In situ strengths of matrix in a composite

A major obstacle to achieving reasonable strength prediction of a composite only from its constituent information is in the determination of in situ strengths of the matrix. One can measure only the original strengths of the pure matrix, on the basis of which the predicted transverse strengths of a unidirectional (UD) composite are far from reality. It is impossible to reliably measure matrix in situ strengths. This paper focuses on the correlation between in situ and original strengths. Stress concentrations in a matrix owing to the introduction of fibers are attributed to the strength variation. Once stress concentration factors (SCFs) are obtained, the matrix in situ strengths are assigned as the original counterparts divided by them. Such an SCF cannot be defined following a classical approach. All of the relevant issues associated with determining it are systematically addressed in this paper. Analytical expressions for SCFs under transverse tension, transverse compression, and transverse shear are derived. Closed-form and compact formulas for all of the uniaxial strengths of a UD composite are first presented in this paper. Their application to strength predictions of a number of typical UD composites demonstrates the correctness of these formulas.

Weibull Probability Model for Fracture Strength of Aluminium (1101)-Alumina Particle Reinforced Metal Matrix Composite

In recent times, conventional materials are replaced by metal matrix composites （MMCs） due to their high specific strength and modulus. Strength reliability, one of the key factors restricting wider use of composite materials in various applications, is commonly characterized by Weibull strength distribution function. In the present work, statistical analysis of the strength data of 15% volume alumina particle （mean size 15 um） reinforced in aluminum alloy （1101 grade alloy） fabricated by stir casting method was carried out using Weibull probability model. Twelve tension tests were performed according to ASTM B577 standards and the test data, the corresponding Weibull distribution was obtained. Finally the reliability of the composite behavior in terms of its fracture strength was presented to ensure the reliability of composites for suitable applications. An important implication of the present study is that the Weibull distribution describes the experimentally measured strength data more appropriately.

An Application of the Modified Shear Lag Model to Study the Influence of Thermal Residual Stresses on the Stiffness and Yield Strength of Short Fiber Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites

The modified shear lag model proposed recently was applied to calculate thermal residual stresses and subsequent stress distributions under tensile and compressive loadings. The expressions for the elastic moduli and the yield strengths under tensile and compressive loadings were derived which take account of thermal residual stresses. The asymmetries in the elastic modulus and the yield strength were interpreted using the derived expressions and the obtained results of the stress calculations. The model predictions have exhibited good agreements with the experimental results and also with the other theoretical predictions

A New Modification to Shear Lag Model as Applied to Stiffness and Yield Strength of Short Fiber Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites

A new modification for the shear lag model is given and the expressions for the stiffness and yield Strength of short fiber metal matri×composite are derived. These expressions are then compared with our experimental data in a SiCw/Al-Li T6 composite and the published experimental data on different SiCw/Al T6 composites and also compared with the previous shear lag models and the other theoretical models.

EVOLUTION OF THE MICROCRACKS IN WHISKER TOUGHENING CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES

The modified equivalent inclusion theory by the authors and the internal variable theory are employed to investigate the evolution of the microcracks in whisker toughening ceramics and the influence of the microcracks on the mechanical properties of the material. The effect of residual thermostrain, whisker content and aspect ratio is considered. The modulus, initial nonlinear load, strength and nonlinear constitutive relation are calculated and some important conclusions are given.

Effect of cold-rolling on tensile strength of SiCw/Al composite

SiC_w/Al composite was fabricated through a squeeze cast route and coldrolled to about 30 percent, 50 percent and 70 percent reduction In thickness, respectively. Thelength of whiskers in the composite before and after rolling was examined using SEM. Some of therolled composites were recrystallization annealed to remove the work hardening of matrix alloy. Thetensile strength of the rolled and annealed SiC_w/Al composites was examined and then associatedwith the change of the whisker length and the work hardening of matrix alloy. It was found that thetensile strength is a function of the degree of cold rolling. For the cold rolled composites, withthe increase in the degree of cold rolling, the tensile strength increases at first, and decreaseswhen the degree of cold rolling exceeds 50 percent. For the annealed ones, however; the tensilestrength decreases monotonously with the increase in rolling degree. The different changes intensile strength between the rolled and annealed composites could be attributed to the result of thecompetition between the work hardening of matrix resulting from the cold rolling and the worksoftening arising from the change of whisker length.

