Accurate Quantification of Grassland Cover Density in an Alpine Meadow Soil Based on Remote Sensing and GPS

The principles of remotely estimating grassland cover density in an alpine meadow soil from space lie in the synchronous collection of in situ samples with the satellite pass and statistically linking these cover densities to their image properties according to their geographic coordinates. The principles and procedures for quantifying grassland cover density from satellite image data were presented with an example from Qinghai Lake, China demonstrating how quantification could be made more accurate through the integrated use of remote sensing and global positioning systems (GPS). An empirical model was applied to an entire satellite image to convert pixel values into ground cover density. Satellite data based on 68 field samples was used to produce a map of ten cover densities. After calibration a strong linear regression relationship (r2 = 0.745) between pixel values on the satellite image and in situ measured grassland cover density was established with an 89% accuracy level. However, to minimize positional uncertainty of field samples, integrated use of hyperspatial satellite data and GPS could be utilized. This integration could reduce disparity in ground and space sampling intervals, and improve future quantification accuracy even more.

Studies on Fast Remediation of Soda Meadow Alkaline Soil

Researches on models of remediation quickly in soda meadow alkaline soil, and dynamic variation of water-salt in saline soil of Zhaozhou County were studied systematically from 2001 to 2006. Realize the vegetation cover of those years through the artificial planting, mixed seeding lyme grass （Elymus dahuricus Turcz） and melilot in the mode of rotary tillage and deep loosening in lower and medium saline soils. The results showed that there was remarkable relationship between net evaporation （difference of precipitation and evaporation） and total salt content in the soil. The net evaporation could be used as a new method to forecast the dynamics variation of salt to ensure the pasture optimum sowing time. Realize the autumnal vegetation cover of those years through direct planting on the bourgeon layer of soda meadow alkaline soil, on the other hand, the covered pasture made the function of restraining salt and alkaline content to realize the biology reverse succession quickly. Forage seeds were seeded directly on the seeding bed of soda alkaline meadow at the end of July. In fall of the same year, a certain amount of biomass was obtained. The model, which has remarkable economical efficiency and use widely, represented the innovative model for the fast vegetation restoration on the soda alkaline meadow soil.

Variation of Soil CO_2 Flux and Carbon Density in Three Apline Meadows

Three alpine meadows were chosen from the eastern margin of the Qilian Mountain：Polygonum viviparum meadow（P）,Stipa capillata grassland（S）and Rhododendron simsii shrub meadow（R）;LI-8100 A soil CO2 flux auto-monitoring system and lab analysis were applied to analyze the soil organic carbon density,dynamics of carbon flux,and their relationship with environmental factors.The results showed that different vegetations varied greatly in soil organic carbon density：R 〉 S 〉 P,and the soil carbon density reduced with the increasing depth;soil CO2flux：S 〉 P 〉 R,and sample plot P and S showed unimodal changes.The peak values appeared at 14：00-15：00 p.m.;soil CO2 flux was negatively correlated with near-ground air humidity and carbon content,positively correlated with soil temperature and near-ground air temperature,and showed no obvious correlation with soil moisture.

Influence of land cover changes on the physical and chemical properties of alpine meadow soil

Taking the alpine cold meadow grassland in the southeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau as an ex-ample, this research deals with the characteristics of alpine meadow soil property changes, including soil nutrients, soil physical properties and soil moisture content under different land coverage conditions. With the degradation of grassland vegetation and the decline of vegetation coverage, soil com-pactness reduces, gravel content increases and bulk density increases. The originally dense root-system layer is gradually denuded, making the soil coarse and gravel. The change of the organic matter contents with the vegetation coverage change in the surface soil layer (0—20 cm) has shown an obvious cubic polynomial curve process. The organic matter contents increase rapidly when land coverage is above 60%, contrarily decreases on a large scale when land coverage is below 30%. Between 30%—60% of land coverage the or-ganic matter contents remain stable. The total N and organic matter contents in soil have shown quite similar change regularity. Following this the mathematic equations are de-rived to describe such change processes. Moisture content in soil changes sharply with the vegetation coverage change. Soil moisture content change with the vegetation coverage change has shown a quadratic parabola process. Results have shown that organic matter content and the total N con-tent of the alpine meadow soil decrease by 14890 kg/hm2 and 5505 kg/hm2 respectively as the vegetation coverage reduces from 90% to less than 30%. The heavy changes of soil physical and chemical properties with grassland degradation have made the recovery of alpine meadow ecological system impossible. The protection of alpine meadow vegetation is of vital importance to the maintenance of the regional soil en-vironment and the regional ecological system.

