为新形势下破除地方行政壁垒、增强地方金融监管效能以助推全国统一大市场建设提供经验参考。

外汇衍生品监管与跨境投资企业信用评级——基于“企业层面外汇衍生品监管指数”的实证分析

“一带一路”倡议和“走出去”战略加速了外汇衍生品市场的发展,而加强外汇衍生品监管是市场平稳运行的重要保障。在创新性地构建“企业层面外汇衍生品监管指数”的基础上,基于2007—2019年中国跨境投资企业数据,实证检验了外汇衍生品监管对企业信用评级的影响及作用机制。研究发现,加强外汇衍生品监管能够有效提升企业信用评级,且主要通过减少企业违规行为、增强信息透明度和抑制管理者过度自信三种渠道提升信用评级。异质性分析表明,上述提升效果在国有企业中更大。进一步研究发现,加强外汇衍生品监管可以抑制企业信用评级的调整动机。因此,监管部门应优化衍生品监管法规,倡导套期保值原则,提高评级机构违规成本,提升衍生品交易信息透明度,进而促进外汇衍生品市场的健康发展。

四轮独立电驱动越野车驱动力优化控制

为了充分利用四轮独立电驱动越野车各轮转矩独立可控的优势,提高越野车的牵引力和越野能力,提出了一种驱动转矩协调控制策略.根据越野车前后轴载荷预分配驱动电动机转矩,利用基于车轮滑转率-路面附着系数的极值寻求算法实现路面最优滑转率估计.采用比例-积分-微分(proportional-integral-differential, PID)控制-滑模控制(sliding mode control, SMC)和基于状态的驱动力再分配方法实现各轮驱动转矩的协调分配,抑制越野车在恶劣路面条件下的车轮打滑.通过CarSim/MATLAB联合仿真以及硬件在环(hardware-in-the-loop, HIL)测试,进行了爬陡坡、单一附着路面、对开路面及连续起伏路面工况的试验验证.结果表明:提出的控制策略能根据实际工况分配驱动轮的转矩,降低驱动轮滑转率,实现整车驱动力的优化.

心率变异性生物反馈调节自主神经系统的机制及应用

背景:心率变异性生物反馈是采用共振频率下的深慢呼吸方式在心血管系统中引起有节奏的高幅度振荡,从而刺激和锻炼自主神经反射及压力反射的一种呼吸训练方式。然而,目前的研究尚未系统综述心率变异性生物反馈是如何调节自主神经功能并产生作用的。研究者们对心率变异性生物反馈的机制缺乏全面认识,且对其应用进展及方案尚不完全清楚。目的:对国内外现有的心率变异性生物反馈对不同人群症状影响的试验研究进行梳理,介绍心率变异性生物反馈调节自主神经系统的机制及应用进展。方法:以“心率变异性生物反馈,共振呼吸,自主神经,心率变异性,生物反馈,呼吸训练”“Heart rate variability biofeedback,Resonance breathing,Heart rate variability,Autonomic nerve,Breathing training,Chronic diseases,Mental illness,biofeedback”等为检索词在中国知网、万方、PubMed及Web of Science等文献数据库进行检索,根据纳入和排除标准共获得相关文献75篇。结果与结论:①机体的振荡系统与共振系统是心率变异性生物反馈产生作用的前提,振荡反映了外部刺激和自身调节的反射系统的运作,共振则是两个系统的同步振荡引起更高的振幅运作。②交感神经和副交感神经平衡是维持稳定的内环境的前提,自主神经系统紊乱会伴随心率变异性降低并与相关疾病的进展密切相关。心率变异性生物反馈是基于心血管系统的共振特性,以共振频率下的深慢呼吸方式在心血管系统中引起有节奏的高幅度振荡,改善交感和副交感系统反射的调节功能,增强两个系统之间的平衡调节。③心血管系统共振的两个主要机制是压力反射闭环通路和呼吸性窦性心律失常,两个机制以及压力反射特有的延迟共同作用导致在共振频率节奏的呼吸时,心率与呼吸呈现0°相位角的振荡,血压与呼吸呈现180°相位角振荡,是一种易操作、效果好的周期性刺激人体心血管振荡系统的训练方法。④目前心率变异性生物反馈大多应用于心理疾病、慢病以及体育领域,但其存在干预机制及功效不清,干预内容、干预频率及干预时间存在差异,未有研究针对不同类型人群对应的干预方式做相关综述研究。⑤心率变异性生物反馈作为一种非药物、非侵入性的干预手段,可以显著提高心率变异性,调节交感神经与副交感神经平衡,改善自主神经系统的稳定性和弹性。未来建议探索其诱发心血管共振通路的机制与应用情况,添加长期随访,以评估其在不同领域中的长期应用价值,为一些复杂疾病的综合治疗提供新的方向和策略。

不同生长调节剂对‘妃子笑’荔枝开花的调控效应

为探究高效的荔枝花穗处理技术,以‘妃子笑’品种荔枝为试验材料,采用烯效唑、调环酸钙、复硝酚钠、乙氧氟草醚、脱落酸和胺鲜脂6种试剂处理花穗,并比较不同处理对荔枝开花的调控效应。结果表明,6种处理均可延长花穗的雌花开放时长,以烯效唑处理的效果最好,平均雌花期23d;在花量与雌花率上,除了调环酸钙处理显著提高雄花量与总花量,烯效唑处理显著降低雄花量而提高雌花量与雌花率,其余处理总花量和雌花量与对照(CK)无显著差异,但雌花率均高于CK,排序为:脱落酸处理>胺鲜脂处理>复硝酚钠处理>乙氧氟草醚处理。结果将为进一步科学调控荔枝花穗、促进坐果提供技术参考。

