An Experimental System Development for Head Posture Estimation Based on 3-D Images Measurement

Although automobile is an indispensable vehicle to modern life, it also serves as a social problem with a big traffic accident. Among the reasons of traffic accidents, careless driving accounts for the largest part. So in order to avoid the careless driving, a system which can measure the posture of a driver and warns driver to drive carefully in the case of looking aside is necessary. Although the image measurement method is used broadly, there is a problem on which measurement accuracy is influenced by environment light, makeup of the driver, etc. in the general method based on the two-dimensional image. Therefore, in this study, we propose an image measurement method to obtain the head posture of driver. First we use three-dimensional measurement method which based on the infrared pattern projection to get 3-D information of head, and then we calculate the angle for faces. In this paper, we explain the composition method of an experiment system, and the results of head posture measurement experiment.

Automated Phase-measuring Profilometry of 3-D Diffuse Objects Using a Single Phase Step Method

The technique of phase measuring profilometry using a single phase step method is proposed.This method can automatically obtain phase value at each pixel by using a discret cosine transform algorithm.The method is able to automatically recognize any position between depression and elevation on an object surface.Theoretical analysis and experimental verification are presented.

Part-level 3-D object classification with improved interpretation tree

For classifying unknown 3-D objects into a set of predetermined object classes, a part-level object classification method based on the improved interpretation tree is presented. The part-level representation is implemented, which enables a more compact shape description of 3-D objects. The proposed classification method consists of two key processing stages： the improved constrained search on an interpretation tree and the following shape similarity measure computation. By the classification method, both whole match and partial match with shape similarity ranks are achieved; especially, focus match can be accomplished, where different key parts may be labeled and all the matched models containing corresponding key parts may be obtained. A series of experiments show the effectiveness of the presented 3-D object classification method.

Measurement and Compensation of Deviations of Real Tooth Surface of Spiral Bevel Gear

This paper presents a method for measurement of deviation of the real gear tooth surface from the theoretical one with a coordinate measurement machine and compensation of repeatable parts. By investigation of characteristics of distortion of the gear tooth surface along the circle direction, the deviation is derived from distortion, and the definition of deviation with the geometrical invariability is proposed. Then the approach for determination of the location and orientation of the gear with respect to the coordinate measurement machine and the measurement way are developed. The deviation is represented with a difference surface, and an algorithm for derivation of parameters of global form deviations from the discrete points has been provided. Finally, the compensation approach is discussed.

A novel wide-range precision instrument for measuring three-dimensional surface topography

We developed a measuring instrument that had wide range, high precision, small measuring touch force. The instrument for three-dimensional (3D) surface topography measurement was composed of a high precision displacement sensor based on the Michelson interference principle, a 3D platform based on vertical scanning, a measuring and control circuit, and an industrial control computer. It was a closed loop control system, which changed the traditional moving stylus scanning style into a moving platform scanning style. When the workpiece was measured, the lever of the displacement sensor returned to the balanced position in every sample interval according to the zero offset of the displacement sensor. The non-linear error caused by the rotation of the lever was, therefore, very small even if the measuring range was wide. The instrument can measure the roughness and the profile size of a curved surface.

Field-Based Automated Survey for Extracting Tree Inventory Attributes and 3-D Models in a Forested Area

Acquisition of tree inventory parameters such as tree position with respect to a local reference coordinate system, tree height, dbh （diameter breast height） and other associated tree attributes is a tedious process, time consuming, costly and labour intensive. An automatic collection and processing in the field could expedite the process of tree inventory survey and data management. The advent of handheld laser equipments such as the MDL LaserAce 300, should allow rapid acquisition of tree attributes. The instrument measures distances, differences in height and horizontal bearing automatically. This paper describes a study about the automated process of retrieving tree positions, their respective attributes and the creation of 3-D model （three-dimensional model）. A software developed in-house known as ASSIST （automated spatial survey information system） was utilized together with the MI）I, LaserAce 300, being the hardware component of the automated system. The capability of MDL LaserAce 9300 in extracting information regarding tree inventory attributes and the 3-D model encompassing the study area was investigated. The results were checked against the data sets acquired by a total station traversing and tacheometric survey respectively. The accuracy of the horizontal and vertical position of points gathered was critically assessed. The accuracy of the MDL LaserAce 300 was found to be less than ±2 m for both planimetric （horizontal） and vertical （height） in the construction of the 3-D model. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of a field-based automation system as a viable option to support forest application requirement.

