Influence of short-term experimental warming on heat-waterprocesses of the active layer in a swamp meadow ecosystemof the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Climate change is now evident in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP), with impacts on the alpine ecosystem, particularly on water and heat balance between the active layer and the atmosphere. Thus, we document the basic characteristics of changes in the water and heat dynamics in response to experimental warming in a typical alpine swamp meadow ecosystem. Data sets under open top chambers(OTC) and the control manipulations were collected over a complete year. The results show that annual(2008) air temperatures of OTC-1 and OTC-2 were 6.7 °C and 3.5 °C warmer than the control. Rising temperature promotes plant growth and development. The freeze-thaw and isothermal days of OTCs appeared more frequently than the control, owing to comparably higher water and better vegetation conditions. OTCs soil moisture decreased with the decrease of soil depth; however, there was an obviously middle dry aquifer of the control, which is familiar in QTP. Moreover, experimental warming led to an increase in topsoil water content due to poorly drained swamp meadow ecosystem with higher organic matter content and thicker root horizons. The results of this study will have some contributions to alpine cold ecosystem water-heat process and water cycle under climate change.

Elevational patterns of warming effects on plant community and topsoil properties: focus on subalpine meadows ecosystem

Climate warming profoundly affects plant biodiversity, community productivity, and soil properties in alpine and subalpine grassland ecosystems. However, these effects are poorly understood across elevational gradients in subalpine meadow ecosystems. To reveal the elevational patterns of warming effects on plant biodiversity, community structure, productivity, and soil properties, we conducted a warming experiment using open-top chambers from August 2019 to August 2022 at high(2764 m a. s. l.), medium(2631 m a. s. l.), and low(2544 m a. s. l.) elevational gradients on a subalpine meadow slope of Mount Wutai, Northern China. Our results showed that three years of warming significantly increased topsoil temperature but significantly decreased topsoil moisture at all elevations(P<0.05), and the percentage of increasing temperature and decreasing moisture both gradually raised with elevation lifting. Warming-induced decreasing proportions of soil organic carbon(SOC, by 19.24%), and total nitrogen(TN, by 24.56%) were the greatest at high elevational gradients. Experimental warming did not affect topsoil C: N, p H, NO_(3)^(-)-N, or NH_(4)^(+)-N at the three elevational gradients. Warming significantly increased species richness(P<0.01) and Shannon-Weiner index(P<0.05) at low elevational gradients but significantly decreased belowground biomass(P<0.05) at a depth of 0–10 cm at three elevational gradients. Warming caused significant increases in the aboveground biomass in the three elevational plots. Warming significantly increased the aboveground biomass of graminoids in medium(by 92.47%) and low(by 98.25%) elevational gradients, that of sedges in high(by 72.44%) and medium(by 57.16%) elevational plots, and that of forbs in high(by 75.88%), medium(by 34.38%), and low(by 74.95%) elevational plots. Species richness had significant linear correlations with SOC, TN, and C: N(P<0.05), but significant nonlinear responses to soil temperature and soil moisture in the warmed treatment(P<0.05). The warmed aboveground biomass had a significant nonlinear response to soil temperature and significant linear responses to soil moisture(P<0.05). This study provided evidence that altitude is a factor in sensitivity to climate warming, and these different parameters(e.g., plant species richness, Shannon-Weiner index, soil temperature, soil moisture, SOC, and TN) can be used to measure this sensitivity.

Impact of Cloud on Net Ecosystem CO_(2) Exchange of Alpine Meadow in Tibetan Plateau

