Topology optimization of turbine disk considering maximum stress prediction and constraints

For the stress-constrained topology optimization of a turbine disk under centrifugal loads,the jagged boundaries of the mesh and the gray densities on the solid/void interfaces could make the calculated stress field inconsistent with the actual value.It may result in overestimating the maximum stress and thus affect the effectiveness of stress constraints.This paper proposes a new method for predicting the maximum stress to overcome the difficulty.In the process,a predicted density is newly defined to obtain stable boundaries with thin layers of gray elements,a transition factor is innovatively proposed to evaluate the effects of intermediate-density elements,two different stiffness penalty schemes are flexibly used to calculate the elastic modulus of elements,and a linear stress penalty is further adopted to relax the stress field of the structure.The proposed approach for predicting the maximum stress value is verified by the analysis of a structure with smooth boundaries and the topology optimization of a turbine disk.An updating scheme of the stress constraint in the topology optimization is also developed using the predicted maximum stress.Some key ingredients affecting the optimization results are discussed in detail.The results prove the effectiveness and efficacy of the proposed maximum stress prediction and developed stress constraint methods.

Artificial intelligence method for predicting the maximum stress of an off-center casing under non-uniform ground stress with support vector machine

The situation of an off-center casing under non-uniform ground stress can occur in the process of drilling a salt-gypsum formation,and the related casing stress calculation has not yet been solved analytically. In addition,the experimental equipment in many cases cannot meet the actual conditions and the experimental cost is very high. These comprehensive factors cause the existing casing design to not meet the actual conditions and cause casing deformation,affecting the drilling operation in Tarim oil field. The finite element method is the only effective method to solve this problem at present,but the re-modelling process is time-consuming because of the changes in the parameters,such as the cement properties,casing centrality,and the casing size. In this article,an artificial intelligence method based on support vector machine(SVM) to predict the maximum stress of an offcenter casing under non-uniform ground stress has been proposed. After a program based on a radial basis function(RBF)-support vector regression(SVR)(ε-SVR) model was established and validated,we constructed a data sample with a capacity of 120 by using the finite element method,which could meet the demand of the nine-factor ε-SVR model to predict the maximum stress of the casing. The results showed that the artificial intelligence prediction method proposed in this manuscript had satisfactory prediction accuracy and could be effectively used to predict the maximum stress of an off-center casing under complex downhole conditions.

Symmetric Equations for Evaluating Maximum Torsion Stress of Rectangular Beams in Compliant Mechanisms

There are several design equations available for calculating the torsional compliance and the maximum torsion stress of a rectangular cross-section beam, but most depend on the relative magnitude of the two dimensions of the crosssection(i.e., the thickness and the width). After reviewing the available equations, two thickness-to-width ratio Independent equations that are symmetric with respect to the two dimensions are obtained for evaluating the maximum torsion stress of rectangular cross-section beams. Based on the resulting equations, outside lamina emergent torsional joints are analyzed and some useful design Insights are obtained. These equations, together with the previous work on symmetric equations for calculating torsional compliance, provide a convenient and effective way for designing and optimizing torsional beams in compliant mechanisms.

Influence of maximum principal stress direction on the failure process and characteristics of D-shaped tunnels

To investigate the failure process and characteristics of D-shaped tunnels under different maximum principal stress directions θ, true-triaxial tests were conducted on cubic sandstone samples with a through D-shaped hole. The test results show that the failure process can be divided into 4 periods:calm, buckling deformation, gradual buckling and exfoliation of rock fragment, and formation of a Vshaped notch. With an increase in θ from 0° to 90°, the size of the rock fragments first decreases and then increases, whereas the fractal dimension of the rock fragments first increases and then decreases. Meanwhile, the failure position at the left side shifts from the sidewall to the corner and finally to the floor, whereas the failure position at the right side moves from the sidewall to the spandrel and finally to the roof, which is consistent with the failure position in underground engineering. In addition, the initial vertical failure stress first decreases and then increases. By comparing the results,the failure severities at different maximum principal stress directions can be ranked from high to low in the following order: 90°>60°>30°>45°>0°.

