Rock fracture density characterization using measurement while drilling(MWD) techniques

Accurate determination of rock mass properties is a critical part of open-pit mine planning activities to enable more prescriptive blast designs to achieve improved loading and hauling and downstream process efficiency. Better and more accurate blast practice that delivers enhanced outcomes(better fragmentation, improved diggability, less dilution, etc.) is a critical and fundamental element of being able to achieve an effective Mine-Mill approach at a mining operation. Based on previous work, it has been demonstrated that an accurate representation of the rock mass properties can be obtained from the analysis of variations in blasthole drill performance as derived from measurement while drilling(MWD) systems when using tricone bits. This paper further investigates how monitored rate of penetration,pulldown force, rotary torque, rotary speed and bailing air pressure responses can be used to determine the presence of open and partially open fractures having varying dip angles. Based on a correlation of geophysically measured fracture logs and monitored drill performance variables in the same blastholes, the results show that the latter responses can accurately determine open versus closed fractures. The results also identified that variations in rate of penetration and rotary torque show the most sensitivity in the presence of open fractures that intersect a vertical blasthole at near orthogonal angles.

Processing of measurement while drilling data for rock mass characterization

The information extracted from monitoring of rotary blasthole drills helps to optimize the overall mining operation. Rock hardness, drillability, blastability and specific energy of drilling are examples of parameters that have been estimated in the past using measurement while drilling techniques. In order to be able to properly utilize measurement while drilling techniques, it is important to properly collect, analyze and interpret extracted data. This paper deals with processing of measurement while drilling data such as rate of penetration, rotary speed, rotary torque and pulldown force collected from rotary blasthole drills.Different methods are discussed to calculate a true rate of penetration which is the most important monitored drill variable for use in rock mass characterization. Then specific energy of drilling is defined and calculated based on electrical and mechanical inputs and the results are compared. The results show that specific energy of drilling can be estimated using the drill's primary drive systems' electrical responses with good accuracy when compared to values based on mechanical inputs.

Formation permeability evaluation and productivity prediction based on mobility from pressure measurement while drilling

Based on the measurement mechanism of mobility in pressure measurement while drilling, through analyzing a large number of mobility data, it is found that under the condition of water-based mud drilling, the product of mobility from pressure measurement while drilling and the viscosity of mud filtrate is infinitely close to the water phase permeability under the residual oil in relative permeability experiment. Based on this, a method converting the mobility from pressure measurement while drilling to core permeability is proposed, and the permeability based on Timur formula has been established. Application of this method in Penglai 19-9 oilfield of Bohai Sea shows:(1) Compared with the permeability calculated by the model of adjacent oilfields, the permeability calculated by this model is more consistent with the permeability calculated by core analysis.(2) Based on the new model, the correlation between the calculated mobility of well logging and the actual drilling specific productivity index bas been established. Compared with the relationship established by using the permeability model of an adjacent oilfield, the correlation of the new model is better.(3) Productivity of four directional wells was predicted, and the prediction results are in good agreement with the actual production after drilling.

Measurement of Forces and Torques during Non-Homogeneous Material Drilling Operation

The purpose of this study is to measure the forces and torques produced in the drilling process of a non-homogenous material （bone）. An automated 5 DoF CataLyst-5 robot is used during the drilling process and it is integrated to a 6 DoF force-torque sensor. A force-torque controller which is built in the Matlab Simulink environment is employed to control the drilling process of the bone. Different feed rate is used during the experimental process of the bone drilling operation. The sensor is calibrated to measure the tri-axial direction of the resultant forces and torques. The profiles of the forces and torques obtained are non-linear due to the diversity of the bone density. The profiles generated also indicated fluctuation in the interface layers of the bone.