Review of Matrix Aluminas for Refractory Formulations

Historically,ground calcined aluminas were the first high-alumina matrix products that were used in refractory formulations, in both shaped and unshaped products. At that time the flow properties of castables were enhanced by the use of silica fume. This was followed later by the development of fully ground reactive aluminas which contributed to the design of the matrix below 63 μm. In addition to aggregate fines,a range of bi-modal and multi-modal reactive aluminas were also developed. These not only gave improved physical properties but also better castable workability. This paper reviews matrix alumina developments over time,from basic ground calcines to complex multi-modal matrix products and their globally standardised manufacture.

TENSILE STRENGTH ANALYSIS ON δ-Al_2O_3 SHORT FIBER REINFORCED Al-12Si ALLOY COMPOSITES

１ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅｒｕｌｅｏｆｍｉｘｔｕｒｅ（ＲＯＭ）ｕｓｅｄｉｎｍｅｔａｌｍａｔｒｉｘｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｓ（ＭＭＣ），ｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｙｓｈｏｒｔｆｉｂｅｒｒｅｉｎｆｏｒｃｅｄＭＭＣｓ（ＳＦＲＭＭＣｓ）ｉｓｓｔｉｌｕｎｐｅｒｆｅｃｔ...

Micro-yield behaviors of Al_2O_3-SiO_(2(sf))/Al-Si metal matrix composites

Effects of the volume fraction and the size of crystallized alumina silicate short fibers as well as heat treatment processes on micro-yield strength(MYS) of Al2O3-SiO2(sf)/Al-Si metal matrix composite(MMC) that was fabricated by squeezing cast, were investigated by using continuous loading method on an Instron 5569 tester with a special extensometer with an accuracy of 10?7. The results show that MYS of MMC decreases with the increase of volume fraction and length of the alumina silicate short fibers in the metal matrix composite, respectively. MYS of quenched Al2O3-SiO2(sf)/Al-Si MMC is the lowest, MYS of the MMC through peak-aging treatment is higher than that through other heat treatment methods. And before the peak-aging, MYS of MMC aging treated gradually increases with the increase of the aging time. Aging treatment after solution treatment is a preferred way that enhances micro and macro-yield strength of Al2O3-SiO2(sf)/Al-Si MMC.

Mg-Cu-Zn-Y-Zr bulk metallic glassy composite with high strength and plasticity

Mg65Cu20Zn5Y9Zr1 bulk metallic glass matrix composite with a diameter of 2 mm was produced by copper mold casting. Upon cooling the Mg65Cu20Zn5Y9Zr1 melt, Mg2Cu acicular crystalline phase precipitates uniformly with a size of about 20 μm long and 1 μm thick while the remaining melt undergoes glass transition. Room temperature compression tests revealed that the high fracture strength up to 830 MPa and the plastic strain of 2.4% before failure are obtained for the Mg-based bulk metallic glass matrix composite. The formation of the Mg2Cu phase was proposed to contribute to high strength and plastic deformation of the material.

Theoretical Analysis on Tensile Strength of ZA22/Al_2O_3 Short Fiber Composite Added with Ce

The tensile strength of squeeze casting ZA22/Al 2O 3 short fiber composite was measured with autograph AG 10TA universal testing machines made in Japan. The experimental results were analysed with the rule of mixture(ROM) model modified by Friend. The theoretical analysis agree well with the experimental results. Under the test condition of this study, the strengthening critical fiber volume fraction predicted is 34 5%. Because fiber volume fraction in the composite is under this value, the tensile strength of the composite is lower than that of ZA22 alloy matrix.

碳纳米管增强铝基复合材料界面与晶粒调控研究进展

随着碳纳米管增强铝基复合材料制备工艺的不断完善,碳纳米管的难分散问题被妥善解决,复合材料的强度有所提高,但复合材料的高模量、高强度没有得到充分利用,并出现“强度–塑性”倒置现象。本文总结了近年来对碳/铝复合材料界面结构、晶粒结构与复合构型设计的调控手段,讨论了界面结构强度对碳纳米管载荷传递效率的影响,分析了出现倒置现象的原因,并针对复合材料塑韧性差的问题,提出了调控思路,为制备强度高、韧性强的碳纳米管增强铝基复合材料提供依据。

