Accounting greenhouse gas emissions of food consumption between urban and rural residents in China: a whole production perspective

Food consumption is necessary for human survival.On a global scale,the greenhouse gas(GHG)emission related to food consumption accounts for 19%–29%of the total GHG emission.China has the largest population in the world,which is experiencing a rapid development.Under the background of urbanization and the adjustment of the diet structure of Chinese residents,it is critical to mitigate the overall GHG emission caused by food consumption.This study aims to employ a single-region input-output(SRIO)model and a multi-regional input-output(MRIO)model to measure GHG emission generated from food consumption in China and compare the contributions of different industrial sectors,uncovering the differences between urban and rural residents and among different provinces(autonomous regions/municipalities),as well as identifying the driving forces of GHG emission from food consumption at a national level.The results indicate that the total GHG emission generated from food consumption in China tripled from 157 Mt CO_(2)e in 2002 to 452 Mt CO_(2)e in 2017.The fastest growing GHG emission is from the consumption of other processed food and meat products.Although GHG emissions from both urban and rural residents increased,the gap between them is increasing.Agriculture,processing and manufacture of food,manufacture of chemical and transportation,storage and post services sectors are key sectors inducing food consumption related GHG emissions.From a regional perspective,the top five emission provinces(autonomous regions/municipalities)include Shandong,Hubei,Guangdong,Zhejiang,and Jiangsu.Based on such results,policy recommendations are proposed to mitigate the overall GHG emission from food consumption.

Comparative analysis of greenhouse gas emission inventory for Pakistan:Part I energy and industrial processes and product use

In order to further improve the accuracy and reliability and reduce uncertainties in the national GHG inventories for Pakistan,this study call for using 2006 IPCC Guidelines,to help to identify the national targets for GHG mitigation with respect to the nationally determined contributions(NDCs).GHG(CO2,CH4,and N20)inventories for Pakistan have been developed by conducting a detailed sectoral assessment of IPCC source sectors,energy,industrial processes and product use(IPPU),agriculture,forestry and other land use(AFOLU),and the waste sector.Further,sector wise comparative analysis of GHG inventories(1994-2017)based on the 2006 and 1996 IPCC Guidelines have also been presented.Results indicated an average relative difference of 4%in total GHG emissions(CO2 equivalent)from energy sector between 2006 and 1996 IPCC Guidelines.With 3.6%average annual growth rate based on 2006 IPCC Guidelines,CO2 from energy sector remained the most abundant GHG emitted,followed by CH4 and N2O.While the average absolute difference in emissions of CH4 and N20 from the energy sector is notable,the total estimated GHG emissions by 2006 IPCC Guidelines duplicate those by 1996 IPCC Guidelines.In the mineral industry with 2006 IPCC Guidelines,an average annual growth rate of 6.7%is observed,contributing 64%of total IPPU sector CO2 emissions.Nevertheless,the relative difference between the two Guidelines in overall IPPU sector emissions remained negligible.There might be a need for switching to 2006 IPCC Guidelines to consider more parameters such as additional source sectors and new default emission factors that fit into national circumstances.

Comparative analysis of greenhouse gas emission inventory for Pakistan: Part Ⅱ agriculture, forestry and other land use and waste

Understanding Pakistan's greenhouse gas(GHG)emission status is critical for identifying the national targets for GHG mitigation with respect to the nationally determined contributions(NDCs).This study focuses on the development of Pakistan's GHG(C0_(2),CH_(4),and N20)inventories for agriculture,forestry and other land use(AFOLU)and waste sectors using 2006 IPCC Guidelines.This study should be seen as a direct continuation of the preceding one(Part I[Available online at:https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.accre.2020.05.002])which discusses energy and industrial processes and product use in compliance with the 2006 and 1996 IPCC Guidelines.It also provides sector-specific comparative time series(1994-2017)analysis of GHG inventories,identification of key categories,and national GHG emissions trend for Pakistan.The results indicate an average relative difference(on average for time series 1994-2017)of 19%and 6%in total GHG emissions(C0_(2)-eq)from AFOLU and waste sector respectively between 2006 and 1996 IPCC Guidelines.The absolute difference over the entire time series for AFOLU and waste sector was in the range of 3-67 Mt C0_(2)-eq and 1-7 Mt CQ2-eq respectively.Findings further reveal that the quantity of national GHG emissions by 2006 IPCC Guidelines is 10%lower on average for complete time series compared to 1996 IPCC Guidelines.The average relative difference for total national emissions of C0_(2),CH_(4) and N20 is-1%,9%,and 48%respectively.Key category analysis based on 2006 IPCC Guidelines estimates identified three categories,each contributing>10%to the level assessment in the latest year 2017 and accounting for approximately half of the national GHG emissions.In order to further improve the reliability of GHG inventories,Pakistan needs to move from 1996 to 2006 IPCC Guidelines under a higher Tier approach particularly for identified key categories.

基于EIO-LCA模型的中国部门温室气体排放结构研究

基于中国2007年经济投入产出生命周期评价(EIO-LCA)模型,构建了部门温室气体排放矩阵,从生产和需求两个视角分析了温室气体排放在部门间的分布结构。此方法将两个分析视角整合在同一个框架内,能更好地认识温室气体排放与部门生产和最终需求的关系。结果表明:1)从生产角度看,电力、热力的生产和供应业的直接排放量最大,占2007年排放总量的36.24%,其中93.91%的排放因给其他部门的生产活动提供电力和热力而产生,尤其是建筑;2)从需求角度看,建筑业的隐含排放量最大,占总量的29.79%,其中97.10%的隐含排放量由生产链中的其他部门产生,尤其是电力、热力的生产和供应业;3)从单位产出的排放看,电力、热力的生产和供应业的隐含排放量最大,为9.88 t CO2-eq/万元,其中直接排放占隐含排放的百分比为89.70%。

The Clean Development Mechanism and Sustainable Development in China's Electricity Sector

The Clean Development Mechanism,a flexibility mechanism contained in the KyotoProtocol, offers China an important tool to attractinvestment in clean energy technology and processesinto its electricity sector. The Chinese electricitysector places centrally in the country’s economy andenvironment, being a significant contributor to theacid rain and air pollution problems that plague manyof China’s cities and regions, and therefore a focusof many related energy and environmental policies.China’s electricity sector has also been the subjectof a number of economic analyses that have showedthat it contains the highest potential for clean energyinvestment through the Clean DevelopmentMechanism of any economic sector in China. Thismechanism, through the active participation frominvestors in more industrialized countries, can helpalleviate the environmental problems attributable toelectricity generation in China through advancingsuch technology as wind electricity generation, cleancoal technology, high efficient natural gas electricitygeneration, or utilization of coal mine methane. Inthis context, the Clean Development Mechanismalso compliments a range of environmental and energypolicies which are strategizing to encourage thesustainable development of China’s economy.