EFFECT OF MEAN STRESS ON FATIGUE PERFORMANCE OF WELDED JOINTS TREATED BY UPT

The fatigue contrast tests of unload longitudinal direction comer joints asoriginal welded and treated by ultrasonic peening of Q235B in various stress ratio are directed. Theimprovements of fatigue performance of unload longitudinal direction corner joints resulted byultrasonic peening are studied. The effect pattern of stress ratio on fatigue performance of weldedjoints that are treated by ultrasonic peening is studied. As tests results indicate that: ① In thecondition of stress ratio .R=-l, the fatigue strength 'of specimen treated by ultrasonic peening isincreased by 165 percent of that of the original welded specimen. And the fatigue life of specimentreated by ultrasonic peening is as much as 75 approx 210 times of that of the latter. When R=0.1,the fatigue strength is increased by 87 percent and the fatigue life is extended by 21 approx 29times. When R=-0.5, the fatigue strength is increased by 123 percent and the fatigue life isextended by 42 approx 59 times. When R=0.45, the fatigue strength is increased by 51 percent and thefatigue life is extended by 3 approx 14 times. ② If the welded joints are treated by ultrasonicpeening, the fatigue strength is no longer independent on the applied mean stress. The more thestress ratio R, the less the fatigue stress range which can be sustained by the joints is. ③Whether the high value residual stress is in the joints or not, the dead load portion of the appliedload must be considered in the design of the joints which should be treated by ultrasonic peening.

Fatigue Life Prediction of Rolling Bearings Based on Modified SWT Mean Stress Correction

The existing engineering empirical life analysis models are not capable of considering the constitutive behavior of materials under contact loads;as a consequence,these methods may not be accurate to predict fatigue lives of roll-ing bearings.In addition,the contact stress of bearing in operation is cyclically pulsating,it also means that the bear-ing undergo non-symmetrical fatigue loadings.Since the mean stress has great effects on fatigue life,in this work,a novel fatigue life prediction model based on the modified SWT mean stress correction is proposed as a basis of which to estimate the fatigue life of rolling bearings,in which,takes sensitivity of materials and mean stress into account.A compensation factor is introduced to overcome the inaccurate predictions resulted from the Smith,Watson,and Topper(SWT)model that considers the mean stress effect and sensitivity while assuming the sensitivity coefficient of all materials to be 0.5.Moreover,the validation of the model is finalized by several practical experimental data and the comparison to the conventional SWT model.The results show the better performance of the proposed model,especially in the accuracy than the existing SWT model.This research will shed light on a new direction for predicting the fatigue life of rolling bearings.

Determinations of directions of the mean stress field in Sichuan-Yunnan region from a number of focal mechanism solutions

Based on the spatial orientation and slip direction of the fault plane solutions, we present the expression of corresponding mechanical axis tensor in geographic coordinate system, and then put forward a method for calculating average mechanical axis tensor and its eigenvalues, which involves solving the corresponding eigenequation. The method for deducing mean stress field from T, B, and P axes parameters of a number of focal mechanism solutions has been verified by inverting data of mean stress fields in Fuyun region and in Tangshan region with fitting method of slip direction, and both results are consistent. To study regional average stress field, we need to choose a population of focal mechanism solutions of earthquakes in the massifs where there are significant tectonic structures. According to the focal mechanism solutions of 256 moderate-strong earthquakes occurred in 13 seismic zones of Sichuan-Yunnan region, the quantitative analysis results of stress tensor in each seismic zone have been given. The algorithm of such method is simple and convenient, which makes the method for analyzing tectonic stress field with large amount of focal mechanism solution data become quantified.

