Noise analysis and measurement of time delay and integration charge coupled device

Time delay and integration （TDI） charge coupled device （CCD） noise sets a fundamental limit on image sensor performance, especially under low illumination in remote sensing applications. After introducing the complete sources of CCD noise, we study the effects of TDI operation mode on noise, and the relationship between different types of noise and number of the TDI stage. Then we propose a new technique to identify and measure sources of TDI CCD noise employing mathematical statistics theory, where theoretical analysis shows that noise estimated formulation converges well. Finally, we establish a testing platform to carry out experiments, and a standard TDI CCD is calibrated by using the proposed method. The experimental results show that the noise analysis and measurement methods presented in this paper are useful for modeling TDI CCDs.

A HIGH RESOLUTION TIME DELAY ESTIMATION BASED ON THE MAXIMUM ENTROPY POWER SPECTRUM ESTIMATON

Multipath time delay estimation is constrained by the width of the signal correlation function when using correlation based methods. This paper obtains a high resolution time delay estimation by introducing Burg algorithm and Marple algorithm of the maximum entropy power spectral estimation to non-resolvable multipath time delay estimatoin. The principles, the performaces and the results of computer simulation are given.

A unified approach of PID controller design for unstable processes with time delay

This paper addresses a unified approach of the PID controller design for low as well as high order unstable processes with time delay.The design method is based on the direct synthesis(DS)approach to achieve the enhanced load disturbance rejection.To improve the servo response,a two-degree of freedom control scheme has been considered.A suitable guideline has been provided to select the desired reference model in the DS scheme.The direct synthesis controller has been approximated to the PID controller using the frequency response matching method.A consistently better performance has been obtained in comparison with the recently reported methods.

The mitigation negative effect of tunnel-blasting-induced vibrations on constructed tunnel and buildings

Provided the results of a research conducted to investigate the relationships between the empirical vibration attenuation equation of Peak Particle Velocity （PPV） and the Scaled Charge （SC） through testing the blasting-induced vibrations on the spot of Wanshishan tunnel based on 96 vibration recordings. It is found that the maximum charge amount per delay in Wanshishan tunnel excavating is determined by the buildings on the surface and the constructed tunnel nearby. Considering that the repeated blast loading in tunnel blasting caused accumulative effects of damage on buildings, comfortable threshold damage limits of PPV to maintain buildings safety was given. Dynamic Stress Ratio （DSR） was adopted to study the stability of constructed tunnel on the action of blasting induced vibrations. The method to determine specific maximum charge amount per delay in Wanshishan tunnel excavation was given. It is proved that the findings in this study are very effective to control the negative effects of blasting-induced vibrations on buildings on the surface and constructed tunnel nearby.

Design and implementation of high speed TDI CCD timing-driven circuits

The time delay integration charge coupled device(TDI CCD)is the key component in remote sensing systems.The paper analyzes the structure and the working principles of the device according to a customized TDI CCD chip.Employing the special clock resources and large-scale phase locked logic(PLL)in field-programmable gate arrays(FPGA),a timing-driven approach is proposed,using which all timing signals including reset gate,horizontal and vertical timing signals,are implemented in one chip.This not only reduces printed circuit board(PCB)space,but also enhances the portability of the system.By studying and calculating CCD parameters thoroughly,load capacity and power consumption,package,etc,are compared between various candidates chips,and detailed comparison results are also listed in table.Experimental results show that clock generator and driving circuit satisfy the requirements of high speed TDI CCD.

SPD在不同波形雷电流冲击下的极限应力研究

从实际环境中采集到的雷击波形出发,研究电涌保护器(SPD)在不同雷电流波形下的极限耐受能力,研究数据表明:SPD在不同雷电流冲击下的最大放电电流、通过电荷量与半峰值时间呈幂函数关系。通过此函数关系,可以将实际环境中采集到的电流波形对应应力转换为8/20μs波形下的测试应力,实现在SPD选型和研发测试阶段对所有波形雷电流进行防护设计。