Meteorological elements and CO_(2) fluxes over alpine meadow ecosystem were observed continuously from 2004 to 2005 in Damxung Alpine Meadow Flux Station,China Flux Network.Based on the eddy covariance CO_(2) fluxes and meteorological data obtained,the relationships among the CO_(2) fluxes,the cloud amount,and the meteorological factors in alpine meadow ecosystem were explored and analyzed.Some conclusions can be drawn from the discussion with previous researches as following:(1)the cloud amount can affect the net ecosystem CO_(2) exchange(NEE)of alpine meadow on Tibetan Plateau;(2)the soil temperature sensitive to the cloud amount,is a major environmental controlling factor for NEE,and closely relates to the maximum of NEE.In the moming period with large cloud amount,the NEE reaches its maximum when the clearness index ranges from 0.5 to 0.7;yet in the afternoon it comes to the maximum with the index from 0.2 to 0.35.The span of soil temperature covers from 12 to 15℃as the NEE at its highest;(3)the scatterplots between NEE and photosynthetic available radiation(PAR)was a significant inverse triangle in the clear day,two different kinds of concave curves in the cloudy day,and strongly convergent rectangular hyperbola in the overcast day.These differences were controlled by the changes of light radiation and soil temperature.

Establishment of apparent quantum yield and maximum ecosystem assimilation on Tibetan Plateau alpine meadow ecosystem

The alpine meadow is widely distributed on the Tibetan Plateau with an area of about 1.2×106km2. Damxung County, located in the hinterland of the Tibetan Plateau, is the place covered with this typical vegetation. An open-path eddy covariance system was set up in Damxung rangeland station to measure the carbon flux of alpine meadow from July to October, 2003. The continuous carbon flux data were used to analyze the relationship between net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange (NEE) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), as well as the seasonal patterns of apparent quantum yield (α) and maximum ecosystem assimilation (Pmax). Results showed that the daytime NEE fitted fairly well with the PAR in a rectangular hyperbola function, with α declining in the order of peak growth period (0.0244 μmolCO2 · μmol-1PAR) > early growth period > seed maturing period > withering period (0.0098 μmolCO2 · μmol-1PAR). The Pmax did not change greatly during the first three periods, with an average of 0.433 mgCO2 · m-2 · s-1,i.e. 9.829 μmolCO2 · m-2 · s-1. However, during the withering period, Pmax was only 0.35 mgCO2 · m-2 · s-1, i.e. 7.945 μmolCO2 · m-2 · s-1. Compared with other grassland ecosystems, the α of the Tibetan Plateau alpine meadow ecosystem was much lower.

Sulfur cycle in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland ecosystem in the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China

The sulfur cycle and its compartmental distribution within an atmosphere-plant-soil system was studied using a compartment model in the typical meadow Calamagrostis angustifolia wetland in the Sanjiang Plain Northeast China. The results showed that in the typical meadow C. angustifolia wetland ecosystem, soil was the main storage compartment and current hinge of sulfur in which 98.4% sulfur was accumulated, while only 1.6% sulfur was accumulated in the plant compartment. In the plant subsystem, roots and litters were the main storage compartment of sulfur and they remained 83.5% of the total plant sulfur. The calculations of sulfur turnover through the compartments of the typical meadow C. angustifolia wetland ecosystem demonstrated that the above-ground component took up 0.99 gS/m^2 from the root, of which 0.16 gS/m^2 was translocated to the roots and 0.83 gS/m^2 to the litter. The roots took in 1.05 gS/m^2 from the soil, subsequent translocation back to the soil accounted for 1.31 gS/m^2, while there was 1.84 gS/m^2 in the litter and the net transfer of sulfur to the soil was more than 0.44 gS/（m^2·a）. The emission of H2S from the typical meadow C. angustifolia wetland ecosystem to the atmosphere was 1.83 mgS/（m^2·a）, while carbonyl sulfide （COS） was absorbed by the typical meadow C. angustifolia wetland ecosystem from the atmosphere at the rate of 1.76 mgS/（m^2·a）. The input of sulfur by the rainfall to the ecosystem was 4.85 mgS/m^2 during the growing season. The difference between input and output was 4.78 mgS/m^2, which indicated that sulfur was accumulated in the ecosystem and may cause wetland acidify in the future.