Stress tensor determination by modified hydraulic tests on pre-existing fractures:Method and stress constraints

The hydraulic testing of pre-existing fractures(HTPF)is one of the most promising in situ stress measurement methods,particularly for three-dimensional stress tensor determination.However,the stress tensor determination based on the HTPF method requires at least six tests or a minimum of 14-15 tests(under different conditions)for reliable results.In this study,we modified the HTPF method by considering the shear stress on each pre-existing fracture,which increased the number of equations for the stress tensor determination and decreased the number of tests required.Different shear stresses were attributed to different fractures by random sampling;therefore,the stress tensors were obtained by searching for the optimal solution using the least squares criterion based on the Monte Carlo method.Thereafter,we constrained the stress tensor based on the tensile strength criterion,compressive strength criterion,and vertical stress constraints.The inverted stress tensors were presented and analyzed based on the tensorial nature of the stress using the Euclidean mean stress tensor.Two stress-measurement campaigns in Weifang(Shandong Province,China)and Mercantour road tunnel(France)were implemented to highlight the validity and efficiency of the modified HTPF(M-HTPF)method.The results showed that the M-HTPF method can be applied for stress tensor inversion using only three to four tests on pre-existing fractures,neglecting the stress gradient.The inversion results were confined to relatively small distribution dispersions and were significantly reliable and stable due to the shear stresses on the fractures and the stress constraints employed.The M-HTPF method is highly feasible and efficient for complete stress tensor determination in a single borehole.

Effect of carbon, silicon, and manganese content on mean flow stress at elevated temperature

Ten studied steels including different carbon content, silicon content, and manganese content were deformed in compression over a temperature range of 600 ?C to 1 000 ?C at the strain rate of 1 s-1. The curves of the mean flow stressdeformation temperature were drawn up. The mean flow stresses of higher carbon content steels decreased continuously as the applied deformation temperature increased in the whole temperature range, while the mean flow stress of lowest carbon steel displayed an abrupt drop near the two phases region. The reason for the abrupt drop phenomena was explained as the result of phase transformation. The mean flow stresses of steels with high silicon content and low manganese content also have this phenomena.

基于损伤力学的疲劳全寿命数值预估方法

疲劳失效是影响结构件使用安全的主要问题,对疲劳寿命进行准确预测具有重要的工程意义。基于采用平均应力修正的损伤力学演化模型,结合有限元法建立了同时考虑裂纹萌生与扩展的疲劳全寿命数值预估方法。为了验证该方法,开展了不同应力水平下铝合金开孔板试样疲劳试验与疲劳数值模拟。结果表明,基于所建立的疲劳数值分析方法能够有效预测开孔板裂纹扩展过程及疲劳全寿命,预测寿命误差带在两倍以内。

Modern tectonic stress field in the Chinese mainland inverted from focal mechanism solutions

The inversion of modern tectonic stress field in China is made by regions on the basis of focal mechanism data inthe period of 1920-1996. Results of the inversion show that the maximum principal compressive stress σ1 axisstrikes nearly north-south direction in the Tibet Plateau and western Chin4 east-west direction in North China Incentral China, its strikes show a radiate pattern, i.e., north-north east in north part, east-west in central part andnorth-north west in south part. The σ1 axes are often perpendicular to the minimum principal stress σ3 axes, exceptwestern China where the σ1 axes are oblique to the σ3 axes with an acute angle. R is defined by (σ2-σ1)/(σ3-σ1),has the higher values (0.60-0.90) in north part of central China and quickly changes into the lower values(0. 10-0.30) in the Tibet Plateau. Both of the observed and inverted fault planes have strikes varying with locations.Combining stress directions and R value, the stress configuration is divided into 7 groups. Most of the groups showstrike-slip faulting with intermediate R values, which occupies North China and the eastern part of China as well asinner Tibet Plateau. A few of them show reverse faulting with higher R values within western pod of China and thenorth edge of the Tibet Plateau. Normal faulting occurred on the south edge of the Tibet Plateau with smaller Rval nes.