Investigation of Key Parameters for 3-D Dredging Plume Model Validation

Dredging plume dispersion studies, use dredging plume models to predict the fate of sediment plumes resulting from dredging activities and dredge spoil disposal. The model results are applied as input to environmental impact assessment of the proposed dredging, particularly those associated with suspended sediments and sedimentation. Model validation and performance are still not resolved because of the difficulty of site measurements and the understanding of the parameters used in the model. This paper presents a 3-D dredging plume model based on the MIKE3 software package to investigate parameters which affect the model performances. As a result of lack of site data for the public domain uses, the model scenarios are designed artificially for sensitive runs to identify the key parameters affecting plume behaviours. The factors include dredging spill rates using different dredging methods, equipment and sediment settling velocities. The influence of wave and wind effects combined with tidal forces on the sediment re-suspended rates and the advection/dispersion scales are also assessed.

High-accuracy 3-D deformation measurement method with an improved structured-light principle

In this paper,a high-accuracy 3-D deformation measurement(HADM)method with structured light is proposed and applied to wing deformation measurement in wind tunnel experiments.The present method employs an arbitrarily arranged fringe projector and a perpendicularly placed camera.The exact phase-height mapping using the phase differences of the projected sinusoidal fringe patterns,as well as the spatial distribution of the fringe,is accurately derived.It not only presents high feasibility but also reduces systemic uncertainties arising from deviations between the ideal model and the real-world conditions.Meanwhile,a dynamic boundary process algorithm is proposed to reduce the measurement uncertainty caused by fringe fracture near the object boundary.It is calibrated that a high accuracy with the average measurement uncertainty of 0.0237 mm is achieved,which is less than 0.01%of the side length of 25 cm of the field of view.In the wind tunnel experiments,the 3-D deformations of the elastic wing,particularly the key geometric parameters such as wing tip position,angle of attack,and dihedral angle,are well reconstructed to provide an in-depth explanation for the aerodynamic characteristics.

3D optical measurement of relative displacement for the tuberosities in the shoulder prosthesis

In this paper,a binocular 3-D computer vision measurement system is used to measure the relative displacement for the greater and lesser tuberosities in the shoulder prosthesis.The basic principles of binocular optical measurement are introduced in detail,and the loading apparatus is designed for external rotation and anteflexion of the shoulder prosthesis.Both the motion of external rotation and anteflexion of the shoulder are measured,and the corresponding displacement values for the greater and lesser tuberosities are extracted.These results will play an important role in evaluating the stability of humeral tuberosity in the shoulder prosthesis.

基于激光位移传感器的3维位置测量算法研究

为了实现空间高微重力主动隔振系统反馈控制回路设计,采用6个激光位移传感器对隔振平台上3个正交的定位面的位移进行测量,实现对其3维位置和姿态的解算,并给出了推导过程,通过数值仿真,实验验证了有效性,同时对于解算过程中的误差来源与其对解算结果的影响进行了分析,给出了误差影响因素与解算误差之间的关系。结果表明,此3维位置和姿态的解算算法能够准确地解算出隔振平台的3维位置和姿态,且理论解算误差在30μm以内。此研究对基于位移测量的反馈控制回路设计有一定的实用价值和发展前景。

3-D Shape Measurement of Complex Objects by Combining Color-Coded Fringe and Neural Networks

A new approach for three dimensional (3-D) shape measurement was proposed based on colorcoded fringe and neural networks. By applying the phase-shift technique to fringe projection, point clouds were generated with high spatial resolution and limited accuracy. The picture element correspondence problem was solved by using projected color-coded fringes with different orientations. Once the high accurate corresponding points were decided, high precision dense 3-D points cloud was calculated by the well trained net. High spatial resolution can be obtained by the phase-shift technique and high accuracy 3-D object point coordinates are achieved by the well trained net, which is not dependent on the camera model and will work for any type of camera. Some experiments verify the performance of this method.