Drilling-based measuring method for the c-φ parameter of rock and its field application

The technology of drilling tests makes it possible to obtain the strength parameter of rock accurately in situ. In this paper, a new rock cutting analysis model that considers the influence of the rock crushing zone(RCZ) is built. The formula for an ultimate cutting force is established based on the limit equilibrium principle. The relationship between digital drilling parameters(DDP) and the c-φ parameter(DDP-cφ formula, where c refers to the cohesion and φ refers to the internal friction angle) is derived, and the response of drilling parameters and cutting ratio to the strength parameters is analyzed. The drillingbased measuring method for the c-φ parameter of rock is constructed. The laboratory verification test is then completed, and the difference in results between the drilling test and the compression test is less than 6%. On this basis, in-situ rock drilling tests in a traffic tunnel and a coal mine roadway are carried out, and the strength parameters of the surrounding rock are effectively tested. The average difference ratio of the results is less than 11%, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method for obtaining the strength parameters based on digital drilling. This study provides methodological support for field testing of rock strength parameters.

Non-contact measurement and multi-objective analysis of drilling temperature when drilling B_4C reinforced aluminum composites

Non-contact measurements of machining temperatures were performed with optical pyrometer when drilling particle（B4C） reinforced metal matrix composites（MMCs） with different drills. The effect of particle content, cutting speed, feed rate and tool material on the maximum drilling temperature was investigated. The drilling parameters were optimized based on multiple performance characteristics in terms of the maximum cutting temperature and tool wear. According to the results, the most influential control factors on the cutting temperatures are found to be particle fraction, feed rate and interaction between the cutting speed and particle content, respectively. The influences of the cutting speed and drill material on the drilling temperature are found to be relatively lower for the used range of parameters. Minimum cutting temperatures are obtained with lower particle fraction and cutting speed, with relatively higher feed rates and carbide tools. The results reveal that optimal combination of the drilling parameters can be used to obtain both minimum cutting temperature and tool wear.

ELF-EM Signal Processing While Drilling Based on Human-Computer Interaction Combined Algorithm

In the electromagnetic wave measurement while drilling(EM MWD), the extra low frequency electromagnetic wave(ELF-EM) below 20Hz was usually chosen as the carrier because of its transmission characteristics in the formation. However, as the drilling depth increases, the electromagnetic wave signals received on the ground gradually weaken, becoming lower than a certain signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)and making it impossible to be decoded or transmitted.The attenuation of electromagnetic wave in the formation is definitely one of the causes, but what matters more is the influence of environment noise at the well site, especially the in-band interference noise and random noise. Targeting at the out-of-band noise, the bandpass filter, which is invalid to the in-band noise,can be used to eliminate the noise out of the carrier’s main band. To cope with the question, an algorithm based on the human-computer interaction detection(HCID) was proposed in this paper that improves the SNR of ELF-EM signals, with the effective transmission distance of EM MWD increased. In this paper,the validity of the proposed HCID algorithm was verified through communication processing performance simulation and field data comparison, thus providing a reference for engineers and technicians in this field.Theoretical analysis and experimental data verification show that the combined algorithm decodes effectively under the in-band interference noise of-80d B SNR and in-band random noise of-17d B SNR.

An intelligent identification method of safety risk while drilling in gas drilling

In view of the shortcomings of current intelligent drilling technology in drilling condition representation, sample collection, data processing and feature extraction, an intelligent identification method of safety risk while drilling was established. The correlation analysis method was used to determine correlation parameters indicating gas drilling safety risk. By collecting monitoring data in the safety risk period of more than 20 wells, a sample database of a variety of safety risks in gas drilling was established, and the number of samples was expanded by using the method of few-shot learning. According to the forms of gas drilling monitoring data samples, a two-layer convolution neural network architecture was designed, and multiple convolution cores of different sizes and weights were set to realize the vertical and horizontal convolution computations of samples to extract and learn the variation law and correlation characteristics of multiple monitoring parameters. Finally, based on the training results of neural network, samples of different kinds of safety risks were selected to enhance the recognition accuracy. Compared with the traditional BP(error back propagation) full-connected neural network architecture, this method can more deeply and effectively identify safety risk characteristics in gas drilling, and thus identify and predict risks in advance, which is conducive to avoid and quickly solve safety risks while drilling. Field application has proved that this method has an identification accuracy of various safety risks while drilling in the process of gas drilling of about 90% and is practical.