Warming effects on plant biomass allocation and correlations with the soil environment in an alpine meadow,China

Alpine meadow ecosystem is fragile and highly sensitive to climate change.An understanding of the allocation of above-and below-ground plant biomass and correlations with environmental factors in alpine meadow ecosystem can result in better protection and effective utilization of alpine meadow vegetation.We chose an alpine meadow in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of China as the study area and designed experimental warming plots using a randomized block experimental design.We used single-tube infrared radiators as warming devices,established the warming treatments,and measured plant above- （AGB） and below-ground biomass （BGB） during the growing seasons （May to September） in 2012 and 2013.We determined the allocation of biomass and the relationship between biomass and soil environment under the warming treatment.Biomass indices including above-ground biomass,below-ground biomass and the ratio of root to shoot （R/S） ,and soil factors including soil moisture and soil temperature at different depths were measured.The results showed that （1） BGB of the alpine meadow had the most significant allometric correlation with its AGB （y=298.7x~ （0.44） ,P〈0.001） ,but the relationship decreased under warming treatment and the determination coefficient of the functional equation was 0.102 which was less than that of 0.188 of the unwarming treatment （control） ; （2） BGB increased,especially in the deeper soil layers under warming treatment （P〉0.05） .At 0–10 cm soil depth,the percentages of BGB under warming treatment were smaller than those of the control treatment with the decreases being 8.52% and 8.23% in 2012 and 2013,respectively.However,the BGB increased 2.13% and 2.06% in 2012 and 2013,respectively,at 10–50 cm soil depths; （3） BGB had significant positive correlations with soil moisture at 100 cm depth and with soil temperature at 20–100 cm depths （P〈0.05） ,but the mean correlation coefficient of soil temperature was 0.354,greater than the 0.245 of soil moisture.R/S ratio had a significant negative correlation with soil temperature at 20 cm depth （P〈0.05） .The warmer soil temperatures in shallow layers increased the biomass allocation to above-ground plant parts,which leading to the increase in AGB;whereas the enhanced thawing of frozen soil in deep layers causing by warming treatment produced more moisture that affected plant biomass allocation.

Levels of Germinable Seed in Topsoil and Yak Dung on an Alpine Meadow on the North-East Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

In order to clarify the interactive mechanism between grazing yak and alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,our study assessed seed density（by species） in the topsoil of alpine meadow with different grazing intensities in the Tianzhu area,north-eastern margins of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and their rates of occurrence in yak dung.Seed density in the topsoil of the lightly grazed,moderately grazed,heavily grazed and extremely grazed alpine meadows in November,2010 were 1 551,1 692,2 660 and 1 830 grains m-2,while in the same meadows in April,2011 densities were 1 530,2 404,2 530 and 2 692 grains m-2,respectively.In the cold season pasture,mean seed density in yak dung from November to April in the lightly grazed,moderately grazed,heavily grazed and extremely grazed sites were 121,127,187,and 120 grains kg-1of dry yak dung.The proportion of total seed numbers in yak dung to soil seed bank in lightly grazed,moderately grazed,heavily grazed and extremely grazed alpine meadow was 1.40,2.62,0.69,and 0.90%.12 species out of the 47 were not found in topsoil but were found in yak dung,10 species out of 45 were not found in yak dung but were found in the topsoil.Endozoochorous dispersal by yaks is therefore very important for soil seed bank and plant biodiversity and population dynamics in alpine meadows.

Diurnal Variation of Soil CO2 Efflux and Its Optimal Measuring Time-window of Temperate Meadow Steppes in Western Songnen Plain, China