基于储能Soc日前计划的微电网实时能量优化调度方法

针对微电网实时优化调度计算的工程需要,提出了一种遵循储能Soc日前计划的基于网流模型的微电网实时能量优化调度方法。该方法以尽量遵循储能Soc日前计划为前提,首先建立以"等效供电成本"最小为目标函数,以分布式电源出力、储能单元储能水平以及微网与主网交互功率均在限值之内和微网内功率平衡为约束条件的实时优化数学模型;随后提出将该非线性优化模型转换为最小费用最大流网流模型进行线性化求解的方法。算例表明,遵循储能Soc日前计划的实时调度计划能够对上级电网起到削峰填谷的作用,无论在并网运行还是孤岛运行模式下能够有效降低微电网供电成本,日供电成本降低达30%以上,该方法能够足实时优化调度计算的工程要求。

基于正负极动力学特性的锂离子电池优化充电方法

针对电动汽车快速充电存在的问题,分别对锂离子电池正、负极充放电特性进行研究,提出了优化充电方案。以负极析锂抑制为边界条件,获得正、负极在不同状态(SOC)下的最大允许充放电电流,建立了充电过程能耗和充电时间目标函数,以最大允许充电电流为约束条件,利用粒子群算法得到最优多阶段恒流充电电流序列。结果表明:与1 C恒流充电相比,电池充入相同容量时,优化充电时间减少约26.5%,34 min即可充电至80%SOC;与优化充电电流序列的平均电流恒流充电相比,优化充电能耗降低约1.5%。

蒲石河蓄能电站下水库坝基开挖爆破振动监测

为了降低爆破振动对周围介质的损伤,对丹东蒲石河抽水蓄能电站下水库坝基爆破进行了振动监测。通常现场影响爆破振动的因素较为复杂,文中分析了爆破监测结果,确定了K、α取值,给出了最大单段药量公式的修正参数λ,并提出了降低炸药单耗等合理的建议,可以有效指导爆破施工。

地下工程近接施工中最大单段炸药量的合理确定方法研究

鉴于当前地下工程爆炸爆破施工中最大单段炸药量计算所存在的不确定性较大,以莞惠城际隧道为依托,基于现场实测数据对萨道夫斯基公式中关键参数进行拟合并建立三维分析模型,通过对比理论解析和数值模拟结果,研究近接施工中最大单段炸药量的合理确定方法。结果表明:理论计算和数值模拟均可求解隧道爆破施工中的最大单段炸药量,但后者更接近工程实际,其求解应以理论公式的拟合回归为基础;使用萨道夫斯基公式时,K、α直接选用规范建议值将造成较大误差,工程中应根据实测振动数据进行回归分析,从而确定合理的参数值以指导后期施工;萨道夫斯基公式和数值模拟法可以相互验证以提高结果准确性,实测振动数据较少时综合利用两种方法可有效确定最大单段炸药量。

关于电网负荷自动统计的探讨

文章探讨了如何利用PI实时数据库来自动统计电网负荷情况、各电压等级电网的容载比、变电所最高负荷及全地区供电最高负荷等,并提出了对负荷数据进行分析、隔离数据坏点的手段和方法.

A maximum flow algorithm for buffer-limited delay tolerant networks

Deep space networks,satellite networks,ad hoc networks,and the Internet can be modeled as DTNs(Delay Tolerant Networks).As a fundamental problem,the maximum flow problem is of vital importance for routing and service scheduling in networks.However,there exists no permanent end-to-end path since the topology and the characteristics of links are time-variant,resulting in a crucial maximum flow problem in DTNs.In this paper,we focus on the single-source-single-sink maximum flow problem of buffer-limited DTNs,followed by a valid algorithm to solve it.First,the BTAG(Buffer-limited Time Aggregated Graph)is constructed for modeling the buffer-limited DTN.Then,on the basis of BTAG,the two-way cache transfer series and the relevant transfer rules are designed,and thus a BTAG-based maximum flow algorithm is proposed to solve the maximum flow problem in buffer-limited DTNs.Finally,a numerical example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

浅论中小钢铁企业的用电需求管理

对中小钢铁企业的用电状况进行了简要分析,在此基础上提出供配电系统优化,最大需量控制,峰、谷电价管理等措施,以降低企业的实际用电成本,提高企业效益.