垭口微地形下档内线路不均匀覆冰研究

明确垭口地形因子对垭口输电线路覆冰的影响规律,对山区输电线路的差异化防冰非常关键。该文基于水文分析中反地形理论提出山腰垭口,建立垭口风场数值模型,并通过风洞实验验证该模型。依据垭口风场分布,选定3类垭口线路的架设路径,得出垭口线路的风速区间。将初始状态下导线单次覆冰冰层厚度不得超过线径的7%作为覆冰步长取值依据,循环计算流场、粒子传输模型、热力学方程得出线路风速区间内导线的覆冰情况,进而得出垭口线路的冰荷载曲线,山腰、山脉、双山垭口线路冰荷载曲线在弧垂区分别出现了弯折、下行、下凹的走势。通过野外垭口线路自然覆冰实验,验证了覆冰计算的有效性,证实横跨垭口线路的不均匀覆冰性,不均匀覆冰规律与计算冰荷载曲线类似。计算不同地形因子组合下3类垭口的冰荷载曲线,并提出最大应力比概念,作为评判覆冰所引起线路事故可能性的标准,量化了不同垭口地形因子与线路最大应力比之间的关系。

考虑风载因素的玻璃幕墙清洁机器人设计

围绕高楼玻璃幕墙机器人自动清洁中的风载问题,设计了一款考虑风载因素的真空吸盘吸附的框架式爬壁机器人。针对玻璃幕墙清洁机器人的框架式结构进行步态规划。基于空间力学理论建立了玻璃幕墙清洁机器人在风载下的力学平衡模型,得到了风载大小与机器人吸盘吸附力之间的力平衡方程。在Workbench中对风载作用下的清洗机器人本体进行了有限元分析,得到了机器人模型的应力云图与变形云图。实验测试结果表明:在极限风载作用下,机器人的最大应力点位于吸盘支架,最大变形点位于主架板中心。在真实风载下对机器人进行攀爬运动仿真分析,机器人可以在极限风载下稳定地工作,不会发生滑移和倾覆,验证了力学模型和设计模型的正确性。

On Estimating Magnitude of a Maximum Sequent Earthquake by Viscoelastic Coulomb Stress Change and a Discussion of the Relationship between the M_S7.3 Earthquakes in Yutian 2008 and 2014

On the basis of the previous studies of the layered crustal model in the Yutian area,combined with the field GPS continuous observation data,we roughly estimate the viscous coefficient of each layer. With the viscoelastic horizontal layer model,we calculate the viscoelastic co-seismic Coulomb stress change caused by the Yutian M_S7. 3 earthquakes 2008 and 2014 respectively. Based on the Coulomb stress change,using the calculation method of "direct "aftershock frequency,we come up with the theoretical earthquake frequency directly related to the mainshock and the co-seismic Coulomb stress change in the study area. Then we put forward a method,based on the comparison of theoretical and actual earthquake frequency or the comparison between theoretical and practical earthquake frequency-distance decay curve fitting residuals,to estimate the magnitude of a maximum sequent earthquake,directly related to the mainshock co-seismic Coulomb stress change. Results calculated by different methods show that the maximum follow-up earthquake magnitude caused by the coseismic Coulomb stress change lies from M_S7. 2 to M_S7. 5 following Yutian M_S7. 3 earthquake in 2008; but that of the 2014 Yutian M_S7. 3 earthquake is M_S6. 3. The former is very close to the Yutian M_S7. 3 earthquake in 2014.Because of the same magnitude,relatively close spatial distance,short time interval,the same region of the external force,the strong correlation between two seismic tectonic and a clear stress interaction,we thus consider that the two Yutian M_S7. 3 earthquakes in 2008 and 2014 constitute a pair of generalized double shock type earthquake. This is consistent with the sequence type characteristic of past "double shock"earthquakes in the region. In this paper,the influence of the magnitude lower limit and the b-value in the relationship of G-R on the results is discussed. As a result,when the viscoelastic coseismic Coulomb stress variation is determined,the lower limit of magnitude has little effect on the maximum sequent earthquake magnitude estimation,but b-value of G-R has a greater impact on the results.