In order to study the diurnal variation of soil CO_2 efflux from temperate meadow steppes in Northeast China, and determine the best time for observation, a field experiment was conducted with a LI-6400 soil CO_2 flux system under five typical plant communities(Suaeda glauca(Sg), Chloris virgata(Cv), Puccinellia distans(Pd), Leymus chinensis(Lc) and Phragmites australis(Pa)) and an alkali-spot land(As) at the meadow steppe of western Songnen Plain. The results showed that the diurnal variation of soil CO_2 efflux exhibited a single peak curve in the growing season. Diurnal maximum soil respiration(Rs) often appeared between 11:00 and 13:00, while the minimum occurred at 21:00–23:00 or before dawn. Air temperature near the soil surface(Ta) and soil temperature at 10 cm depth(T10) exerted dominant control on the diurnal variations of soil respiration. The time-windows 7:00–9:00 could be used as the optimal measuring time to represent the daily mean soil CO_2 efflux at the Cv, Pd, Lc and Pa sites. The daily mean soil CO_2 efflux was close to the soil CO_2 efflux from 15:00 to 17:00 and the mean of 2 individual soil CO_2 efflux from 15:00 to 19:00 at the As and Sg sites, respectively. During nocturnal hours, negative soil CO_2 fluxes(CO_2 downwards into the soil) were frequently observed at the As and Sg sites, the magnitude of the negative CO_2 fluxes were 0.10–1.55 μmol/(m^2·s) and 0.10–0.69 μmol/(m^2·s)at the two sites. The results implied that alkaline soils could absorb CO_2 under natural condition, which might have significant implications to the global carbon budget accounting.

Effects of warming and clipping on plant and soil properties of an alpine meadow in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China

Climate warming and livestock grazing are known to have great influences on alpine ecosystems like those of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau （QTP） in China. However, it is lacking of studies on the effects of warming and grazing on plant and soil properties in these alpine ecosystems. In this study, we reported the related research from manipulative experiment in 2010-2012 in the QTP. The aim of this study was to investigate the individual and combined effects of warming and clipping on plant and soil properties in the alpine meadow ecosystem. Infrared radiators were used to simulate climate warming starting in July 2010, while clipping was performed once in Octo- ber 2011 to simulate the local livestock grazing. The experiment was designed as a randomized block consisting of five replications and four treatments： control （CK）, warming （W）, clipping （C） and warming＋clipping combination （WC）. The plant and soil properties were investigated in the growing season of the alpine meadow in 2012. The results showed that W and WC treatments significantly decreased relative humidity at 20-cm height above ground as well as significantly increases air temperature at the same height, surface temperature, and soil temperature at the depth of 0-30 cm. However, the C treatment did not significantly decrease soil moisture and soil temperature at the depth of 0-60 cm. Relative to CK, vegetation height and species number increased significantly in W and WC treatment, respectively, while vegetation aboveground biomass decreased significantly in C treatment in the early growing season. However, vegetation cover, species diversity, belowground biomass and soil properties at the depth of 0-30 cm did not differ significantly in W, C and WC treatments. Soil moisture increased at the depth of 40-100 cm in W and WC treatments, while belowground biomass, soil activated carbon, organic carbon and total nitrogen increased in the 30-50 cm soil layer in W, C and WC treatments. Although the initial responses of plant and soil properties to experimental warming and clipping were slow and weak, the drought induced by the down- ward shift of soil moisture in the upper soil layers may induce plant belowground biomass to transfer to the deeper soil layers. This movement would modify the distributions of soil activated carbon, organic carbon and total nitrogen However, long-term data collection is needed to further explain this interesting phenomenon.

Relations between the Underground Biomass and Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen of the Alpine Meadow at the Eastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

This article, by combining field investigation with laboratorial analysis, studies diverse alpine meadow at the Eastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau for the underground biomass dynamics, vertical distribution of the content of soil carbon and nitrogen, the connection between the biomass and the content of carbon and nitrogen. The studies show that underground biomass in the herb layer of upland meadow is more than that in the terrace meadow, while underground biomass in the upland shrubland is the most. The vertical distribution of underground biomass of each type is obvious as in shape of＂T＂. As to the distribution of the content of soil organic carbon in the three sample grounds, it showed that the deeper the soil the less the content of soil organic carbon. In May, unlike at terrace meadow, the underground biomass and the content of soil organic carbon in positive proportion, such revelation at upland meadow and upland shrubland is not apparent. In July, at upland meadow and terrace meadow the underground biomass and the content of soil total nitrogen in positive proportion, such revelation at upland shrubland is not apparent either.