The Intelligent Measuring Sub-system in the Computer Integrated and Flexible Laser Processing System

Based on the computer integrated and flexible laser p rocessing system, we developed an intelligent measuring sub-system. A novel mod el has been built to compensate the deviations of the main frame-structure, and a laser tracker system is applied to calibrate the accuracy of the system. Anal yzing the characteristics of all kind surfaces of automobile outer penal moulds and dies, the surface and border to be measured and processed are classified int o four types. A 2-D adaptive measuring method based on Bzier curve and a 3 -D adaptive measuring method based on Spline curve are developed for different types of surface. During the data processing, a 3-D probe compensation method i s described in details. The control software of the sub-measuring system is des cribed. Some measuring experiments are carried out to testify the methods.

Three-dimensional finite-time cooperative guidance for multiple missiles without radial velocity measurements

In order to simultaneously attack a target with impact angle constraint in threedimensional(3-D) space, a novel distributed cooperative guidance law for multiple missiles under directed communication topologies is proposed without radial velocity measurements. First, based on missiles-target 3-D relative motion equations, the multiple missiles cooperative guidance model with impact angle constraint is constructed. Then, in Line-of-Sight(LOS) direction, based on multiagent system cooperative control theory, one guidance law with directed topologies is designed with strict proof, which can guarantee finite time consensus of multiple missiles' impact times. Next, in elevation direction and azimuth direction of LOS, based on homogeneous system stability theory and integral sliding mode control theory, two guidance laws are proposed respectively with strict proof, which can guarantee LOS angles converge to desired values and LOS angular rates converge to zero in finite time. Finally, the effectiveness of the designed cooperative guidance law is demonstrated through simulation results.

Complete three-dimensional coseismic displacements due to the 2021 Maduo earthquake in Qinghai Province,China from Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2 SAR images

On 22 nd May 2021(local time),an earthquake of M_(s)7.4 struck Maduo county in Qinghai Province,China.This was the largest earthquake in China since the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.In this study,ascending/descending Sentinel-1 and advanced land observation satellite-2(ALOS-2)synthetic aperture radar(SAR)images were used to derive the three-dimensional(3-D)coseismic displacements of this earthquake.We used the differential interferometric SAR(In SAR,DIn SAR),pixel offset-tracking(POT),multiple aperture In SAR(MAI),and burst overlap interferometry(BOI)methods to derive the displacement observations along the line-of-sight(LOS)and azimuth directions.To accurately mitigate the effect of ionospheric delay on the ALOS-2 DIn SAR observations,a polynomial fitting method was proposed to optimize range-spectrum-split-derived ionospheric phases.In addition,the 3-D displacement field was obtained by a strain model and variance component estimation(SM-VCE)method based on the high-quality SAR displacement observations.Results indicated that a left-lateral fault slip with the largest horizontal displacement of up to 2.4 m dominated this earthquake,and the small-magnitude vertical displacement with an alternating uplift/subsidence pattern along the fault trace was more concentrated in the near-fault regions.Comparison with the global navigation satellite system data indicated that the SM-VCE method can significantly improve the accuracy of the displacements compared to the classical weighted least squares method,and the incorporation of the BOI displacements can substantially benefit the accuracy of north-south displacement.In addition to the displacements,three coseismic strain invariants calculated based on the strain model parameters were also investigated.It was found that the eastern and western parts of the faults suffered more significant strains compared with the epicenter region.