大倾角煤层开采顶板主应力方向分布特征及力学分析

为了分析大倾角煤层开采顶板最大主应力方向旋转对顶板变形破坏的影响,以新疆焦煤集团2130矿25221工作面为背景,采用物理相似模拟实验、FLAC^(3D)数值模拟方法对大倾角煤层开采过程中顶板破坏及岩层结构演化特征、最大主应力方向等值线分布及其对顶板破坏影响进行分析,在此基础上建立顶板力学模型,讨论了顶板挠度分布特征。结果表明:随工作面推进,顶板破坏包络线上方承载拱拱体范围逐渐增大,拱顶逐渐向岩层中上部延伸;顶板的最大主应力方向等值线分布形态由“m”逐渐向“n”型演化(采空区中、上部区域顶板最大主应力方向偏转程度较大),在主应力方向偏转和最优扩展裂隙角协同作用下,促使顶板中上部发生破坏并逐步向高位岩层迁移;建立顶板力学模型,通过Python编程将顶板数据代入计算可得,在顶板岩层倾向4/5处出现挠度峰值。

发泡聚乙烯最大加速度-静应力曲线快速获取方法研究

目的研究快速、准确预测最大加速度-静应力曲线的方法。方法首先利用落锤冲击试验机获取了5个不同高度下,5种不同厚度的发泡聚乙烯的最大加速度-静应力曲线。在此基础上,分析对比文中3种不同的改进拟合法与已有的动应力与动能量多项式拟合法的区别。结果研究发现,当不区分高度的情况下,以最大加速度因子为函数值,以跌落高度、衬垫厚度、静应力为变量进行拟合时,其代表预测精度R^(2)的平均为0.835,相比动应力与动能量多项式拟合法的0.2996要高。但曲线右侧的预测精度偏低。引入以静应力为变量的多项式作为修正因子后,R^(2)的平均值为0.934。预测精度有所提高,右侧的预测偏差减小,但仍存在。在区分高度的情况下,以带有修正因子的公式进行预测时,R^(2)的平均值为0.984,曲线向右侧预测偏差逐渐增大的现象明显改善。结论区分高度情况下,利用带修正因子的预测公式可以快速且较准确地预测最大加速度-静应力曲线,可以为冲击防护设计及相关软件的开发提供一定的帮助。

气顶砂岩油藏型储气库运行上限压力和库容量定量评价研究

提高运行上限压力是增加储气库工作气量最直接、最有效且综合效益最优的方案。通过在矿场井中原位实测得到的最小主应力,对冀东南堡油田1-29气顶砂岩油藏型储气库的运行上限压力和库容量进行了定量评价,研究结果表明:基于最小主应力准则,盖层发生拉张破坏对应的上限压力最低,即根据实测最小主应力确定南堡油田1-29储气库的运行上限压力为27.2 MPa。基于有效库容计算模型,综合考虑气层含水量、残余水和边缘孔隙以及油层的波及系数、气驱液效率和含油空间利用率等因素,将上限压力从原始地层压力22.5 MPa提升到27.2 MPa,储气库的有效库容从15.46×10^(8)m^(3)增加到18.14×10^(8)m^(3),库容量增加约17.3%,预期可显著提升储气库的经济效益。研究成果对其他地下储气库运行上限压力和库容量定量评价具有一定参考价值。

裂纹长度对PBX代用材料表观断裂韧性Kc的影响

表观断裂韧性(Kc)是表征高聚物粘结炸药(PBX)抵抗裂纹萌生和裂纹扩展的重要材料性能,研究表观断裂韧性Kc的尺寸效应对预测不同尺度的PBX的起裂及失效行为具有重要意义。通过中心裂纹巴西圆盘(CSTBD)试验,对PBX代用材料的表观断裂韧性Kc的尺寸效应特性进行研究,通过断裂试验研究了不同裂纹长度(2,4,6,8,10 mm)对CSTBD试样表观断裂韧性Kc的影响。并采用了传统的最大切应力(MTS)准则以及考虑Willimas级数高阶项系数和断裂扩展区(FPZ)长度预估模型的修正最大切应力(MMTS)准则,对PBX代用材料的表观断裂韧性Kc的尺寸效应解释。结果发现,随着裂纹长度的增加,Kc从0.139 MPa·m0.5增长至0.251 MPa·m0.5,并且随着裂纹长度的增加Kc趋于稳定。在使用A3项修正的FPZ长度预估模型下,相较于传统的MTS准则,使用MMTS准则能够很好地解释PBX代用材料表观断裂韧性Kc的尺寸效应。