Effects of soil nutrients and climate factors on belowground biomass in an alpine meadow in the source region of the Yangtze-Yellow rivers, Tibetan Plateau of China

Improving our knowledge of the effects of environmental factors （e.g. soil conditions, precipitation and temperature） on belowground biomass in an alpine grassland is essential for understanding the consequences of carbon storage in this biome. The object of this study is to investigate the relative importance of soil nutrients and climate factors on belowground biomass in an alpine meadow in the source region of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers, Tibetan Plateau. Soil organic carbon （SOC）, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorous （TP） contents and belowground biomass were measured at 22 sampling sites across an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau. We analyzed the data by using the redundancy analysis to determine the main environmental factors affecting the belowground biomass and the contribution of each factor. The results showed that SOC, TN and TP were the main factors that influenced belowground biomass, and the contribution of SOC, TN and TP on biomass was in the range of 47.87%-72.06% at soil depths of 0-30 cm. Moreover, the combined contribution of annual mean temperature （AMT） and mean annual precipitation （MAP） on belowground biomass ranged from 0.92% to 4.10%. A potential mechanism for the differences in belowground biomass was caused by the variations in soil nitrogen and phosphorous, which were coupled with SOC. A significant correlation was observed between MAP and soil nutrients （SOC, TN and TP） at the soil depth of 0-10 cm （P〈0.05）. We concluded that precipitation is an important driving force in regulating ecosystem functioning as reflected in variations of soil nutrients （SOC, TN and TP） and dynamics of belowground biomass in alpine grassland ecosystems.

Effects of Grazing Exclusion on Plant Productivity and Soil Carbon, Nitrogen Storage in Alpine Meadows in Northern Tibet, China

Grazing exclusion is widely adopted in restoring degraded alpine grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. However, its effectiveness remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of grazing exclusion on plant productivity, species diversity and soil organic carbon(SOC) and soil total nitrogen(STN) storage along a transect spanning from east to west of alpine meadows in northern Tibet, China. After six years of grazing exclusion, plant cover, aboveground biomass(AGB), belowground biomass(BGB), SOC and STN were increased, but species diversity indices declined. The enhancement of AGB and SOC caused by grazing exclusion was correlated positively with mean annual precipitation(MAP). Grazing exclusion led to remarkable biomass increase of sedge species, especially Kobresia pygmaea, whereas decrease of biomass in forbs and no obvious change in grass, leguminous and noxious species. Root biomass was concentrated in the near surface layer(10 cm) after grazing exclusion. The effects of grazing exclusion on SOC storage were confined to shallow soil layer in sites with lower MAP. It is indicated that grazing exclusion is an effective measure to increase forage production and enhance soil carbon sequestration in the studied region. The effect is more efficient in sites with higher precipitation. However, the results revealed a tradeoff between vegetation restoration and ecological biodiversity. Therefore, carbon pools recover more quickly than plant biodiversity in the alpine meadows. We suggest that grazing exclusion should be combined with other measures to reconcile grassland restoration and biodiversity conservation.

有机物料还田对草甸土孔隙结构及玉米产量的影响

为了研究有机物料还田对草甸土孔隙结构及玉米产量的影响,优化草甸土耕作层结构、提高作物产量,2019年以吉林省公主岭市的草甸土为试验地,在玉米播种前设置了秸秆浅混还田(CT,0~15cm)、秸秆深混还田(STS,0~35cm)、秸秆和有机肥深混还田(STSM,0~35 cm)、无秸秆还田常规耕作(CK)4个处理。对玉米收获后的土壤进行取样分析,测定0~35 cm土层土壤物理性质和孔隙结构,并采用结构方程模式、Mantel test和随机森林方法分析土壤孔隙结构调控玉米产量的途径。结果表明,经CT、STS和STSM处理后的0~15 cm土层土壤容重与CK处理相比显著下降了5.2%~7.8%(P<0.05),而田间持水量和饱和导水率均呈现上升趋势,分别显著增加了7.8%~16.6%和77.5%~325%(P<0.05);STS和STSM处理进一步显著改变了>15~35 cm土层上述3个土壤物理性质。CT扫描结果显示,有机物料还田显著改善了相应土层土壤结构。与CK处理相比,CT、STS和STSM处理显著增加了0~15 cm土层>1000µm孔隙数量和孔隙度;与CT处理相比,STS和STSM处理>15~35 cm土层>1000µm孔隙数量和孔隙度分别显著增加了1.2倍~1.3倍和47.5%~58.9%(P<0.05)。有机物料还田增加了土壤孔隙的复杂性和连通性。与CK处理相比,CT、STS和STSM处理显著增加了0~15 cm土层的各向异性和分形维数,降低了欧拉数(P<0.05);STS和STSM处理显著改善了15~35 cm土层土壤孔隙结构。不同处理间玉米产量表现为STSM>STS>CT>CK。结构方程模型结果显示,0~15 cm土层土壤孔隙结构可以直接影响玉米产量或者通过影响容重和饱和导水率间接影响玉米产量,而15~35 cm土层土壤孔隙结构只能通过影响田间持水量间接影响玉米产量。0~35 cm土层土壤物理性质和孔隙结构能够解释玉米产量的81.9%,15~35 cm土层对玉米产量的贡献大于0~15 cm土层。有机物料深混还田通过改变0~35 cm土层草甸土物理性质和孔隙分布,增加孔隙结构的复杂性和连通性,优化耕层结构,具备提高玉米产量的潜力,其中秸秆和有机物配合施用的效果优于单独秸秆还田。如果草甸土分布区有机肥源充足,建议利用秸秆和有机肥料进行深混还田可建立良好的土壤肥力,可以有效增加玉米产量。