STABILITY OF ALPINE MEADOW ECOSYSTEM ON THE QINGHAI-TIBETAN PLATEAU

The meadow ecosystem on the Qing- hai-Tibetan Plateau is considered to be sensitive to climate change. An understanding of the alpine meadow ecosystem is therefore important for pre- dicting the response of ecosystems to climate change. In this study, we use the coefficients of variation (Cv) and stability (E) obtained from the Haibei Alpine Meadow Ecosystem Research Station to characterize the ecosystem stability. The results suggest that the net primary production of the alpine meadow eco- system was more stable (Cv = 13.18%) than annual precipitation (Cv = 16.55%) and annual mean air temperature (Cv = 28.82%). The net primary produc- tion was insensitive to either the precipitation (E = 0.0782) or air temperature (E = 0.1113). In summary, the alpine meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai- Tibetan Plateau is much stable. Comparison of alpine meadow ecosystem stability with other five natural grassland ecosystems in Israel and southern African indicates that the alpine meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is the most stable ecosys- tem. The alpine meadow ecosystem with relatively simple structure has high stability, which indicates that community stability is not only correlated with biodiversity and community complicity but also with environmental stability. An average oscillation cycles of 3―4 years existed in annual precipitation, annual mean air temperature, net primary production and the population size of consumers at the Haibei natural ecosystem. The high stability of the alpine meadow ecosystem may be resulting also from the adaptation of the ecosystem to the alpine environment.

Comparing the seasonal variation of parameter estimation of ecosystem carbon exchange between alpine meadow and cropland in Heihe River Basin,northwestern China

Grasslands and agro-ecosystems occupy one-third of the global terrestrial area. However, great uncertainty still exists about their contributions to the global carbon cycle. This study used various combinations of a simple ecosystem respiration model and a photosynthesis model to simulate the influence of different climate factors, specifically radiation, temperature, and moisture, on the ecosystem carbon exchange at two dissimilar study sites. Using a typical alpine meadow site in a cold region and a typical cropland site in an arid region as cases, we investigated the response char- acteristics of productivity of grasslands and croplands to different environmental factors, and analyzed the seasonal change patterns of different model parameters. Parameter estimations and uncertainty analyses were performed based on a Bayesian approach. Our results indicated that： （1） the net ecosystem exchange （NEE） of alpine meadow and seeded maize during the growing season presented obvious diurnal and seasonal variation patterns. On the whole, the alpine meadow and seeded maize ecosystems were both apparent sinks for atmospheric CO2; （2） in the daytime, the mean NEE of the two ecosystems had the largest values in July and the lowest values in October. However, overall carbon uptake in the cropland was greater than in the alpine meadow from June to September; （3） at the alpine meadow site, temperature was the main limiting factor influencing the ecosystem carbon exchange variations during the growing season, while the sensitivity to water limitation was relatively small since there is abundant of rainfall in this region; （4） at the cropland site, both temperature and moisture were the most important limiting factors for the variations of ecosystem carbon exchanges during the growing season; and （5） some parameters had an obvious characteristic of seasonal patterns, while others had only small seasonal variations.

The weak effects of fencing on ecosystem respiration,CH4,and N2O fluxes in a Tibetan alpine meadow during the growing season

Fencing is the most common land-management practice to protect grassland degradation from livestock overgrazing on the Tibetan Plateau. However, it is unclear whether fencing reduces CO_2, CH_4, and N_2O emission. Here, we selected four vegetation types of alpine meadow(graminoid, shrub, forb, and sparse vegetation) to determine fencing effects on ecosystem respiration(Re), CH_4, and N_2O fluxes during the growing season. Despite increased average monthly ecosystem respiration(Re) for fenced graminoid vegetation at the end of the growing season, there was no significant difference between grazing and fencing across all vegetation types. Fencing significantly reduced average CH_4 uptake by about 50% in 2008 only for forb vegetation and increased average N_2O release for graminoid vegetation by 38% and 48% in 2008 and 2009,respectively. Temperature, moisture, total organic carbon, C/N, nitrate, ammonia, and/or bulk density of soil, as well as above-and belowground biomass, explained 19%~71% and 6%~33% of variation in daily and average Re and CH_4 fluxes across all vegetation types, while soil-bulk density explained 27% of variation in average N_2O fluxes. Stepwise regression showed that soil temperature and soil moisture controlled average Re, while soil moisture and bulk density controlled average CH_4 fluxes. These results indicate that abiotic factors control Re, CH_4, and N_2O fluxes; and grazing exclusion has little effect on reducing their emission—implying that climatic change rather than grazing may have a more important influence on the budgets of Re and CH_4 for the Tibetan alpine meadow during the growing season.