闸片摩擦块排列方式对高速列车制动盘磨损深度的影响

制动盘的摩擦磨损是高速列车盘式制动工作失效的重要原因,且摩擦块的排列方式是影响制动盘最大磨损深度的重要因素。为研究摩擦块排列方式对制动盘最大磨损深度的影响,考虑摩擦温度、接触应力和相对滑移速度在制动过程发生变化,基于Archard磨损模型进行修正,利用ANSYS有限元仿真软件,建立制动盘-闸片三维瞬态模型,采用列车在通过42号道岔紧急制动时的工况,仿真计算不同摩擦块排列方式下制动盘摩擦面的最大磨损深度。分析最大接触应力,提出“应力磨损因子”参数,用来表征应力对最大磨损深度的影响。提取径向节点磨损深度,分析摩擦表面的磨损形貌,给出摩擦块不同排列方式对制动盘磨损深度的影响规律。研究成果为改善制动盘磨损提供理论依据和新的思路,为今后铁路制动系统闸片结构的设计提供借鉴。

蛭石增强垫片加速寿命试验的最高温度应力水平确定研究

研究高可靠性垫片的寿命通常采用加速寿命试验,而加速寿命试验要求失效机理一致,因此合理地选择垫片最高应力水平尤为重要。以蛭石增强垫片为研究对象,进行温度加速退化试验,建立了垫片的幂律退化模型,基于Arrehenius方程和激活能原理得到了失效机理转变的温度区间;在给定失效阈值前提下,对伪寿命数据服从Weibull分布进行假设检验,确定了垫片最高温度应力水平为1123 K。对退化过的垫片进行压缩回弹试验,结果表明,当退化温度高于1123 K时,垫片的压缩回弹性能明显下降,进一步说明最高温度应力水平为1123 K的合理性。

电动汽车轮毂的结构优化

轮毂作为对汽车安全有直接影响的旋转支撑部分,其安全性显得尤为重要。蜂窝结构是一种轻质、高强度的结构,其受力特性与轮毂在弯曲工况下的受力特性高度相似。因此,基于蜂窝结构对轮毂进行仿生设计,并进行响应面优化。最终仿真结果显示,轮毂的弯曲疲劳寿命达到1.72×10^(5)次,满足国标《乘用车车轮弯曲和径向疲劳性能要求及试验方法》(GB/T 5334-2021)中商用汽车轮毂弯曲疲劳寿命的要求。

四肢联动卧式健身车的结构设计与仿真分析

为了提高健身车的锻炼效果,文中设计了一种四肢联动卧式健身车,并通过解析法建立了其运动方程,一方面获得脚踏点J与扶手点S的轨迹,并据此确定各杆件的最优长度,另一方面获得点J与点S的速度与加速度,并通过运动仿真进行验证,从而确保健身车的运动平稳性;另外,在一个运动周期内对健身车进行静力学仿真,从而确保满足强度要求;最后,对机架、扶手连杆进行模态仿真,从而避免共振。结果表明:点J与点S的轨迹、速度和加速度的解析值和仿真值吻合,验证了运动方程的准确性;当l_(1)=180 mm,l_(2)=300 mm,l_(0)=600 mm时,点J与点S的轨迹最优,其速度和加速度的波动也较小;在一个运动周期内,当θ_(1)=-35°或145°时脚踏板所受应力最大,为了保证此时最大应力小于屈服强度,轴A直径须不小于15 mm;机架与扶手连杆的前4阶固有频率均高于健身车的工作频率,因此,不会发生共振。

