Expert Experience and Data-Driven Based Hybrid Fault Diagnosis for High-SpeedWire Rod Finishing Mills

The reliable operation of high-speed wire rod finishing mills is crucial in the steel production enterprise.As complex system-level equipment,it is difficult for high-speed wire rod finishing mills to realize fault location and real-time monitoring.To solve the above problems,an expert experience and data-driven-based hybrid fault diagnosis method for high-speed wire rod finishing mills is proposed in this paper.First,based on its mechanical structure,time and frequency domain analysis are improved in fault feature extraction.The approach of combining virtual value,peak value with kurtosis value index,is adopted in time domain analysis.Speed adjustment and side frequency analysis are proposed in frequency domain analysis to obtain accurate component characteristic frequency and its corresponding sideband.Then,according to time and frequency domain characteristics,fault location based on expert experience is proposed to get an accurate fault result.Finally,the proposed method is implemented in the equipment intelligent diagnosis system.By taking an equipment fault on site,for example,the effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated in the system.

Indirect neutron radiography experiment on dummy nuclear fuel rods for pressurized water reactors at CMRR

Nuclear energy is a vital source of clean energy that will continue to play an essential role in global energy production for future generations.Nuclear fuel rods are core components of nuclear power plants,and their safe utilization is paramount.Due to its inherent high radioactivity,indirect neutron radiography(INR)is currently the only viable technology for irradiated nuclear fuel rods in the field of energy production.This study explores the experimental technique of indirect neutron computed tomography(INCT)for radioactive samples.This project includes the development of indium and dysprosium conversion screens of different thicknesses and conducts resolution tests to assess their performance.Moreover,pressurized water reactor(PWR)dummy nuclear fuel rods have been fabricated by self-developing substitute materials for cores and outsourcing of mechanical processing.Experimental research on the INR is performed using the developed dummy nuclear fuel rods.The sparse reconstruction technique is used to reconstruct the INR results of 120 pairs of dummy nuclear fuel rods at different angles,achieving a resolution of 0.8 mm for defect detection using INCT.

Reliability analysis of carbon fiber rod-reinforced umbilical cable under tension using an improved sampling method

The umbilical cable is a vital component of subsea production systems that provide power,chemical agents,control signals et al.,and its requirement for reliability is exceedingly high.However,as the umbilical cable is a composite structure comprising multiple functional units,the reliability analysis of such cables involves numerous parameters that can impact calculation efficiency.In this paper,the reliability analysis of a new kind of umbilical cable with carbon fiber rod under tension is analyzed.The global dynamic analytical model is first established to determine the maximum tension load,then the local analytical model of umbilical cable including each unit are constructed by finite element method(FEM).Based on the mechanical analytical model,the reliability of umbilical cable under tension load is studied using response surface method(RSM)and Monte Carlo method.During the calculation process,a new tangent plane sampling method to calculate the response surface function(RSF)is proposed in this paper,which could make sampling points faster come close to the RSF curve,and it is proved that the calculation efficiency increases about 33%comparing with traditional method.

Numerical Analysis of Steady Smoldering of Biomass Rods

Understanding the steady mechanism of biomass smoldering plays a great role in the utilization of smoldering technology.In this study numerical analysis of steady smoldering of biomass rods was performed.A two-dimensional(2D)steady model taking into account both char oxidation and pyrolysis was developed on the basis of a calculated propagation velocity according to empirical correlation.The model was validated against the smoldering experiment of biomass rods under natural conditions,and the maximum error was smaller than 31%.Parameter sensitivity analysis found that propagation velocity decreases significantly while oxidation area and pyrolysis zone increase significantly with the increasing diameter of rod fuel.

Review of Computational Approaches to Optimization Problems in Inhomogeneous Rods and Plates

In this paper,we review computational approaches to optimization problems of inhomogeneous rods and plates.We consider both the optimization of eigenvalues and the localization of eigenfunctions.These problems are motivated by physical problems including the determination of the extremum of the fundamental vibration frequency and the localization of the vibration displacement.We demonstrate how an iterative rearrangement approach and a gradient descent approach with projection can successfully solve these optimization problems under different boundary conditions with different densities given.

