Measurement and analyses of the mean effective ion charge in the centre of tokamak discharges

There are two different definitions for specifying the mean effective ion charge Zeff in plasmas： a） from the Spizer electrical resistivity of the plasma and b） from bremsstrahlung radiation losses of the plasma. In this paper Zeff in the centre of tokamak ohmic discharges has been determined from information on sawtooth-relaxations of the steady state plasma, based on the analysis for the power balance of the plasma electrons in the plasma centre during the period of recovery after the sawtooth crashes. This method is found to supply reliable results for tokamak parameters. While its application requires some efforts in data analysis, it can provide a reliable determination of Zeff, independent of the information from bremsstrahlung radiation losses of the plasma.

Study of the Magnetocaloric Effect in La0.5Sm0.2Sr0.3Mn1-xFexO3 (x = 0 and 0.05) Manganites with the Mean-Field Theory

In this paper, the magnetocaloric in La0.5Sm0.2Sr0.3Mn1-xFexO3 compounds with x = 0 (LSSMO) and x = 0.05 (LSSMFO) were simulated using mean field model theory. A strong consistency was observed between the theoretical and experimental curves of magnetizations and magnetic entropy changes, −ΔSM(T). Based on the mean-field generated −ΔSM(T), the substantial Temperature-averaged Entropy Change (TEC) values reinforce the appropriateness of these materials for use in magnetic refrigeration technology within TEC (10) values of 1 and 0.57 J∙kg−1∙K−1under 1 T applied magnetic field.

Numerical simulation of mean interference effects for the interfering buildings with different heights

The mean wind-induced interference effects between two high-rise buildings,in which the interfering buildings have different heights,were numerical simulated in the terrain roughness of B and D types by the Reynolds stress equation model(RSM)of fluent.The results are in good agreement with those of the wind tunnel test.Influences of the relative arrangement of two buildings,the height of the interfering buildings and the terrain roughness upon the mean interference effects were analyzed,and the space distributions of IFCPs on the principal building under tandem arrangement were studied.The results indicate that the lower interfering buildings can always bring larger interference factors comparing to the higher ones under tandem arrangement except that the height is larger than 1.25h,and the heights' influence on the mean interference effects will increase as the reduced spacing of two buildings.The influence of heights will be little under stagger arrangement.

Can environmental sustainability be decoupled from economic growth? Empirical evidence from Eastern Europe using the common correlated effect mean group test

The European Union(EU) and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD) aim to develop long-term policies for their respective member countries. Having observed increasing dangers to the environment posed by rising economic growth, they are seeking pathways to enable policy action on economic growth and environmental sustainability. Given the facts in theoretical and empirical studies, this study assessed the validity of the decoupling hypothesis by investigating asymmetricity in the relationship between environmental sustainability and economic growth in nine Eastern European countries from 1998 to 2017 using the cross-section augmented Dickey-Fuller(CADF) unit root, panel corrected standard error(PCSE), common correlated effect mean group(CCEMG), and Dumitrescu Hurlin causality approaches. Both population growth and drinking water are used as controlled variables. The outcomes establish strong cointegration among all the variables of interest. According to the results of CCEMG test, economic growth exerts short-term environmental degradation but has long-term environmental benefits in Eastern Europe;and population growth and drinking water exert a positive effect on environmental sustainability in both the short-and long-run. The results of Dumitrescu Hurlin causality test indicate that environmental sustainability is unidirectionally affected by economic growth. Based on these outcomes, we suggest the following policies:(1) the EU and OECD should implement member-targeted policies on economic growth and fossil-fuel use towards regulating industrial pollution, water use, and population control;and(2) the EU and OECD member countries should invest in environmental technologies through green research and development(R&D) to transform their dirty industrial processes and ensure productive energy use.

Fatigue Damage Assessment by Considering Mean Value Effect in Frequency Domain

Fatigue damage assessment is carried out considering mean value effect by applying four criteria of failure. Three frequency domain methods, i.e., level crossing counting(LCC), range counting(RC) and a new proposed method, are applied. The core of frequency domain method is the construction of probability density function for the mean stress and stress range of the stress process. The applicability of these frequency domain methods are inspected by comparing with time domain method. Numerical simulations verify the applicability of LCC and the proposed method, while RC gives poor estimations.