Effects of warming and clipping on plant and soil properties of an alpine meadow in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China

Climate warming and livestock grazing are known to have great influences on alpine ecosystems like those of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau （QTP） in China. However, it is lacking of studies on the effects of warming and grazing on plant and soil properties in these alpine ecosystems. In this study, we reported the related research from manipulative experiment in 2010-2012 in the QTP. The aim of this study was to investigate the individual and combined effects of warming and clipping on plant and soil properties in the alpine meadow ecosystem. Infrared radiators were used to simulate climate warming starting in July 2010, while clipping was performed once in Octo- ber 2011 to simulate the local livestock grazing. The experiment was designed as a randomized block consisting of five replications and four treatments： control （CK）, warming （W）, clipping （C） and warming＋clipping combination （WC）. The plant and soil properties were investigated in the growing season of the alpine meadow in 2012. The results showed that W and WC treatments significantly decreased relative humidity at 20-cm height above ground as well as significantly increases air temperature at the same height, surface temperature, and soil temperature at the depth of 0-30 cm. However, the C treatment did not significantly decrease soil moisture and soil temperature at the depth of 0-60 cm. Relative to CK, vegetation height and species number increased significantly in W and WC treatment, respectively, while vegetation aboveground biomass decreased significantly in C treatment in the early growing season. However, vegetation cover, species diversity, belowground biomass and soil properties at the depth of 0-30 cm did not differ significantly in W, C and WC treatments. Soil moisture increased at the depth of 40-100 cm in W and WC treatments, while belowground biomass, soil activated carbon, organic carbon and total nitrogen increased in the 30-50 cm soil layer in W, C and WC treatments. Although the initial responses of plant and soil properties to experimental warming and clipping were slow and weak, the drought induced by the down- ward shift of soil moisture in the upper soil layers may induce plant belowground biomass to transfer to the deeper soil layers. This movement would modify the distributions of soil activated carbon, organic carbon and total nitrogen However, long-term data collection is needed to further explain this interesting phenomenon.

高寒嵩草草甸稳态特征及退化演替过程

系统构件因子对干扰响应与适应过程是明晰生态系统稳定性维持及稳态转化的基础和核心,对退化生态系统修复研究具有重要的理论指导意义。以高寒嵩草草甸退化演替模式序列为研究对象,探讨不同演替稳态植物群落数量特征、土壤养分特征、下垫面特征同退化演替的协同变化关系,研究发现:(1)高寒嵩草草甸退化演替过程中植物、土壤、下垫面特征对退化响应具有异步性,其中起负反馈效应的因子对系统特征稳定性的维持具有重要意义,是导致系统特征出现平台期的主要原因。(2)由于高寒嵩草草甸不同构件因子对退化响应的敏感性不同,导致高寒嵩草草甸随退化程度的加深,对退化响应敏感的因子逐渐被非敏感因子取代,进而造成系统稳态的转化和系统总体特征在整个退化演替中的阶梯性变化。因此,高寒嵩草草甸构件因子对退化干扰的异步性响应过程和负反馈效应维持了平台期系统特征的相对稳定,但在退化演替过程中,随着维持系统特征稳定的非敏感性因子逐渐被取代,系统将发生稳态转化。