A novel repetition space-time coding scheme for mobile FSO systems

Considering the influence of more random atmospheric turbulence, worse pointing errors and highly dynamic link on the transmission performance of mobile multiple-input multiple-output （MIMO） free space optics （FSO） communica- tion systems, this paper establishes a channel model for the mobile platform. Based on the combination of Alamouti space-time code and time hopping ultra-wide band （TH-UWB） communications, a novel repetition space-time coding （RSTC） method for mobile 2x2 free-space optical communications with pulse position modulation （PPM） is devel- oped. In particular, two decoding methods of equal gain combining （EGC） maximum likelihood detection （MLD） and correlation matrix detection （CMD） are derived. When a quasi-static fading and weak turbulence channel model are considered, simulation results show that whether the channel state information （CSI） is known or not, the coding sys- tem demonstrates more significant performance of the symbol error rate （SER） than the uncoding. In other words, transmitting diversity can be achieved while conveying the information only through the time delays of the modulated signals transmitted from different antennas. CMD has almost the same effect of signal combining with maximal ratio combining （MRC）. However, when the channel correlation increases, SER performance of the coding 2×2 system de- grades significantly.

An attitude algorithm based on the band seamless splicing imaging for agile satellite

In order to realize fast maneuvering imaging of the target area with high resolution agile satellite, a new attitude matching algorithm is developed. A strict mosaic imaging model of ray trace and the velocity vector mapping are built according to the strip mosaic imaging principle and the relationship between imaging target and the camera focal plane. The three-axis attitude is deduced based on the principle of optimal tracking of the maneuvering path. Finally, the geometric scaling simulation is carried out through the time delayed and integration(TDI) charge coupled device(CCD) prototype system, satellite attitude control physical simulation platform and the LED earth target simulator. The experimental results show that the algorithm could realize the matching band seamless splicing imaging of the target very well, confirming the correctness of the algorithm.

相变材料用量对充电模块最高温度和充电时间的影响分析

掌握充电模块最高温度和充电时间是避免充电桩发生火灾的关键。为了探究相变材料(PCM)用量对充电模块最高温度和充电时间的影响,基于热比理论,实验分析了不同产热功率和风速条件下充电模块最高温度和充电时间变化。结果表明:增大热比可以降低充电模块的最高温度,产热功率25 W时效果最好,最高温度降低3.7℃。在较高风速条件下,热比作用对充电模块最高温度影响变化明显,热比等于0.4为实现充电模块热管理性能最佳指标值。增加热比可以提升充电时间,热比为0.5时充电时间最长。产热功率为25 W时,增加热比充电时间最多延长了330 s。

双室微生物燃料电池型BOD传感器性能

构建了双室微生物燃料电池(MFC),并应用于污水BOD的检测。优化了MFC型BOD传感器的检测条件,分析了传感器进行污水BOD检测的特征。结果表明,以A2/O污水处理工艺中厌氧段污泥进行接种,双室MFC型BOD传感器2周内完成启动,所产电流达到稳定。传感器的最佳检测条件为外接电阻500Ω,添加缓冲溶液并维持待测水样pH为7.0,添加35 mg/L的L-半胱氨酸作为吸氧剂维持阳极室厌氧环境,阴极室富氧水流量为20 mL/min。利用MFC产生的电流峰值准确检测污水水样BOD浓度,传感器检测范围为10~50 mg/L,检测时间小于3 h;利用MFC产生的电荷量准确检测污水水样BOD浓度,检测范围为10~100 mg/L,检测时间小于10 h。利用MFC电流峰值和电荷量检测污水水样BOD浓度,偏差均小于15%,传感器运行稳定,寿命较长。

用综合系数法评价爆破震动作用下巷道稳定性

为保障爆破震动作用下巷道的安全与稳定,采用Blastmate III测振仪对铜坑矿生产爆破现场进行了爆破震动监测测试,结合测试结果采用综合系数法对巷道的稳定性进行了评估,得到了不同综合系数K值下满足巷道稳定的最大单段药量计算公式,提出了合适的爆破方式及支护形式。其评价分析方法和结论对相似矿山具有一定的参照意义。