基于CCD的电子散斑干涉系统中离面位移的测定

简要介绍电子散斑干涉系统的组成部分、散斑干涉原理以及离面位移测量的检测原理,并采用了最新处理光学信息的CCD测量技术,利用软件画出测试表面受力变形后的三维重构图,同时得出变形后物体在X方向和Y方向的离面位移.

电涡流传感器建模与仿真分析

利用电涡流位移传感器可以研制出防水性电子数显卡尺。应用有限元技术(ANSYS软件)对空心平面线圈的三维电磁模型进行了仿真分析,建立了以空心平面线圈为特征的电涡流传感器数学模型,并将线圈分解为多个导线,分别独立仿真,最终进行合成。将仿真结果与实验结果相对照,结果表明:上述仿真结果与实际传感器的特性是吻合的。本研究结果为这种传感器的实际应用提供了有利的分析方法和手段。

三维位移场(U,V,W)实时观测的云纹干涉法

本文将一特殊布置的云纹干涉系统和一垂直入射试件栅的麦克尔逊干涉系统组和起来,利用云纹干涉系统测量两个面内位移分量U、V,垂直入射的麦克尔逊干涉系统测量离面位移分量 W。调节云纹干涉系统中入射光的入射角,使正、负一级衍涉波的传播方向偏离开试件栅法向一微小角度,从而使一级衍涉波的频谱点与麦克尔逊干涉系统中的零级衍涉波的频谱点在频谱面上分开。利用小反射镜的反射来改变一级衍射波的传播方向,从而使我们在三个彼此分开的成像面上同步实时观测到三维位移场的条纹图。文中给出了严格的理论推导和实验验证。

基于三维数字图像相关法(DICM)的输电导线风致动态位移测试及分析

基于三维DICM的非接触位移测试技术对导线气弹模型沿跨位移时程进行了测试,并对其进行统计与频谱分析,得到了导线风致位移的变化规律与概率分布特性。分析结果表明:导线在风荷载作用下,水平向振动表现为以一阶面外振型为主导、面内亦有一定贡献的振动形式,且随着风速的增加,面内振型的贡献也相应提高,从而使得导线在高风速下的面内振型的贡献不可忽略;对于竖向振动而言,其主导振型为面外一阶以及面内对称一、二阶;总体而言,在考虑导线风致响应时,选择包含面外一阶、面内一、二阶对称振型在内的三阶振型能够较为精确地反映其风致振动的主要能量组成;随着风速的增加,输电线面内、外非线性耦合程度增强,其风致响应不再满足高斯分布,位移响应峰因子应作相应调整。

用于信号盲提取的最大三阶相关峭度反卷积算法

传统的低阶自适应滤波器难以抑制或消除激光位移信号的高阶统计噪声,且在微位移测量条件下,基于最大熵或自然梯度的盲源分离方法的收敛速度和信噪比会急剧降低.为此,文中利用混合信号的峭度变化特性,提出了最大三阶相关峭度反卷积算法,设计了反卷积逆滤波器,分析了最大三阶相关峭度反卷积算法的收敛性和稳定条件,并构建了实验平台进行盲提取实验.结果表明,最大三阶相关峭度反卷积算法可有效地盲提取激光位移信号和多重反射信号,较FastICA算法具有更快的收敛速度和更高的信噪比.

非接触式激光平面检测系统

传统的接触式平面检测精度低、稳定性差及对对象物检测条件要求苛刻,已逐渐被现代非接触式平面检测所替代。非接触式激光平面检测系统以其高精度、高分辨率及不受对象物材质、颜色或倾斜度的影响等优点,可对任何对象物进行平面检测。介绍系统结构和激光位移传感器的工作机理,并进行平面定性检测和定量检测试验,用OpenGL绘制及拟合三维曲面。试验结果表明,该系统平面检测结果较好地反映出对象物平面起伏情况,并且达到系统的精度要求。