夏季老年人典型局部皮肤温度的确定及其应用

为探究夏季老年人皮肤温度特征,快速判断老年人热应激状态,选择保定市某老年公寓24名老年人为受试者进行现场测试,获取1900组环境生理指标数据。分析夏季不同环境温度下老年人11个局部皮肤温度分布特征,基于局部皮肤温度的环境敏感性和局部皮肤温度之间的相关性,选择1个典型局部皮肤温度,最终提出典型局部皮肤温度在现场测量中的具体应用。结果表明:手背温度的环境敏感性最高,与其他局部皮肤温度最为显著相关,手背温度为典型局部平均温度;平均皮肤温度与手背温度呈二次多项式关系;手背温度对应的热应激分级区间为无或轻度[35.6℃,35.8℃]、中度(35.8℃,36.8℃]、重度(36.8℃,39.1℃]。通过测量手背温度,可快速估算均匀及稳态环境下的平均皮肤温度和评价老年人热应激状态。本研究可为实际现场快速判断老年人热应激风险提供参考。

大学生知觉压力对生命意义感的影响:感恩和心理弹性的链式中介作用

目的 探讨感恩和心理弹性在大学生知觉压力与生命意义感之间的关系和作用机制。方法 采用中文版压力知觉量表(Chinese perceived stress scale, CPSS)、感恩问卷(gratitude questionnaire 6,GQ-6)、简版心理弹性量表(10-item connor-davidson resilience scale, CD-RISC-10)、生命意义感量表(meaning in life questionnaire, MLQ)对684名在校大学生进行问卷调查,采用Bootstrap法检验感恩和心理弹性在知觉压力和生命意义感之间的链式中介作用。结果 相关性分析显示,知觉压力与感恩、心理弹性以及生命意义感呈显著负相关(r值分别为-0.513、-0.588、-0.358,P均<0.01),生命意义感与感恩、心理弹性呈显著正相关(r值分别为0.504、0.445,P均<0.01),感恩与心理弹性呈显著正相关(r=0.537,P<0.01)。中介效应检验结果显示,知觉压力对生命意义感的直接效应不显著;感恩、心理弹性在知觉压力对生命意义感的影响中中介效应显著,效应值分别为-0.177[95%置信区间(confidence interval, CI):-0.230~-0.127]、-0.095(95%CI:-0.144~-0.052),效应占比分别为51.5%和27.6%;感恩和心理弹性在知觉压力对生命意义感的影响中起链式中介作用,效应值为-0.036(95%CI:-0.058~-0.018),效应占比10.5%。结论 大学生的感恩、心理弹性、知觉压力和生命意义感关系密切,知觉压力通过感恩和心理弹性的中介作用影响生命意义感,未来可开展感恩训练和心理弹性训练来提升生命意义感。

一种融合叶绿素荧光技术与可见-近红外光谱的番茄幼苗热胁迫无损检测方法

全球气温上升导致高温天气频发,番茄作为温度敏感型植物更易发生热胁迫,最终导致产量损失。在植物热胁迫检测中,温度通常被用作标定其受胁迫程度的依据,但由于不同植株个体的耐热性和自身健康状态存在差异,同一温度下的植株可能会产生不同程度热胁迫症状,以温度来标定热胁迫状态可能会导致误判。以番茄幼苗为研究对象,提出了一种融合叶绿素荧光技术与可见-近红外光谱的番茄幼苗热迫胁程度快速分类方法,以提高对番茄热胁迫程度评估的准确性。采集了对照组植株和热胁迫植株的叶绿素荧光参数与可见-近红外光谱数据,以叶绿素荧光参数为热胁迫评价指标,结合k-means++聚类算法评估了番茄幼苗受热胁迫影响的严重程度,通过对标定后样本的叶绿素荧光参数和植物逆境胁迫相关生理量进行分析,验证了标定结果的合理性。以聚类模型输出为依据对光谱数据进行标定,采用3种预处理方法及其组合,结合3种特征波长提取算法对光谱数据进行处理,获得了6个与样本热胁迫程度相关的特征波段。最后以6个特征波段为输入,热胁迫程度为输出,基于4种机器学习算法构建分类模型,实现了对样本热胁迫程度的分类。结果表明:样本叶绿素荧光参数F_(v)/F_(m),F_(v)/F_(o),NPQ,Y(NPQ)和Y(NO)与其胁迫状态存在显著的中高度相关,依据以上参数将所有样本标记为无胁迫,轻度热胁迫和重度热胁迫三类。三类样本的叶绿素荧光参数、丙二醛(MDA)含量以及光合色素含量均表现出了组间显著差异,聚类结果合理。基于聚类结果对光谱数据进行标定,根据标定结果提取光谱特征波长,99%以上的冗余特征被消除,进一步筛选获得了6个用建立分类模型的特征波长。在建立的4个模型中,线性判别分析(LDA)模型具有最优性能,其测试集分类准确率为92.45%,F1分数为0.9291,AUC为0.9780。结果表明,采用叶绿素荧光技术结合可见-近红外光谱技术检测热胁迫是可行的,该研究为热胁迫的快速检测、耐热性快速筛选以及高温灾害预警提供了一种有效方法。