Non-growing season soil CO_2 efflux and its changes in an alpine meadow ecosystem of the Qilian Mountains,Northwest China

Most soil respiration measurements are conducted during the growing season.In tundra and boreal forest ecosystems,cumulative,non-growing season soil CO2 fluxes are reported to be a significant component of these systems＇ annual carbon budgets.However,little information exists on soil CO2 efflux during the non-growing season from alpine ecosystems.Therefore,comparing measurements of soil respiration taken annually versus during the growing season will improve the accuracy of estimating ecosystem carbon budgets,as well as predicting the response of soil CO2 efflux to climate changes.In this study,we measured soil CO2 efflux and its spatial and temporal changes for different altitudes during the non-growing season in an alpine meadow located in the Qilian Mountains,Northwest China.Field experiments on the soil CO2 efflux of alpine meadow from the Qilian Mountains were conducted along an elevation gradient from October 2010 to April 2011.We measured the soil CO2 efflux,and analyzed the effects of soil water content and soil temperature on this measure.The results show that soil CO2 efflux gradually decreased along the elevation gradient during the non-growing season.The daily variation of soil CO2 efflux appeared as a single-peak curve.The soil CO2 efflux was low at night,with the lowest value occurring between 02：00-06：00.Then,values started to rise rapidly between 07：00-08：30,and then descend again between 16：00-18：30.The peak soil CO2 efflux appeared from 11：00 to 16：00.The soil CO2 efflux values gradually decreased from October to February of the next year and started to increase in March.Non-growing season Q10 （the multiplier to the respiration rate for a 10℃ increase in temperature） was increased with raising altitude and average Q10 of the Qilian Mountains was generally higher than the average growing season Q10 of the Heihe River Basin.Seasonally,non-growing season soil CO2 efflux was relatively high in October and early spring and low in the winter.The soil CO2 efflux was positively correlated with soil temperature and soil water content.Our results indicate that in alpine ecosystems,soil CO2 efflux continues throughout the non-growing season,and soil respiration is an important component of annual soil CO2 efflux.

Study on Soil Respiration Characteristics and Carbon Balance of <i>Kobresia pygmaea</i>Meadow in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China

Although soil respiration is the largest contributor to C flux from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere, our understanding of its characteristics and carbon budget in alpine meadow is rather limited because of extremely geographic situation. This study was designed to examine soil CO2 efflux characteristics of diurnal and seasonal variation, thus obtaining estimates of carbon balance of Kobresia pygmaea meadow in Qinghai-Tibet plateau. The results showed that the soil respiration of diurnal and seasonal rate changed little in growing season and was mainly affected by temperature, and single peak curve that showed afternoon appeared. Composite model which was set by soil respiration rate, soil moisture content and temperature (atmospheric temperature and soil temperature) could explain better the variations of soil respiration rate. The variation range of Q10 ranged from 1.28 to 2.34, which was sensitive to temperature in green-up period and late growth stage, and decreased in growth peak period. Meanwhile, during the growing seasons the observed amount of annual carbon fixation via primary production for Kobresia pygmaea meadow ecosystem was about 120.21 g C·m-2·a-1. The carbon dioxide output via soil heterotrophic respiration was about 37.54 g C·m-2·a-1. So carbon budget had more input than output. The Kobresia pygmaea meadow ecosystem has stronger potential to absorb carbon dioxide, it was a sink of atmospheric CO2, and the plant community had a net carbon gain of 82.67 g C·m-2·a-1.