划破草皮技术对退化高寒小嵩草草甸土壤及植被恢复的影响

【目的】明确不同土壤草皮划破技术对高寒小嵩草草甸土壤理化性质和植物群落地上生产力恢复的影响。【方法】以退化小嵩草草甸的不同土层深度(0~10、10~20、20~30、30~40 cm)土壤养分、水分、紧实度等特征及植物群落生长繁殖特性为评判指标,分析划破草皮(C_(1))、划破草皮+补播(C_(2))、划破草皮+施肥(C_(3))、划破草皮+补播+施肥(C_(4))4种草皮划破技术处理对土壤理化性质和植物群落地上生产力恢复的影响。【结果】4种草皮划破技术处理下土壤湿度分别比对照增加了0.09%、4.80%、3.58%和4.05%,对土壤碳、氮、磷和钾含量亦具有一定程度的提升效果。双因素方差分析结果表明,处理方式、土壤深度及两者的交互作用对土壤全碳和全氮含量存在极显著影响(P<0.01)。不同处理方式对植物群落及实生苗数量特征存在不同程度的提升效应(P<0.01),其中,C_(2)处理植物群落密度比对照增加了68.77株/m^(2)(P<0.05);双子叶植物数量与土壤无机碳含量存在极显著负相关关系(P<0.01),相关系数为-0.37。基于不同处理的土壤物理性质(土壤湿度、土壤温度、土壤紧实度)、全量养分(全氮、全碳)和速效养分(有效磷、速效钾、铵态氮)含量的标准化多维数据分析结果表明,单一划破草皮处理(C_(1))在短期内对土壤物理和化学性质的综合改善能力较弱,而在划破草皮之上辅以补播或施肥处理对土壤理化性质的改善和限制性养分的活化效果更优。【结论】采用划破草皮配合外源种库和外源养分添加的生态恢复措施可以在短期内提高退化小嵩草草甸生产能力和土壤限制性养分含量,在生态恢复实践中具有一定的应用前景。

基于格局-质量-功能的高寒草甸区生态脆弱性分析——以云南迪庆为例

以滇西北高寒草甸区为研究对象,通过建立格局-质量-功能框架开展其生态系统脆弱性时空特征评价,并利用地理加权回归模型分析各因子对生态系统脆弱性变化的空间异质性影响.结果表明:滇西北高寒草甸区生态系统脆弱性指数(EVI)格局由北向南递减.2000~2020年迪庆北部地区的生态系统脆弱性指数呈增加趋势,生态脆弱性性指数最高增加了0.30,中南部绝大部分地区呈下降趋势.影响因子对生态系统脆弱性敏感性显著,气候因子对迪庆北部和南部地区的生态系统脆弱性敏感,经济(GDP)、人口(POP)等因子是导致区域生态系统脆弱性指数增加的主要因素.

祁连山南麓露天矿区高寒草地植被生态系统稳定性研究——以青海木里-聚乎更矿区为例

高寒草原矿区生态安全问题一直备受关注,开展高寒草原矿区植被生态系统稳定性研究,能够深刻揭示露天采矿活动及其生态修复工程对高寒草原矿区植被生态系统的影响。以祁连山南麓青海木里-聚乎更矿区为研究区,通过分析煤矿开采前至修复完成后2002—2022年共9期Landsat遥感影像,基于归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据的网格化处理,以NDVI的均值(μ)、均方差(σ)和相对涨落值(δ)3个植被稳定性指数为依据,开展煤矿露天开采与整治修复过程对矿区植被生态系统稳定性的影响研究,揭示煤矿开采前至修复治理后全生命周期矿区植被生态系统变异性与稳定性特征,并对比两次生态修复的效果。结果表明:①矿区天然草地背景区植被生态系统处于宏观稳定状态,NDVI相对涨落值δ<0.45;②与天然草地背景区相比,煤矿开采后矿区NDVI相对涨落值明显增加,与背景区阈值的差值可达0.97,说明矿区植被生态系统失稳;③2015—2017年第一次修复治理后,矿区NDVI相对涨落值未能有效降低,该值范围为0.28~1.10,覆土+人工建植在高寒草原矿区修复效果不显著;④2020—2022年第二次修复治理后,矿区植被生态系统稳定性明显改善,治理区NDVI相对涨落值降低至与天然草地背景区相似水平(0.07~0.59),矿区植被生态系统稳定性排序为矿区坑底平台>矿区矿坑斜坡>矿区渣山;⑤土壤改良显著提高了各地形条件下植被生态系统的稳定性,促进植被正向演替,地形是影响矿区植被生态恢复的主要因子,可通过优化矿区渣山与阴坡斜坡的治理措施来进一步提升矿山受损植被生态系统的恢复效率。研究成果可为我国高寒草原矿区的资源合理开发和生态建设提供科学依据。