Numerical Simulations of the Flow Field around a Cylindrical Lightning Rod

As an important lightning protection device in substations,lightning rods are susceptible to vibration and potential structural damage under wind loads.In order to understand their vibration mechanism,it is necessary to conduct flow analysis.In this study,numerical simulations of the flow field around a 330 kV cylindrical lightning rod with different diameters were performed using the SST k-ωmodel.The flow patterns in different segments of the lightning rod at the same reference wind speed(wind speed at a height of 10 m)and the flow patterns in the same segment at different reference wind speeds were investigated.The variations of lift coefficient,drag coefficient,and vorticity distribution were obtained.The results showed that vortex shedding phenomena occurred in all segments of the lightning rod,and the strength of vortex shedding increased with decreasing diameter.The vorticity magnitude and the root mean square magnitudes of the lift coefficient and drag coefficient also increased accordingly.The time history curves of the lift coefficient and drag coefficient on the surface of the lightning rod exhibited sinusoidal patterns with a single dominant frequency.For the same segment,as the wind speed increased in a certain range,the root mean square values of the lift coefficient and drag coefficient decreased,while their dominant frequencies increased.Moreover,there was a proportional relationship between the dominant frequencies of the lift coefficient and drag coefficient.The findings of this study can provide valuable insights for the refined design of lightning rods with similar structures.

连铸连轧铜杆生产线SCR法和Contirod法浅析

本文首先对当前主流的两种连铸连轧铜杆生产工艺进行简要阐述,其次对两款设备的不同之处进行较为详细的介绍,最后从多个方面阐述不同工艺对能耗指标和铜杆产品质量的影响。

Effects of rod radius and voltage on streamer discharge in a short air gap

Streamer discharge is the inaugural stage of gas discharge,and the average electron energy directly determines the electron collision reaction rate,which is a key parameter for studying streamer discharge.Therefore,taking into account the average electron energy,this work establishes a fluid chemical reaction model to simulate and study the course of evolution of a streamer discharge in a 5 mm rod–plate gap,considering 12 particles and 27 chemical reactions.It introduces the electron energy drift diffusion equation into the control equation,and analyzes the temporal and spatial changes of average electron energy,electric field intensity and electron density with change in rod radius and voltage.The effects of voltage and rod radius on the course of streamer discharge can be reflected more comprehensively by combining the average electron energies.Three different values of 0.3 mm,0.4 mm and 0.5 mm are set for the rod radius,and three different values of 5 k V,6 k V and 7 k V are set for the voltage.The influence of an excitation reaction on the streamer discharge is studied.The findings indicate that,as voltage raises,the streamer head’s electron density,electric field and average electron energy all rise,and the streamer develops more quickly.When the rod radius increases,the electron density,electric field and average electron energy of the streamer head all decrease,and the streamer’s evolution slows down.When an excitation reaction is added to the model,the average electron energy,the magnitude of the electric field and the density of electrons decrease,and the evolution of the streamer slows down.An increase in average electron energy will lead to an increase in electric field strength and electron density,and the development of the streamer will be faster.

General Kinetostatic Modeling and Deformation Analysis of a Two-Module Rod-Driven Continuum Robot with Friction Considered

Continuum robots actuated by flexible rods have large potential applications,such as detection and operation tasks in confined environments,since the push and pull actuation of flexible rods withstand tension and compressive force,and increase the structure's rigidity.In this paper,a generalized kinetostatics model for multi-module and multi-segment continuum robots considering the effect of friction based on the Cosserat rod theory is established.Then,the model is applied to a two-module rod-driven continuum robot with winding ropes to analyze its deformation and load characteristics.Four different in-plane configurations under the external load term as S1,S2,C1,and C2 are defined.Taking a bending plane as an example,the tip deformation along thex-axis of these shapes is simulated and compared,which shows that the load capacity of C1 and C2 is generally larger than that of S1 and S2.Furthermore,the deformation experiments and simulations show that the maximum error ratio without external loads relative to the total length is no more than 3%,and it is no more than 4.7%under the external load.The established kinetostatics model is proven sufficient to accurately analyze the rod-driven continuum robot with the consideration of internal friction.