铜增韧Mo_(2)BC陶瓷的力学性能和摩擦学性能

采用快速热压反应烧结法制备高强韧Mo_(2)BC/Cu陶瓷基复合材料。研究铜含量对Mo_(2)BC/Cu复合材料的微观组织、力学性能和摩擦学性能的影响,并对其增韧机制和磨损机理进行分析。研究结果表明:Cu均匀地分散在Mo_(2)BC基体中,具有细化晶粒的作用。Mo_(2)BC/Cu复合材料中铜可以添加的最大质量分数为7.5%。随着铜含量的增加,Mo_(2)BC/Cu复合材料的弯曲强度和断裂韧性增加。当Cu质量分数为7.5%时,复合材料的弯曲强度和断裂韧性最高,分别为625.1 MPa和7.4 MPa·m^(1/2),与Mo_(2)BC陶瓷相比,分别提高了24%和62%,其主要的增韧机制为铜的塑性变形、晶粒拔出、桥接效应和裂纹的偏转。此外,铜的添加还可以明显提高Mo_(2)BC/Cu复合材料的摩擦磨损性能。当Cu质量分数为2.5%时,复合材料的摩擦因数可低至0.36,磨损量最小,耐磨性最优,其主要的磨损机制为轻微的二体磨粒磨损和氧化磨损。

SiC/SiC复合材料层板低速冲击及其剩余强度试验研究

高速飞行器中的陶瓷基复合材料结构在服役过程中不可避免地会遇到低速冲击问题,低速冲击后的损伤形式以及剩余承载能力是影响飞行器结构安全的关键问题。本研究以二维编织SiC/SiC复合材料板件为研究对象,在不同能量下开展了低速冲击试验,分析了低速冲击载荷下试验件的表面损伤状态,通过计算机断层扫描技术观察了试验件内部的损伤形貌,结合冲击过程中的冲击响应曲线以及应变历史曲线,分析了SiC/SiC复合材料低速冲击过程的损伤机理。针对含勉强目视可见损伤的试验件开展了冲击后剩余强度试验,研究了勉强目视可见损伤对SiC/SiC复合材料剩余承载性能的影响。结果表明,在低速冲击载荷的作用下,试验件的表面损伤主要包括无表面损伤、勉强目视可见损伤、半穿透损伤以及穿透损伤,试验件的内部损伤主要有锥形体裂纹、纱线断裂以及分层损伤。低速冲击损伤会严重影响SiC/SiC复合材料的剩余性能,虽然试验件损伤勉强目视可见,但其剩余压缩强度为无损件81%,剩余拉伸强度仅为无损件的68%。

不同饱和度下膨胀土原位孔内剪切试验及强度响应特征

膨胀土强度随饱和度变化显著,非饱和膨胀土的抗剪强度一直是研究膨胀土工程问题的关键。选取南阳市某高速路沿线边坡膨胀土为研究对象,进行了天然条件下处于不同饱和度状态的膨胀土原位孔内剪切试验,获得了自然条件下膨胀土的抗剪强度随饱和度的变化特征。膨胀土的抗剪强度、黏聚力、内摩擦角随着膨胀土饱和度的增大而逐渐减小。结合现场试验数据和土-水特征曲线,提出了以法向应力、饱和度为变量和以法向应力、基质吸力为变量的两种非饱和膨胀土的抗剪强度计算模型,并结合试验数据对计算模型的适用性进行了验证。与之前常用的非饱和土抗剪强度计算模型相比较,提出的两种计算模型所需的拟合参数少,适用于更宽吸力范围、不同法向应力条件下非饱和膨胀土抗剪强度的计算,且结果更为准确。

芳纶纤维与树脂基体改性对复合材料剪切性能的影响

芳纶纤维表面惰性会影响其与树脂间的浸润性能和界面结合强度,因此限制了芳纶纤维复合材料在航空、航天、输电等领域的应用。为了对比纤维表面改性和树脂基体改性技术对芳纶纤维复合材料层间剪切性能的影响,文中结合光学和力学测试方法对不同改性技术及处理过程对芳纶纤维表面刻蚀的影响机制开展了深入研究。结果表明,乙酸酐化学刻蚀会对芳纶纤维表面基团产生影响且增加表面粗糙度。热氧化刻蚀处理后表面粗糙度显著增加,具有明显“沟壑”状。然而,当乙酸酐化学刻蚀处理时间高于6 h、热氧化刻蚀处理时间高于4 min时,纤维内部结构就会受到损伤,导致复合材料层间剪切性能降低。超声浸渍改性处理后,纤维表面粗糙度有一定增加,纤维表面附着的气体将会排出,超过20 min后改性效果趋于稳定。使用偶联剂改性树脂基体可以增加纤维表面的键合作用,当添加量超过3%时,树脂分子间的过度交联导致复合材料层间剪切性能下降。研究结果为提高芳纶复合材料浸润性能和界面强度提供了理论依据,对航空航天、电力系统中芳纶复合材料设计及制造研究具有参考价值。