高山草甸生态系统修复单元划定研究——以达日县为例

受高海拔和高原气候的影响,高寒草甸极易发生退化,且草地生态系统对水源涵养、土壤保持、防风固沙、生物多样性等生态系统服务功能有重要影响,在保障区域生态安全格局和响应全球气候变化等方面发挥着重要的作用。达日县具有典型的高寒草甸生态系统,本研究基于达日2015-2020年草地生态监测数据、遥感影像数据、大气监测数据、土壤监测等数据,运用遥感解译、空间分析、水量平衡方程、土壤流失方程、修成风蚀方程、INVEST模型等方法,分析草地退化,评价草地生态系统服务功能,划分主导生态功能分区,对生态修复单元划定进行研究,结果显示,(1)达日生态主导功能以水源涵养和生物多样性及土壤保持为主;(2)中重度退化草地近草地总面积的40%;(3)共划分7个生态修复单元:夏曲流域草地退化修复单元、昂苍曲流域草地退化修复单元、吉迈河流域草地退化修复单元、黄河沿岸草地退化修复单元、达日河流域综合修复单元、柯曲流域综合修复单元、尼曲流域草地退化修复单元。研究结果将为高寒草甸退化地区生态修复提供方向。

增温对青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统固碳通量影响的模拟研究

低温被广泛认为是高寒草甸生态系统首要限制性因子,因此增温可能会在某种程度上促进初级生产力,但是也可能由于土壤水分、N素营养状况的改变形成新胁迫而抑制生产力提高。此外,生态系统呼吸由于增温而提高的幅度也可能高于初级生产力提高的幅度,造成总碳库平衡的改变。利用青藏高原海北高寒草甸实测数据对生态系统过程模型Biome-BGC(V.4.2)进行了参数化,并利用研究区实测土壤水分(0-40 cm)和其它观测数据对模型进行了检验,证明模型模拟结果较为可靠。模型使用2005-2008年的海北气象站实测气象数据包括气温、降水等作为驱动数据,模拟了增温1.2-1.7℃下青藏高原海北定位站高寒草甸生态系统碳通量的变化,并整合分析增温试验平台上已发表的试验,与模拟结果进行对比,探讨增温对海北高寒草甸生态系统碳收支的可能影响。结果表明:2005-2008年青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统为弱的碳汇,短期增温导致系统净碳固定增加。增温直接影响系统碳通量,也通过土壤水分和土壤矿化氮变化间接影响碳通量,相比土壤水分和氮素,增温对影响碳通量变化过程中的效应更大;研究也揭示,在增温条件下,植物对土壤矿化氮的吸收量小于有机质分解产生的土壤矿化氮量,土壤矿化氮含量增加。

祁连山海北高寒湿地植物群落结构及生态特征

海北高寒湿地系沼泽型和湖泊型湿地相并存．海北高寒湿地植物种类组成较少，从湿地中央到边缘植物优势种组成不同，群落结构变化明显．中部以帕米尔苔草为主要植物建群种的沼泽草甸，边缘地带以藏嵩草为主要建群种的沼泽化草甸，从中央到边缘地带主要有25种植物组成，隶属10科20属．高寒湿地植物有较高的地上生物量（349．373g·m^-2）和地下生物量（仅1～40cm层次最高可达10769．301g·m^-2），而且地下部分远高于地上部分，地下生物量从表层到深层基本均匀下降，与矮嵩草草甸和金露梅灌丛草甸区的地下生物量分布截然不同．因湿地帕米尔苔草、藏嵩草、黑褐苔草、华扁穗草等为主的植物粗纤维高，牲畜利用率下降，不论地上还是地下对土壤有机物的补给均较高，多年的积累使其海北高寒湿地有深达2～3m的泥炭层，使湿地形成一个非常重要的碳库．在气候变暖的条件下，这些未分解或半分解的土壤有机物质（或残体）将加速分解，对大气有更多的CO2、CH4等温室气体的排放．