Photo-induced flexible semiconductor CdSe/CdS quantum rods alignment

The anisotropic absorption and emission from semiconductor CdSe/CdS quantum rods(QRs)provide extra benefits among other photoluminescence nanocrystals.Using photo-induced alignment technique,the QRs can be oriented in liquid crystal polymer matrix at a large scale.In this article,a 2D Dammann grating pattern,within“SKL”characters domains aligned QRs in composite film,was fabricated by multi-step photo exposure using several photo masks,and a continuous geometric lens profile pattern aligned QRs was realized by the single step polarization converting holographic irradiation method.Both polarized optical microscope and fluorescence microscope are employed to determine the liquid crystal director profiles and QRs anisotropic excitation properties.We have been able to orient the QRs in fine binary and continuous patterns that confirms the strong quantum rod aligning ability of the proposed method.Thus,the proposed approach paves a way for photoinduced flexible QRs alignments to provide a highly specific and difficult-to-replicate security application at a large scale.

Bi/Bi_(3)Se_(4) nanoparticles embedded in hollow porous carbon nanorod:High rate capability material for potassium-ion batteries

Considering their superior theoretical capacity and low voltage plateau,bismuth(Bi)-based materials are being widely explored for application in potassium-ion batteries(PIBs).Unfortunately,pure Bi and Bibased compounds suffer from severe electrochemical polarization,agglomeration,and dramatic volume fluctuations.To develop an advanced bismuth-based anode material with high reactivity and durability,in this work,the pyrolysis of Bi-based metal-organic frameworks and in-situ selenization techniques have been successfully used to produce a Bi-based composite with high capacity and unique structure,in which Bi/Bi_(3)Se_(4)nanoparticles are encapsulated in carbon nanorods(Bi/Bi_(3)Se_(4)@CNR).Applied as the anode material of PIBs,the Bi/Bi_(3)Se_(4)@CNR displays fast potassium storage capability with 307.5 m A h g^(-1)at 20 A g^(-1)and durable cycle performance of 2000 cycles at 5 A g^(-1).Notably,the Bi/Bi_(3)Se_(4)@CNR also showed long cycle stability over 1600 cycles when working in a full cell system with potassium vanadate as the cathode material,which further demonstrates its promising potential in the field of PIBs.Additionally,the dual potassium storage mechanism of the Bi/Bi_(3)Se_(4)@CNR based on conversion and alloying reaction has also been revealed by in-situ X-ray diffraction.

Limitations of Lightning Rods in Preventing Direct Lightning Strikes

Since ancient times,lightning disasters have undoubtedly been an unstoppable threat to humanity.During thunderstorms,lightning often damages objects on the ground,such as buildings and structures.Since Franklin invented the lightning rod in 1752,lightning rods have been used worldwide to prevent direct lightning strikes in various fields such as high-voltage power transmission lines,outdoor chemical sites,highways,land and sea wind farms,and forest lightning fire protection.It has been proven that lightning accidents still occur frequently in places where lightning rods are installed and the protective angle method is used.In order to further study the protective effect of lightning rods and identify the shortcomings of lightning rod protection,negative lightning strikes are taken as the research object,to analyze the limitations of lightning rods in preventing direct lightning strikes from the working principle of lightning rods.

Study of the axial density/impedance gradient composite long rod hypervelocity penetration into a four-layer Q345 target

Based on the dynamic shock response of the material and structure,the hypervelocity impact processes and mechanisms of long composite rods with axial density/impedance gradients penetration into fourlayer targets were studied through experiments and numerical simulation methods.The propagation law of the shock waves,together with the structural responses of the projectiles and targets,the formation and evolution of the fragment groups formed during the processes and their distributions were described.The damage of each target plate was quantitatively analysed by comparing the results of the experiment and numerical simulation.The results showed that the axial density/impedance gradient projectiles could decrease the impact pressure to a certain extent,and the degree of damage to the target plate decreased layer by layer when the head density/impedance of the projectile was high.When the head density/impedance of the projectile was low,the degree of target damage first increased layer by layer until the projectile was completely eroded and then it decreased.The results can provide a reference for the design and application of long rods with axial composite structure for velocities ranging from 6 to 10 Ma or greater.