不同龄级瑞香狼毒影响微尺度高寒草甸群落结构

通过样圆法群落调查探究不同龄级狼毒对微尺度草地群落结构和土壤化学计量特征的影响,结果表明:(1)狼毒能显著降低微尺度草地的群落盖度、群落加权平均高度、植物密度和地上生物量等指标,且影响程度随着狼毒龄级的增加而增大。(2)狼毒显著改变了草地的群落结构,降低了禾本科和莎草科植物的优势度,增加了杂草植物的优势度,随着狼毒龄级的增加,杂草的优势度逐渐增加。(3)狼毒的生长增加了退化草地物种多样性,但当狼毒龄级达到Ⅴ龄时,草地物种多样性逐渐降低。(4)随着狼毒龄级的增加,土壤全碳含量、全氮含量和全磷含量整体呈显著下降趋势,而碳磷比和氮磷比呈显著上升趋势。总之,狼毒对微尺度高寒草甸植物群落结构和土壤化学计量特征有显著影响,且与龄级有关,建议在修复狼毒型退化草地时,应及时进行人工干预,尤其在狼毒龄级达到Ⅴ龄之前,采取围栏封育、施氮肥和补播豆科优良牧草等措施,加强退化草地的生态修复。

划破草皮技术对退化高寒小嵩草草甸土壤及植被恢复的影响

【目的】明确不同土壤草皮划破技术对高寒小嵩草草甸土壤理化性质和植物群落地上生产力恢复的影响。【方法】以退化小嵩草草甸的不同土层深度(0~10、10~20、20~30、30~40 cm)土壤养分、水分、紧实度等特征及植物群落生长繁殖特性为评判指标,分析划破草皮(C_(1))、划破草皮+补播(C_(2))、划破草皮+施肥(C_(3))、划破草皮+补播+施肥(C_(4))4种草皮划破技术处理对土壤理化性质和植物群落地上生产力恢复的影响。【结果】4种草皮划破技术处理下土壤湿度分别比对照增加了0.09%、4.80%、3.58%和4.05%,对土壤碳、氮、磷和钾含量亦具有一定程度的提升效果。双因素方差分析结果表明,处理方式、土壤深度及两者的交互作用对土壤全碳和全氮含量存在极显著影响(P<0.01)。不同处理方式对植物群落及实生苗数量特征存在不同程度的提升效应(P<0.01),其中,C_(2)处理植物群落密度比对照增加了68.77株/m^(2)(P<0.05);双子叶植物数量与土壤无机碳含量存在极显著负相关关系(P<0.01),相关系数为-0.37。基于不同处理的土壤物理性质(土壤湿度、土壤温度、土壤紧实度)、全量养分(全氮、全碳)和速效养分(有效磷、速效钾、铵态氮)含量的标准化多维数据分析结果表明,单一划破草皮处理(C_(1))在短期内对土壤物理和化学性质的综合改善能力较弱,而在划破草皮之上辅以补播或施肥处理对土壤理化性质的改善和限制性养分的活化效果更优。【结论】采用划破草皮配合外源种库和外源养分添加的生态恢复措施可以在短期内提高退化小嵩草草甸生产能力和土壤限制性养分含量,在生态恢复实践中具有一定的应用前景。

退化高寒草甸土壤真菌群落水平分布格局及驱动因子

为探讨退化高寒草甸土壤真菌群落水平分布格局及驱动因子,本研究采用嵌套式取样方法在1000 m×1000 m的中度退化草甸区域内,综合分析了土壤真菌群落在不同取样距离上物种多样性和功能组成的变化规律及驱动土壤真菌群落分布的主要环境因子。结果表明:在不同取样距离上,土壤真菌的α多样性和群落结构存在显著的差异,退化草甸环境异质性可导致真菌群落的变化。FunGuil功能预测表明草甸退化使得腐生型和病理性土壤真菌增加,草甸退化过程中地上植被群落的改变可导致土壤真菌营养型的变化。此外,土壤营养成分是驱动退化草甸土壤真菌群落水平分布格局的主要环境因子。因此,微生物多样性空间分布受控于不同的环境因素,而土壤营养成分的改变容易引起退化草地生态系统中微生物的空间分布变化。