Effects of the Reynolds number on the mean skin friction decomposition in turbulent channel flows

As the Reynolds number increases, the skin friction has been identified as the dominant drag in many practical applications. In the present paper, the effects of the Reynolds number on the mean skin friction decomposition in turbulent channel flows up to Reτ= 5 200 are investigated based on two different methods, i.e., the FukagataIwamoto-Kasagi(FIK) identity(FUKAGATA, K., IWAMOTO, K., and KASAGI, N.Contribution of Reynolds stress distribution to the skin friction in wall-bounded flows.Physics of Fluids, 14(11), L73–L76(2002)) and the Renard-Deck(RD) identity(DECK,S., RENARD, N., LARAUFIE, R., and WEISS, P.′E. Large-scale contribution to mean wall shear stress in high-Reynolds-number flat-plate boundary layers up to Reθ= 13 650.Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 743, 202–248(2014)). The direct numerical simulation(DNS) data provided by Lee and Moser(LEE, M. and MOSER, R. D. Direct numerical simulation of turbulent channel flow up to Reτ≈ 5 200. Journal of Fluid Mechanics,774, 395–415(2015)) are used. For these two skin friction decomposition methods, their decomposed constituents are discussed and compared for different Reynolds numbers.The integrands of the decomposed constituents are locally analyzed across the boundary layer to assess the actions associated with the inhomogeneity and multi-scale nature of turbulent motion. The scaling of the decomposed constituents and their integrands are presented. In addition, the boundary layer is divided into three sub-regions to evaluate the contributive proportion of each sub-region with an increase in the Reynolds number.

Solvent effects and potential of mean force study of the SN2 reaction of CH3F+CN-in water

We used a combined quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics （QM/MM） method to investigate the solvent effects and potential of mean force of the CH3F＋CN- reaction in water. Comparing to gas phase, the water solution substantially affects the structures of the stationary points along the reaction path. We quantitatively obtained the solvent effects＇ contributions to the reaction： 1.7 kcal/mol to the activation barrier and -26.0 kcal/mol to the reaction free energy. The potential mean of force calculated with the density functional theory/MM theory has a barrier height at 19.7 kcal/mol, consistent with the experimental result at 23.0 kcal/mol; the calculated reaction free energy at -43.5 kcal/mol is also consistent with the one estimated based on the gas-phase data at -39.7 kcal/mol.

基于K-Means聚类的中国105个重点发展城市大气污染物识别研究

采用K-Means聚类法探讨中国105座重点发展城市在季节效应下的大气污染物排的放源及分布特征。结果表明,不同季节下各个城市的大气污染物分布及影响空气质量的主要污染物存在显著差异,其中春季和冬季的大气污染最为严重。研究结论对环境保护部门的环境提升以及各地区居民的自身防护具有重要意义。

LTE系统中的Mean-OTDOA定位算法

由于LTE蜂窝网中远近效应的影响,终端测量到的邻近基站信号的定位参数会存在较大的偏差,导致OTDOA定位方法(到达时间差定位法)估计的终端位置存在较大误差。基于此,提出一种改进的Mean-OTDOA定位算法。首先估计终端与各基站的时延,然后对终端与多基站的距离测量值进行平均,作为OTDOA定位方法中的参考距离,最后利用泰勒级数展开法对终端位置进行估计。仿真结果表明,该算法可提高终端的定位精度,在基站数目为5、测量误差标准差为50 m时,本算法的均方根误差比OTDOA算法降低了5.2039 m,且随着基站数目的增加,定位精度的改善程度优于OTDOA算法。

K-means均值聚类算法在磁阻效应实验中的应用

对磁阻效应作用原理和磁阻传感器原件的应用进行了介绍,并借鉴数据挖掘技术提出了一种利用曲率及K-means均值聚类算法对磁阻效应实验数据进行分析处理的方法,结果显示该方法具有高精确度、人为因素小、直观性强的优点.

基于K⁃means和TOPSIS的城轨交通网络节点综合评估模型设计

为了保证城市轨道交通的安全、平稳运行,文中针对轨道交通网络中节点重要性的评估方法进行了研究。基于图论的思想将轨道网络抽象成有向带权图,并构建节点重要度评估体系。该体系包含度、特征向量、介数、逼近度、最大连通子图和网络连通率共6个评价指标,其能够全面描绘网络的局部、全局、连接这3个角度的属性。在该评价体系中,引入TOPSIS排序算法实现了重要度的快速排序。通过使用K⁃means算法,基于重要度的排序结果实现了有序归类。为了验证所提算法的有效性,文中采用成都实际交通网络的部分运营数据进行了仿真评估。计算结果表明,在该网络中,1~5类站点占比分别为5.5%,26.3%,38.5%,25.3%和4.4%。相较于基于网格的传统评估方法,文中方法在评价时间与评价精度上分别提升了10.20%和5.65%。