Mechanical characteristic and failure mechanism of joint with composite sucker rod

Composite sucker rods are widely used in oil fields because of light weight,high strength,and corrosion resistance.Bonded technology becomes the primary connection method of composites.However,the joints with composite sucker rods are prone to debone and fracture.The connected characteristics are less considered,so the failure mechanism of the joint is still unclear.Based on the cohesive zone model(CZM)and the Johnson-Cook constitutive model,a novel full-scale numerical model of the joint with composite sucker rod was established,and verified by pull-out experiments.The mechanical properties and slip characteristics of the joint were studied,and the damaged procession of the joint was explored.The results showed that:a)the numerical model was in good agreement with the experimental results,and the error is within 5%;b)the von Mises stress,shear stress,and interface stress distributed symmetrically along the circumferential path increased gradually from the fixed end to the loading end;c)the first-bonded interface near the loading end was damaged at first,followed by debonding of the second-bonded interface,leading to the complete shear fracture of the epoxy,and resulted in the debonding of the joint with composite sucker rod,which can provide a theoretical basis for the structural design and optimization of the joint.

Rheological and physicomechanical properties of rod milling sand-based cemented paste backfill modified by sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensate

Rod milling sand(RMS)—a coarse sand aggregate—was recycled for cemented paste backfill(CPB)for the underground mined area at the Jinchuan nickel deposit,named rod milling sand-based cemented paste backfill(RCPB).The adverse effects of coarse particles on the transportation of CPB slurry through pipelines to underground stopes resulting in weakening of the stability of the backfill system are well known.Therefore,sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde(SNF)condensate was used for the performance improvement of RCPB.The synergistic effect of solid content(SC),lime-to-sand ratio,and SNF dosage on the rheological and physicomechanical properties,including slump,yield stress,bleeding rate,uniaxial compressive strength(UCS),as well as mechanism analysis of RCPB,have been explored.The results indicate that the effect of SNF on RCPB performance is related to the SNF dosage,lime-to-sand ratio,and SC.The slump of fresh RCPB with 0.1wt%-0.5wt%SNF increased by 2.6%-26.2%,whereas the yield stress reduced by 4.1%-50.3%,indicating better workability and improved cohesiveness of the mix.The bleeding rate of fresh RCPB decreased first and then rose with the increase of SNF dosage,and the peak decrease was 67.67%.UCS of RCPB first increased and then decreased with the increase of SNF dosage.At the optimal SNF addition ratio of 0.3wt%,the UCS of RCPB curing for 7,14 and,28 d ages increased by 31.5%,28.4%,and 29.5%,respectively.The beneficial effects of SNF in enhancing the early UCS of RCPB have been corroborated.However,the later UCS increases at a slower rate.The research findings may guide the design and preparation of RCPB with adequate performance for practical applications.

Simulation analysis of wear characteristics of connecting rod bearing bush based on improved mixed lubrication model

The failure rate of crankpin bearing bush of diesel engine under complex working conditions such as high temperature,dynamic load and variable speed is high.After serious wear,it is easy to deteriorate the stress state of connecting rod body and connecting rod bolt,resulting in serious accidents such as connecting rod fracture and body damage.Based on the mixed lubrication characteristics of connecting rod big endbearing shell of diesel engine under high explosion pressure impact load,an improved mixed lubrication mechanism model is established,which considers the influence of viscoelastic micro deformation of bearing bush material,integrates the full film lubrication model and dry friction model,couples dynamic equation of connecting rod.Then the actual lubrication state of big end bearing shell is simulated numerically.Further,the correctness of the theoretical research results is verified by fault simulation experiments.The results show that the high-frequency impact signal with fixed angle domain characteristics will be generated after the serious wear of bearing bush and the deterioration of lubrication state.The fault feature capture and alarm can be realized through the condition monitoring system,which can be applied to the fault monitoring of connecting rod bearing bush of diesel engine in the future.