青海高寒草甸马勃蘑菇圈增温作用的影响研究

蘑菇圈是广泛存在于草地和森林的大型真菌子实体环状群落。有些蘑菇圈如马勃蘑菇圈会显著促进周围植物生长,其蘑菇圈真菌促进植物生长的机理一直是一个热点科学问题。本研究选取青海海北高寒草甸马勃蘑菇圈,从2023年6月15日至7月15日,对蘑菇圈土壤温度进行连续监测,使用红外热成像仪对蘑菇圈子实体进行拍照,同时测定了土壤理化性质与酶活性,检验蘑菇圈真菌生长对土壤温度和土壤酶活的影响及其相互关系。结果表明:蘑菇圈圈上土壤温度变化与圈内、圈外有明显差异,在当日23时后至次日凌晨5时,蘑菇圈上土壤温度高于圈外与圈内0.3℃~1.6℃,红外影像显示蘑菇圈真菌子实体温度显著高于环境温度4℃。蘑菇圈圈上速效养分含量显著高于圈内圈外(P<0.05)。蘑菇圈土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性显著高于圈内和圈外。因此马勃蘑菇圈真菌的生长增加了土壤环境温度、提高土壤酶活,通过增加土壤速效养分促进了蘑菇圈上植物的生长。

东祁连山山地草甸土壤物理性质对微量元素含量和退化程度的响应

为探明退化程度对土壤物理性质及土壤微量元素的影响及其两者之间的关系,本研究以东祁连山山地草甸为研究对象,分析了4个不同退化程度(未退化-MND、轻度退化-MLD、中度退化-MMD和重度退化-MHD)山地草甸土壤物理性质和微量元素含量及其之间的关系。结果表明:随退化程度加剧,土壤饱和持水量、总孔隙度、毛管持水量、田间持水量和毛管孔隙度显著影响土壤Ca,Zn,Mg和Mn含量;土壤容重和土壤非毛管孔隙度显著影响着土壤Mo和Cu含量。退化程度显著影响着东祁连山山地草甸部分土壤物理性质以及土壤微量元素的分布,而土壤微量元素又受到部分土壤物理性质的影响,因此建议在未来考虑土壤微量元素的变化时将土壤物理性质的变化剔除,使得测得的土壤微量元素的变化值更加符合实际应用。

不同土地利用方式对土壤惰性碳的影响

【目的】研究不同土地利用方式对草地土壤惰性碳的影响,对于客观认识草地在减少大气CO_(2)排放中的作用,制定草地碳增汇策略,合理利用草地资源具有重要意义。【方法】在中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统研究站3种不同利用方式土地(冬季自由放牧—冬牧、围封禁牧—禁牧、开垦播种燕麦—燕麦),采用梅花形5点采样法采集野外样品,结合室内酸水解等分析方法,对0~30 cm土层的土壤总有机碳和惰性碳进行分层研究。【结果】1)0~10 cm土层土壤有机碳含量以冬牧最高(95.15 g/kg),禁牧次之(70.56 g/kg),开垦播种燕麦最小(54.44 g/kg)。冬牧土壤惰性碳含量比禁牧高27.77%,冬牧比燕麦高32.54%。2)与冬牧相比,禁牧16年土壤0~10 cm土层有机碳下降了25.84%,开垦30年0~10 cm土层土壤有机碳下降了42.79%。禁牧16年土壤0~30 cm土层有机碳下降了10.89%,开垦30年0~30 cm土层土壤有机碳下降了9.48%。0~30 cm土层惰性碳平均含量冬牧比禁牧高22.67%,冬牧比燕麦高3.60%;与开垦相比,禁牧使惰性碳降低了19.78%。3)不同土地利用方式土壤理化性质与土壤碳库组成存在显著相关,土壤理化性质的改变是引起不同草地类型土壤碳库组成变化的重要原因。【结论】禁牧后土壤惰性碳含量降低的幅度大于开垦,冬牧有利于土壤惰性碳的积累;健康草地禁牧之后降低了土壤惰性碳的含量,减弱了土壤有机碳的稳定性。不同土地利用方式主要通过影响土壤理化性质及养分含量影响土壤有机碳和惰性碳含量。因此,通过改善放牧管理,可以维持或进一步增加有机碳存储以及土壤有机碳的稳定性,健康草地禁牧不利于土壤有机碳的积累。