青藏高原东缘高寒草原有毒植物分布与高原鼠兔、高原鼢鼠的相关性

青藏高原高寒草原生态系统是我国特有的生态系统类型,由于受到人为破坏的影响,目前该地区草原生态系统功能退化,优良牧草减少,有毒植物蔓延。高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)和高原鼢鼠(Myospalax baileyi)是青藏高原东缘高寒草原中最重要的两种小型哺乳动物,其采食行为和挖掘洞穴的生活特性必然对生态系统产生影响,但其与有毒植物之间的互作关系尚未揭示。基于此,在甘肃省玛曲县河曲马场自然生长的高寒草原生态系统中开展了有毒植物的分布与高原鼠兔、高原鼢鼠之间的相关性研究。结果表明,该高寒草原生态系统中分布有毒植物27种,分属于菊科、豆科、毛茛科等11科。在此基础上,测定了该地区有毒植物的生物多样性指数、均匀度指数和丰富度指数,并探究了单位面积条件下有毒植物的分布特征与高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠种群密度之间的相关性,发现该地区高寒草原有毒植物的蔓延与高原鼠兔的密度之间存在密切的负相关关系(P<0.05),而与高原鼢鼠的相关性不显著(P>0.05)。

鼠类活动对高寒草甸植物群落及土壤环境的影响

三江源区是青藏高原的重要组成部分,素有"中华水塔"之称,同时也是世界高海拔区生物多样性最丰富、最集中的地区,有"高原生物基因库"之称。但由于近年来气候变暖、冰川退缩、过度放牧等因素致使三江源区草地退化严重,其中频繁的鼠类活动无疑进一步加剧了草地退化的速度和进程。鼠类活动对三江源区整个草甸生态系统既有消极的作用,又有积极作用,但是目前尚缺乏系统科学的量化研究。本文在对三江源区典型区域青海省果洛州主要鼠类种群调查和查阅大量文献资料的基础上,探讨了鼠类活动对三江源区高寒草甸植物群落及土壤环境的影响,结果表明,维持适宜的鼠类种群密度对于三江源区高寒草甸的可持续发展和草地资源保护具有重要的作用。

高寒草甸生态系统中高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠的捕食风险及生存对策

调查青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统中两种主要啮齿动物及其天敌动物的种群密度,分析天敌动物对两种啮齿类的捕食方式、捕食强度,探讨啮齿类动物的捕食风险及生存对策。研究结果表明,高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠的种群密度分别为4.97只/hm2和10.6只/hm2,而它们的主要天敌赤狐、艾虎和香鼬的种群密度分别为0.16只/100hm2、0.37只/100hm2、3只/100hm2。艾虎和香鼬在取食过程中主要搜寻啮齿类的洞道系统,全部食物几乎都来源于洞道系统内;赤狐或取食地面活动的鼠兔,或挖掘洞口待高原鼢鼠封闭洞口时取食猎物。高原鼠兔在赤狐、艾虎和香鼬的食物中所出现的频次分别为100%、96.1%、100%,高原鼢鼠在3种天敌动物的食物中所出现的频次分别为87.5%、73.2%、0%。3种天敌动物对高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠的捕食强度分别为0.703%和0.038%,高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠所承受的捕食风险分别为0.780和0.393。高原鼠兔在高的捕食风险下通过行为对策和繁殖对策增加其适合度,而承受捕食风险较小的高原鼢鼠主要通过封闭的洞道系统和高的存活率增加其适合度。

青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统的恢复能力

近年来,青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统呈现退化的趋势。本文利用中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站多年观测的长时间序列数据,采用定量方法度量高寒草甸自然生态系统的恢复能力,评估该系统的持久性,并结合系统现状提出避免系统崩溃的对策。结果表明,高寒草甸净初级生产力的动态行为以对降水和气温的即时直接响应为主。无论是净初级生产力对自身的"记忆"程度,还是主要气候因子对初级生产力的"滞后"作用,均比较微弱,说明高寒草甸生态系统有较强的恢复能力,即有较强的持久能力。与世界其他地区草地生态系统恢复能力度量结果相比较,高寒草甸生态系统显示较强的恢复能力。科学地利用高寒草地资源,积极恢复治理退化草地,是维持脆弱的高寒草甸生态系统持久的关键。