大功率永磁盘式电机转子结构强度研究

本研究针对盘式电机转子在高速旋转时受到离心力破坏的问题,设计了一种基于储能飞轮转子结构的盘式电机转子结构。通过对比分析传统盘式电机转子结构强度,提出了利用储能飞轮转子材料高强度的特性来抵消电机盘与磁钢产生的离心力的方法,从而提高了盘式电机转子能够承受的最大转速上限。通过对不同转速下新式盘式电机转子结构的强度分析,得出转速与电机盘和转子的最大应力曲线图。结果表明,新式盘式电机转子结构理论最高转速分别是表贴式结构的4.3倍和内嵌式结构的2.7倍。为了进一步提高新式盘式电机转子结构的性能和可靠性,本文提出了一种新式盘式电机转子结构求解最优过盈量的计算方法。通过对比不同过盈量下静态与额定转速时电机盘与转子的安全系数,求出了过盈量最优值。本研究设计的新式盘式电机转子结构具有较大的实际应用价值,可以为储能飞轮等领域提供一种高性能、高转速的盘式电机转子解决方案。

基于强度和磁密的永磁电机转子结构优化

永磁电机转子作为储能飞轮的核心部件,需要具有较高的磁性能同时要满足材料结构强度要求。本文针对此问题,采用了综合评分法来衡量电机转子的电磁特性和力学特性。通过五因素四水平16项组合的优化方案,调整电机转子铁心结构参数,求出了因素主次顺序和最优组合。试验结果表明,在电机气隙磁密的基波幅值不变的情况下,转子最大应力值由原来的407.8 MPa,降低到了325.9 MPa,安全系数达到了1.227倍,满足了电机转子强度的设计要求。本研究提出了一种基于强度和气隙磁密的永磁电机转子结构优化方法,通过综合评分法实现了电机转子的气隙磁密的基波幅值与最大应力的综合指标的最优化。该方法可以解决大功率储能飞轮高速电机转子结构强度问题,提供了理论方法解决方案。

基于FLAC^(3D)对某铅锌矿巷道稳定性及采空区治理方案研究

根据Hoek-Brown准则,采用Roclab1.0软件对岩石力学实验参数数据计算,获取矿体和围岩的岩石力学参数,在此基础上运用FLAC^(3D)数值模拟铅锌矿山矿体回采后,采空区围岩及巷道最大主应力、竖向位移、塑性区的变化情况,判定铅锌矿体回采对现有巷道的影响,最终为现场采空区治理提供相应的理论依据。

撞击对电梯层门结构的破坏失效研究

为了分析重物撞击下电梯层门的安全性,同时提高电梯检验现场对层门可靠性判断的准确率和效率,研究不同滑块嵌入深度下的电梯层门在重物撞击下的破坏失效情况。基于理论分析,得到了不同滑块嵌入深度下的滑块最大应力;再运用LS-DYNA软件对重物冲撞击下的层门破坏进行数值模拟,得到了层门结构的静力学特征;设置10 mm滑块嵌入深度的相同工况下的物理撞击实验,得到滑块的变形量,最后将数值模拟结果与理论计算和物理撞击实验结果进行比对。研究表明:结合实际地坎宽度和留有安全余量的考虑,电梯的层门滑块嵌入深度设计应尽量大于30 mm,数值模拟得到的滑块最大应力值和理论计算较为接近,在4%~11%之间,数值模拟中滑块产生的变形量与物理实验的误差为11.4%,利用数值模拟来研究设置不同尺寸的电梯层门滑块嵌入深度的问题是可行的。

带式输送机滚筒筋板结构分布对其性能的分析研究

带式输送机滚筒结构对其使用稳定可靠性具有重要的影响,针对滚筒筋板的结构分布采用有限元分析的形式进行滚筒性能的分析,建立了滚筒的分析模型,并在不同的筋板间距时对滚筒的应力及位移进行计算,对不同位置的最大应力及最大位移进行分析.结果表明,可以通过减小滚筒筋板的间距来减小滚筒的最大位移及焊缝的最大应力,从而改善滚筒的使用性能.