LiOH-mediated crystallization regulating strategy enhancing electrochemical performance and structural stability of SiO anodes for lithium-ion batteries

Silicon monoxide(SiO)is widely recognized as a promising anode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries.Owing to its metastable amorphous structure,SiO exhibits a highly complex degree of crystallization at the microscopic level,which significantly influences its electrochemical behavior.As a consequence,accurately regulating the crystallization of SiO,and further establishing the relationship between crystallinity and electrochemical performance are very critical for SiO anodes.In this article,carbon-coated SiO materials with different crystallinity degrees were synthesized using lithium hydroxide monohydrate(LiOH·H_(2)O)as a structural modifier to reveal this rule.Additionally,moderate amount of LiOH·H_(2)O addition results in the forming of an oxygen-rich shell,which effectively inhibits the inward migration of oxygen atoms on the SiO surface and suppresses volume expansion.However,the crystallinity of SiO will gradually enhance and the crystalline phase appears with increasing the amount of LiOH·H_(2)O,which will generate a deteriorative Li+diffusion kinetic.After balancing the above two contradictions,a mass fraction of 1%LiOH·H_(2)O for the additive yielded SiO@C-1,characterized by optimal crystallinity.SiO@C-1 demonstrates exceptional long-cycle stability with 74.8%capacity retention after 500 cycles at 1 A·g^(-1).Furthermore,it achieves a capacity retention of 52.2%even at a high density of 5 A·g^(-1).This study first reveals the relationship between SiO crystallinity and electrochemical performance,which efficiently guides the design of high-performance SiO anodes.

益肾调气法治疗肾虚肝郁型抑郁障碍远期复发率的多中心前瞻性队列研究

目的:评价益肾调气法对肾虚肝郁型抑郁障碍2年复发率的影响。方法:选取2017年1月至2018年4月在全国13个分中心招募肾虚肝郁型抑郁障碍患者,按照接受的治疗方案自然形成中医组、中西医组和西医组,比较3组的复发率。并根据干预的时间,将中医组和中西医组分为低、中、高3个暴露水平,比较不同水平的复发率,评价益肾调气法降低肾虚肝郁型抑郁障碍的远期复发率的效果。结果:共纳入肾虚肝郁型抑郁障碍1314例,其中中医组385例,西医组453例,中西医组476例。中医组、西医组、中西医组的两年复发率分别是23.61%,34.97%、18.14%。中医组比西医组使复发风险降低29.2%(P<0.05),中西医组比西医组使复发风险降低45.5%(P<0.001)。中医组以低中药水平暴露时间(TCM-ET)为参照,高TCM-ET较于低TCM-ET复发风险降低81.4%(P<0.01);中西医组以低TCM-ET为参照,中TCM-ET比低TCM-ET复发风险降低46.9%(P<0.05),高TCM-ET比低TCM-ET复发风险降低65.3%(P<0.01)。结论:益肾调气法治疗肾虚肝郁型抑郁障碍能够降低远期复发率,且中医药干预的暴露水平与复发率之间具有密切的关系,较长的暴露水平显著降低了患者的复发率。

气象法规引用标准研究

中国气象局全面推进依法行政制度建设,初步形成了标准和规程相配套的气象法律法规体系。气象标准在支撑气象法律法规实施中发挥了重要作用,但存在普遍性引用标准的可操作性不强、标准被引率低、配套标准供给不足、引用标准表述欠准确、引用废止或失效标准等问题,一定程度上影响了法律法规的实施和标准的应用。本文基于以上问题,提出对策建议。

Decentralized Primary Frequency Regulation for Hybrid Multi-terminal Direct Current Power Systems Considering Multi-source Enhancement

Hybrid multi-terminal direct current(MTDC)transmission technology has been a research focus,and primary frequency regulation(FR)improvement in the receiving-end system is one of the problems to be solved.This paper presents a decentralized primary FR scheme for hybrid MTDC power systems considering multi-source enhancement to help suppress frequency disturbance in the receiving-end systems.All the converters only need local frequency or DC voltage signal input to respond to system disturbance without communication or a control center,i.e.,a decentralized control scheme.The proposed scheme can activate appropriate power sources to assist in FR in various system disturbance severities with fine-designed thresholds,ensuring sufficient utilization of each power source.To better balance FR performance and FR resource participation,an evaluation index is proposed and the parameter optimization problem is further conducted.Finally,the validity of the proposed scheme is verified by simulations in MATLAB/Simulink.

蛋白核小球藻产油率的影响因素

采用BG-11为基础培养基,通过添加、替换不同碳源和氮源、改变碳源和氮源比例、去除磷元素或硫元素及额外添加植物生长调节剂建立不同培养体系,进行蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)培养,考察各因素对蛋白核小球藻生长情况及产油率的影响。结果表明,无论是自养体系还是异养体系,蛋白核小球藻生长量和产油率均比普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)更优,异养体系下2种小球藻产油率分别为20.14%和18.66%;葡萄糖为碳源时蛋白核小球藻生长情况最好且产油率最高,产油率为26.40%;氮源为尿素时蛋白核小球藻有最大产油率,为32.70%;碳氮比为30∶1时蛋白核小球藻产油率最高,为34.42%;硫元素缺乏时蛋白核小球藻产油率比对照提高28.54个百分点;1.5 mg/L茉莉酸干扰下,蛋白核小球藻产油率最高,为40.42%。由此得出,蛋白核小球藻生长量和产油率都比普通小球藻更优;葡萄糖为最优碳源;尿素为最优氮源;碳氮比为30∶1时产油率最高;硫元素缺乏时对蛋白核小球藻影响更大;1.5 mg/L茉莉酸干扰下,蛋白核小球藻产油率最高。