基于K-Means算法的小区垃圾分类站选址问题研究

为促进垃圾分类政策实施,科学、合理地在居民生活小区设置垃圾分类站,建立选址模型和成本模型对垃圾分类站建设运营成本及居民满意度负效应成本进行求解,并对K-means聚类算法与模糊C-means聚类算法进行比较。通过对某小区每栋居民楼到垃圾分类站的平均距离分析得出,K-means聚类算法计算得出的平均距离相比模糊C-means聚类算法缩短了约17%,在成本模型中建设运营成本降低了1万元,居民满意度负效应成本降低了0.68万元,验证了模型的可行性及K-means聚类算法的优越性。在未来的研究中可对算法进行改进,以进一步优化成本,确定全局最优。

The Propagation and Transport Effect of Planetary Waves in the Northern Hemisphere Winter

Based on the transformed Eulerian-mean equations, the dynamics of planetary waves are discussed. Both observations and simulations indicate that in the Northern Hemisphere winter there are two waveguides for the meridional propagation of quasi-stationary planetary waves. One is the high latitude waveguide, and the other is the low latitude waveguide. These results are in good agreement with theoretical analysis. Moreover, the convergence of EP flux indicates that the stratospheric sudden warming is the result of anomalous planetary wave propagation along the high latitude waveguide and its interaction with mean flows. The tropical quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) winds, which represent one significant variation of zonal flow in the lower stratosphere at low latitudes, can influence the low latitude waveguide of planetary wave propagation. Our results of the wave-mean flow coupled model show that these tropical winds can also modulate the high latitude waveguide significantly in the case of wave-mean flow interaction.The transport effect of planetary waves on ozone is also analyzed. The residual mean circulation forced by planetary waves indicates that there is strong transport circulation for the dissipative planetary waves. Under the forcing of northward eddy heat transport, a positive transport circulation can result which rises at low latitudes and sinks at high latitudes. At the same time, the modification of planetary wave propagation by the equatorial QBO winds is shown to have an important impact on the transport circulation. The model results indicate that the meridional transport is amplified during the easterly phase of the QBO. This mechanism may explain the interannual variability of ozone in the stratosphere at high latitudes.

基于LMDI模型和K-means聚类的中国电力消费因素分解

为探寻中国电力消费的影响因素,提出了基于LMDI(对数平均迪氏分解)的电力消费分解模型。将经济效应、结构效应和强度效应作为电力消费的影响因素,基于2006—2019年中国31个省份和3个产业的电力消费数据,分别从省域和产业2个层面进行实证研究及全国电力消费分解的比较分析。根据LMDI模型的计算结果进行K-means聚类分析,提出优化中国电力消费结构的建议。

Effect of current intensity on radiological properties of joined 304L stainless steels for photon interaction

Radiological properties, such as the linear attenuation coefficient(μ), mass attenuation coefficient(μ/ρ), half-value layer(HVL), tenth-value layer(TVL), mean free path(MFP), and effective atomic number(Z_(eff)), of 304 L stainless steels have been investigated with respect to photon interactions to determine the influence of current intensity at different gamma-ray energies.^(137)Cs and ^(60)Co radioactive point sources were used to irradiate 304 L stainless steels joined at 45–70-A weld currents for the transmission of the gamma rays at photon energies of661.0, 1173.2, and 1332.5 ke V. The μ, μ/ρ, HVL, TVL,MFP, and Z_(eff) of the steels were measured at the mentioned energies, and theoretical values for pure 304 L stainless steel were calculated for comparison. The minimum differences(%) in Z_(eff) between pure steel and steel joined at a weld current of 60 A were observed for relevant photon energies; the minimum difference between the theoretical value for pure 304 L and the experimental value for joined steel was 4.76%, and that between the experimental value for pure 304 L and the experimental value for joined steel was 2.60% at 1332.5 ke V. Moreover, the MFPs of the joined steels were compared with that of pure 304 L, and steel joined at 60 A, which had the minimum MFP, was compared with some radiation-shielding concretes in terms of MFP at the same gamma-ray energies.