Interannual variations in energy conversion and interaction between the mesoscale eddy field and mean flow in the Kuroshio south of Japan

Using 19-year satellite altimetric data, variations in the eddy kinetic energy, energy exchanges and interaction between the eddy fi eld and mean fl ow are discussed for the Kuroshio south of Japan. In the seasonal cycle, the eddy kinetic energy level is a minimum in December/January and a maximum in April/May. In addition to seasonal variations, the eddy kinetic energy undergoes interannual changes. The energy transfers mainly from the mean fl ow to the eddy fi eld in the Kuroshio south of Japan, and dominant energy exchanges mainly occur along the Kuroshio path south of Japan in each year from 1993 to 2011. In addition, there is often barotropic instability south of Honshu. Regarding interactions between the eddy fi eld and mean fl ow, cyclonic and anticyclonic accelerations are also found along the Kuroshio path and they fl ank each other. There is cyclonic acceleration always imposed on southeast of Kyushu, and anticyclonic acceleration dominates south of Honshu from 2001 to mid-2005. Reynolds stress is used to explain the dynamic process of energy exchange. Furthermore, lag-correlation and linear regression analysis show that variability of the energy conversion rate and Reynolds stress involve responses to eddy acceleration at two time scales. The enhanced eddy acceleration induces large Reynolds stress, and enhanced Reynolds stress or barotropic instability further enforces energy transfer from the mean fl ow to the eddy fi eld.

金匮肾气丸联合沙库巴曲缬沙坦对慢性心力衰竭患者的影响

目的 探究金匮肾气丸联合沙库巴曲缬沙坦对慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者中医证候(TCMSI)、平均室壁应力(MWS)及血清肌肉生长抑制素(MSTN)水平的影响。方法 选取解放军第305医院于2021年3月~2022年4月收治的100例慢性心力衰竭患者为研究对象,随机分为对照组(n=50)和观察组(n=50),其中对照组给予沙库巴曲缬沙坦治疗,观察组给予金匮肾气丸联合沙库巴曲缬沙坦治疗。比较两组中医证候(TCMSI)积分、平均室壁应力(MWS)及血清MSTN水平。结果 观察组总有效率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);与治疗前比较,治疗后两组TCMSI积分显著降低,且观察组显著低于对照组(均P<0.01);治疗后两组每搏心血输出量(SV)、左室射血分数(LVEF)与6 min步行试验(6 min walking test,6MWT)数值显著增大,且观察组显著大于对照组(均P<0.01);与治疗前比较,治疗后两组平均室壁应力(MWS)显著降低、左心室收缩末期直径(LVESD)显著降低、左心室舒张末期直径(LVEDD)显著升高、左心室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)显著升高,左心室收缩末期容积(LVESV)显著降低,且观察组与对照组差异显著(均P<0.01);与治疗前比较,治疗后两组窦性心搏间期标准差(SDNN)、正常相邻窦性心搏间期差的均方根(RMSDD)、相邻窦性心搏间期差>50 ms心搏数百分比(PNN50)及高频率赫兹(HF)均显著升高,且观察组显著高于对照组(均P<0.01);与治疗前比较,治疗后两组血清MSTN水平显著降低,且观察组显著低于于对照组(均P<0.01)。结论 金匮肾气丸联合沙库巴曲缬沙坦治疗CHF可有效改善患者的临床症状,降低TCMSI积分、MWS、血清MSTN水平,改善心功能,效果显著。