Modal and Thermal Analysis of a Modified Connecting Rod of an Internal Combustion Engine Using Finite Element Method

The connecting rod is one of the most important moving components in an internal combustion engine. The present work determined the possibility of using aluminium alloy 7075 material to design and manufacture a connecting rod for weight optimisation without losing the strength of the connecting rod. It considered modal and thermal analyses to investigate the suitability of the material for connecting rod design. The parameters that were considered under the modal analysis were: total deformation, and natural frequency, while the thermal analysis looked at the temperature distribution, total heat flux and directional heat flux of the four connecting rods made with titanium alloy, grey cast iron, structural steel and aluminium 7075 alloy respectively. The connecting rod was modelled using Autodesk inventor2017 software using the calculated parameters. The steady-state thermal analysis was used to determine the induced heat flux and directional heat flux. The study found that Aluminium 7075 alloy deformed more than the remaining three other materials but has superior qualities in terms of vibrational natural frequency, total heat flux and lightweight compared to structural steel, grey cast iron and titanium alloy.

用于加热卷烟的石蜡改性二醋酸纤维素降温滤嘴的制备与表征

以二醋酸纤维素滤棒为载体,以食品级石蜡为相变吸热材料,采用浸渍法制备了石蜡/醋纤降温滤棒,研究了石蜡熔点和负载量对加热卷烟主流烟气温度的影响,并采用热重/差热分析仪(TG/DTA)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等技术对石蜡/醋纤滤棒进行了表征。石蜡/醋纤滤棒是通过醋纤滤棒的吸附作用完成复合,在抽吸过程中具有良好的热稳定性,当52~#石蜡乳化液质量分数为60%时,即石蜡负载量为35 mg时,由石蜡/醋纤滤棒组成的三段式降温滤嘴对主流烟气具有显著的降温效果,可将主流烟气温度从68℃降低到42℃。

棒电极直径和端部形状对短空气间隙交流击穿电压的影响研究

空气间隙交流击穿特性试验常采用棒棒、棒板电极作为试验电极,目前棒电极直径、棒端部形状对空气间隙交流击穿电压的影响尚不清晰。为此,用直径2 cm、1 cm的圆棒和直径1 cm的尖棒搭建棒棒、棒板电极,开展5~40 cm短空气间隙下的交流击穿试验,研究棒电极直径和端部形状对空气间隙交流击穿电压的影响。结果表明:在试验棒电极直径和端部形状范围内,空气间隙距离5~20 cm时,各棒棒或棒板电极空气间隙击穿电压相对偏差在5.93%~33%之间,随着空气间隙距离增大,棒电极直径和端部形状对棒棒、棒板空气间隙击穿电压的影响逐渐减弱;空气间隙距离大于20 cm时,各棒棒或棒板电极空气间隙击穿电压相对偏差均小于5%。研究认为,空气间隙距离超过20 cm时,棒电极直径和端部形状对棒棒、棒板空气间隙击穿电压无影响。

基于随机森林算法的异常发热复合绝缘子分类模型

不同类型异常发热复合绝缘子对应的检修决策、应急处理手段各不相同,因此迫切需要建立复合绝缘子异常发热类型识别方法。该文分析了表面积污、护套老化受潮和芯棒酥朽发热复合绝缘子的表面中轴线温度曲线,并定义了7个温度特征量对复合绝缘子异常发热状态进行表征。此外,该文提出了基于随机森林算法的异常发热复合绝缘子分类型模型,并使用现场和实验室拍摄的异常发热复合绝缘子红外图像构建温度特征量样本集。采用SMOTE算法对芯棒酥朽复合绝缘子温度特征量进行数据增广、10折交叉验证选择决策树个数。模型测试结果显示,表面积污、护套老化受潮和芯棒酥朽复合绝缘子的分类精确率均在85%以上。