水泥基纤维复合材料与混凝土的黏结性能试验研究

为了实现对老旧混凝土结构快速修补的目的,以磷酸镁水泥代替普通硅酸盐水泥,制备了一种高性能水泥基纤维复合修补材料,并以黏结抗拉强度、抗折强度和抗剪强度为评价指标,考察了其与混凝土结构之间的黏结性能。试验结果表明:混凝土的界面粗糙度越大,水泥基纤维复合材料与混凝土之间的黏结抗拉强度、抗折强度和抗剪强度值均先增大后减小,当界面粗糙度为3.5 mm左右时,黏结性能可达到最佳;混凝土基体强度越大,水泥基纤维复合材料与混凝土之间的黏结抗拉强度、抗折强度和抗剪强度值就越大,黏结性能越好。试验制备的水泥基纤维复合材料与混凝土之间的黏结性能较好,能够满足老旧混凝土结构修补施工的需求。

高强韧抗疲劳TiB_(2)/7050Al复合材料组织与性能研究

原位自生铝基复合材料具备轻质、高模量和高强度,是实现装备结构轻量化的关键材料之一。塑性加工变形量是决定铝基复合材料组织和性能的重要因素。本文以三种典型截面规格型材为载体,研究了挤压变形量对热挤压制备Ti B_(2)/7050Al复合材料组织结构与力学性能的影响规律与作用机制。采用扫描电子显微镜与背散射电子衍射技术,分析了复合材料内颗粒分布与三维晶粒结构,及其与挤压变形量的演化规律,讨论了复合材料不同组织结构下的室温拉伸性能与抗疲劳性能。结果表明:Ti B_(2)/7050Al复合材料型材同时具备高弹性模量(78~84 GPa)、高强塑积(6588 MPa·%)与高疲劳极限(289 MPa),将在航空航天等领域具有广泛的应用前景。

交通运输用导电铝合金的应用现状及研究进展

随着经济社会的不断发展,城市轨道交通建设以及电动汽车、新能源交通工具的逐渐普及,铝合金导线在交通运输网络的电力传输和交通装备运行等方面的用量日益增多,但铝合金导线因其本征的电阻在电力传输过程中仍存在着很大程度的能源损耗,如何提升导电率的同时保证铝合金导体材料的强度是研究的长期难点。本文结合导电铝合金的发展现状及主要合金体系,探讨了铝合金导体材料的强度-电导率制约关系,总结了当前协同改善强度和导电率、制备高强高导铝合金的研究进展,归纳了几类主流的改善方法,即微合金化、热处理工艺优化、大塑性变形制备超细晶、制备铝基复合材料、熔体净化和提纯、沿平行电流方向引入细长晶等,最终展望了高强高导铝合金的未来发展。

龙岩山麻鸭蛋壳质量与元素组成、基质含量和超微结构关系的研究

本试验旨在研究蛋壳元素组成、超微结构和钙化壳基质含量对龙岩山麻鸭蛋壳质量的影响。试验选用300日龄龙岩山麻鸭所产白壳蛋300个,根据蛋壳强度平均分为高、中、低3个试验组,每组5个重复,每个重复20个蛋,测定蛋壳质量、元素组成和超微结构。结果表明:高、中、低蛋壳强度组蛋壳强度分别为(4.67±0.09)kg/cm^(2)、(3.78±0.02)kg/cm^(2)和(2.86±0.03)kg/cm2,组间差异显著(P<0.05);各组间的蛋重、蛋形指数、蛋壳厚和蛋壳重无显著差异(P>0.05)。3组间钙化壳的基质含量差异不显著(P>0.05),各组元素相对含量在蛋壳超微结构的不同层次差异不显著(P>0.05)。对蛋壳超微结构观察发现,与中、低强度蛋壳组相比,高强度蛋壳组横断面致密性更好,乳突顶部连接更紧密;并且各组间的乳突层有效厚度差异显著(P<0.05),高、低蛋壳强度组的乳突间隙差异显著(P<0.05)。综上所述,厚度相似的蛋壳,其蛋壳各层元素相对含量和基质含量对龙岩山麻鸭蛋壳强度无显著影响,蛋壳超微结构致密度对蛋壳质量具有重要作用,其中乳突层有效厚度和乳突间隙是影响蛋壳质量的重要因素。