Elevated Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Level in Association with Mean Platelet Volume Are Emerging Risk Factors for Vascular Complications in T2DM Patients

Increasing evidence in both experimental and clinical studies suggests oxidative stress (OS) plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. In a physiological condition, appropriate levels of ROS, generated either in restricted amounts or transient fashion, are required to promote physiological angiogenesis and homeostatic maintenance of healthy vasculature. Uncontrolled continuous ROS production will ultimately contribute to pathology and cause tissue damage. One of the most important proangiogenic factors is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) which plays a key role in diabetic endothelial dysfunction, which ultimately leads to pathogenesis of vascular complications. As VEGF is released by activated platelets, hence platelet activation could be the source of VEGF in plasma samples. Increased platelet activity is emphasized to play a role in the development of vascular complications in T2DM patients and platelet volume, a marker of the platelet function and activation, is measured as mean platelet volume (MPV). Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association between plasma VEGF levels and MPV levels that may lead to vascular complications. A case-control study of one hundred patients with T2DM (n = 100) and thirty control subjects (n = 30) were screened from different areas of West Bengal. All procedures were done with the informed consent of participants. Elevated VEGF level was found in T2DM patients (526.8 ± 34.3 pg/ml) compared to healthy controls (317.9 ± 12.9 pg/ml) which was statistically significant. T2DM patients had higher MPV (12.5 ± 0.2 fl) compared to controls (11.4 ± 0.2 fl). Thus the present study showed a significant association between VEGF level in plasma and MPV indicating the severity of vascular complications. Hence, in conclusion, it suggested that VEGF levels along with MPV are a reliable biomarker for evaluating the development and progression of vascular complications.

Application of magnetic Barkhausen noise in non-destructive testing fields of residual stress

Magnetic Barkhausen noise （ MBN） is a phenomenon of electromagnetic energy due to the movement of magnetic domain walls inside ferromagnetic materials when they are locally magnetized by an alternating magnetic fields. According to Faraday＇s law of electromagnetic induction, the noise can be received by the coil attached to the surface of the material being magnetized and the noise carries the message of the characteristics of the material such as stresses, hardness, phase content, etc. Based on the characteristic of the noise, researching about the relationship between the residual stress in the welding assembly and the noise are carried out. Furthermore, data process is performed by RMS （Root Mean Square） equation and Power Spectrum analysis.

Nonlinear Model of Mean Free Surface of Waves

A nonlinear model of mean free surface of waves or wave set-up is presented. The model is based on that of Roelvink (1993), but the numerical techniques used in the solution are based on the Weighted-Average Flux (WAF) method (Watson el al., 1992), with Time-Operator-Splitting (TOS) used for the treatment of the source terms. This method allows a small number of computational points to be used, and is particularly efficient in modeling wave set-up. The short wave (or primary wave) energy equation is solved by use of a more traditional Lax-Wendroff technique. A nonlinear wave theory (James, 1974) is introduced. The model described in this paper is found to be satisfactory in most respects when compared with the measurements conducted by Stive (1983) except in modeling the mean free surface very close to the mean shoreline.