Kinetic Ising model in a time-dependent oscillating external magnetic field:effective-field theory

Recently, Shiet al. [2008 Phys. Left. A 372 5922] have studied the dynamical response of the kinetic Ising model in the presence of a sinusoidal oscillating field and presented the dynamic phase diagrams by using an effective-field theory （EFT） and a mean-field theory （MFT）. The MFT results are in conflict with those of the earlier work of Tome and de Oliveira, [1990 Phys. Rev. A 41 4251]. We calculate the dynamic phase diagrams and find that our results are similar to those of the earlier work of Tome and de Oliveira; hence the dynamic phase diagrams calculated by Shiet al. are incomplete within both theories, except the low values of frequencies for the MFT calculation. We also investigate the influence of external field frequency （w） and static external field amplitude （h0） for both MFT and EFT calculations. We find that the behaviour of the system strongly depends on the values of w and h0.

The Effect of Some Effective Quantities to Electronic Stopping Power

The dependences of effective quantities Z＊, Zt,/＊, （effective number of electrons for ionization and for quasi-molecule, effective mean excitation energy） on the incident ion energy have been studied for a pervious stopping power calculation method, and Bohr stripping criterion and quasi-molecule criterion in this regard have been discussed in some details. The effect of effective quantities to the obtained stopping power results is investigated by calculating stopping powers. The contributions to stopping power from the modified LSS and Bethe formulas have been calculated separately and compared in graphs of stopping power. The stopping power for lithium ions in the intermediate and higher energy region is found to be dominant due to excitation-ionization whereas quasi molecule criterion is dominant in the lower energy region.

Magnetic properties and magnetocaloric effect in TbCo2-xFex compounds

Magnetic properties and magnetocaloric effect in TbCo2-xFex compounds are studied by DC magnetic measurement. With increasing content of Fe, the entropy changes decrease slightly, though the Curie temperature is tuned from 231 K （x = 0） to 303 K （x = 0.1）. Magnetic entropies of TbCo2 compound are calculated by using mean field approximation （MFA）. Results estimated by using Maxwell relation are consistent with that of MFA calculation. It is shown that the entropy changes are mainly derived from the magnetic entropy changes. The lattice has almost no contribution to the entropy change in the vicinity of phase transition.

Magnetocaloric effect in ErCo2 compound

The ErCo2 compound is prepared by arc-melting and its entropy changes are calculated using Maxwell relation. Its entropy change reaches 38 J/（kg·K） and its refrigerant capacity achieves 291 J/kg at 0-5 T. The mean field approximation is used to calculate the magnetic entropy of ErCo2 compound. Results estimated by using the Maxwell relation deviate from mean field approximation calculations in ferrimagnetic state; however, the data obtained by the two ways are consistent in the vicinity of phase transition or at higher temperatures. This indicates that entropy changes are mainly derived from magnetic degree of freedom, and the lattice has almost no contribution to the entropy change in the vicinity of phase transition but its influence is obvious in the ferrimagnetic state below TC.

Application of Green Technology Using Biological Means for the Adsorption of Micro-Pollutants in Water

It is true that the world we have today is not the world we use to know. The Covid-19 pandemic has paralyzed all sector, hence the need for safety and enabling environment for mankind is of high importance. Adsorption technology is far the best and cheapest treatment technology for water and has extensively proven its worth for the uptake of micro-pollutant from surface, ground and water which are the major channels of home water. Over the years activated carbon is considered as the most common and universally used adsorbent for the eradication of different types of micro-pollutants from water. The contamination of surface water by micro-pollutant is a potential threat for the production of high quality and safe drinking water. Adsorption operation onto granulated activated carbon (GAC) in fixed-bed filters is often applied as a remedying step in the synthesis of safe and drinkable water. Activated carbon actively tends to act as a carrier material for a thin usually resistant layer of microorganisms (mostly bacteria) that forms on the coat of various surfaces (biofilm), hence biological simplification can be an alternative removal approach that can be adopted in granulated activated carbon filters. To evaluate the capacity of biofilm to biologically simplify micro-pollutants, it is very imperative to distinguish adsorption from biological simplification (biodegradation) as a removal mechanism. Experiment was carried out under the operating condition of a temperature range of 6?C to 20?C with biologically activated and autoclaved GAC to assess the biological simplification by the biofilm adsorbed on the GAC surface. Five micro-pollutants were selected as model compounds, of which some of them were biologically simplified by the GAC biofilm. Additionally, we observed that temperature can increase or decrease adsorption. Conclusively, comparison was made on the adsorption capacity of granulated activated carbon used for more than 50,000 beds.