Experimental study on uniaxial ratchetting-fatigue interaction of extruded AZ31 magnesium alloy with different plastic deformation mechanisms

The uniaxial ratchetting-fatigue interaction of extruded AZ31 magnesium(Mg)alloy is investigated by uniaxial stress-controlled cyclic tests at room temperature and with addressing the roles of different plastic deformation mechanisms.Different stress levels are prescribed to reflect the cyclic plasticity of the alloy controlled by diverse deformation mechanisms(i.e.,dislocation slipping,deformation twinning and detwinning ones),and then the influences of stress level and stress rate on the ratchetting and fatigue life are discussed.The experimental results demonstrate that different evolution characteristics of whole-life ratchetting and fatigue life presented during cyclic tests with various mean stresses,stress amplitudes and stress rates are determined by the dominated plastic deformation mechanisms.It’s worth noting that the ratchetting can occur in the compressive direction even in the cyclic tests with a positive(tensile)mean stress,and the fatigue life increases first and then decreases with the increase of mean stress on account of the interaction between dislocation slipping and twinning/detwinning mechanisms.Comparing the fatigue lives obtained in the asymmetric stress-controlled and symmetrical strain-controlled cycle tests,it is seen that the ratchetting deformation causes an additional damage,and then leads to a shortening of fatigue life.

Effect of Strain Ratio on Fatigue Model of Ultra-fine Grained Pure Titanium

The ultra-fine grained(UFG)pure titanium was prepared by equal channel angular pressing(ECAP)and rotary swaging(RS).The strain controlled low cycle fatigue(LCF)test was carried out at room temperature.The fatigue life prediction model and mean stress relaxation model under asymmetrical stress load were discussed.The results show that the strain ratio has a significant effect on the low cycle fatigue performance of the UFG pure titanium,and the traditional Manson-coffin model can not accurately predict the fatigue life under asymmetric stress load.Therefore,the SWT mean stress correction model and three-parameter power curve model are proposed,and the test results are verified.The final research shows that the threeparameter power surface model has better representation.By studying the mean stress relaxation phenomenon under the condition of R≠-1,it is revealed that the stress ratio and the strain amplitude are the factors that significantly afiect the mean stress relaxation rate,and the mean stress relaxation model with the two variables is calculated to describe the mean stress relaxation phenomenon of the UFG pure titanium under different strain ratios.The fracture morphology of the samples was observed by SEM,and it was concluded that the final fracture zone of the fatigue fracture of the UFG pure titanium was a mixture of ductile fracture and quasi cleavage fracture.The toughness of the material increases with the increase of strain ratio at the same strain amplitude.

Improvements on Mean Free Wave Surface Modeling

Some new results of the modeling of mean free surface of waves or wave set-up are presented. The stream function wave theory is applied to incident short waves. The limiting wave steepness is adopted as the wave breaker index in the calculation of wave breaking dissipation. The model is based on Roelvink (1993), but the numerical techniques used in the solution are based on the Weighted-Average Flux (WAF) method (Watson et al., 1992), with Time-Operator-Splitting (TOS) used for the treatment of the source terms. This method allows a small number of computational points to be used, and is particularly efficient in modeling wave set-up. The short wave (or incident primary wave) energy equation is solved by use of a traditional Lax-Wendroff technique. The present model is found to be satisfactory compared with the measurements conducted by Stive (1983).

基于多评价指标的输电铁塔构件重要性分类方法

铁塔构件重要性的合理分类是保证输电铁塔力学性能监测方案经济合理的前提。目前的分类方法存在分类依据考虑不全面,难以适用输电铁塔结构高冗余度特征的问题。本文基于改变路径法拆除铁塔构件,综合考虑剩余结构的最大应力均值变化率和可靠度两个评价指标,采用熵权—优劣解距离决策法构造综合评价模型,提出一种针对高压输电铁塔的构件重要性分类方法,并进行了算例分析。分析结果表明,铁塔构件重要性分布呈现非线性特征,不同工况下构件重要性表现出一定的差异性。根据本文的构件重要性分类方法计算所得结果与实际工程经验结果基本一致,能够定量判定输电铁塔结构中的关键构件,研究成果可为输电铁塔智能监测领域的传感器布置问题提供理论基础。