A Petrophysical Approach to Evaluation from Measured While Drilling Gamma Ray, Case Study in the Powder River and Delaware Basins

One of the most common subsurface data sets that is easily accessible and often underutilized is the acquired measuring while drilling (MWD) gamma ray (GR-GAPI) log. Data is acquired from a given gamma ray tool positioned within the drill string and pulsed up to the surface through the mud column in the wellbore. Typical use of the data is for subsurface geologists, drillers and others to correlate the data to known stratigraphic signatures and steer wells through horizontal target zones. Through that correlation, an association to the geologic stratigraphic column can be made and the team of subsurface scientists adjusts where, how fast, and why they choose to continue drilling. The technique of correlation applies to both the conventional and unconventional application. In the unconventional application, the data is also typically acquired along the length of the horizontal wellbore. From a petrophysical standpoint, just acquiring a gamma ray can limit the amount of information and ability to fully evaluate the properties along the length of the well. In this study, we share and demonstrate how to utilize the MWD GR for petrophysical evaluation beyond just a volume of shale or volume of clay interpretation. The workflow will allow full integration of a comprehensive petrophysical evaluation that can then be utilized to support all subsurface understandings and modelling efforts.

充气欠平衡钻井MWD信号衰减原因分析与解决方法

充气欠平衡钻井中,井下随钻测量设备MWD发射的钻井液脉冲在传播的过程中衰减程度很高,地面设备无法完成对井眼轨迹的监测与控制。通过建立充气欠平衡钻井MWD信号传输模型,分析制约压力波信号传输的因素,提出调整地面接收器安装位置和改造注气方式两种解决方案并进行现场试验。结果表明:地面传感器的安装位置对信号接收没有影响;改造注气方式将气液充分混合后对信号传输有一定的改善作用,可以提升MWD的有效测量距离。

气体钻井MMWD随钻测量方法研究

气体钻井中EM-MWD技术受复杂地层影响大、信号衰减快和抗噪声能力差,导致其信号测传深度受限,为此提出了在气体钻井中利用钻杆作为微波波导实现井下参数随钻测量与信号传输的MMWD技术。在研究钻杆内高频波传输特性与影响微波传输的主要因素基础上,优选了微波频率并验证了其适用性,得到了可在钻杆中传播的8个波形及其衰减系数,研制出了MMWD样机,并开发了配套的控制处理软件。该样机在元坝气田元陆x井进行了多次下井试验,单次入井无故障工作时间达120.0h,总工作时间234.0h,最大测传深度超过3 000.00m,测传的井下温度数据基本符合地层温度分布规律,且测传井斜角与测井井斜角也较为吻合。研究表明,MMWD技术弥补了EM-MWD技术测传深度受限的不足,测量结果准确可靠,为气体钻井提供了一种新的高效随钻测量手段。

用于MWD遥传系统的联合编码调制方法

遥传技术是随钻测量(MWD,measurement while drilling)系统中的一项关键技术,目前大多数MWD系统均采用泥浆脉冲方式进行数据传输。随着井深的增加,单纯的脉冲调制的传输性能会快速恶化。提出了一种联合卷积编码与脉冲间隔调制,构造出一种网格编码脉冲间隔调制(TC-PIM)方法。TC-PIM最大化调制输出序列之间的最小时间距离,从而获得显著的编码增益。TC-PIM可以用于随钻测量系统,以提高泥浆脉冲遥传系统的传输距离。

矿用EM-MWD绝缘短节关键参数分析及研制

绝缘短节是电磁波随钻测量(EM-MWD)的重要组件,在设计加工绝缘短节时,既要考虑绝缘短节长度与绝缘性,又要考虑绝缘短节的机械性能。应用ANSYS仿真分析绝缘短节关键参数(长度、电阻)对信号传输的影响规律,由分析可知,一般绝缘短节长度取0.5m、电阻达到数百欧姆即可满足电磁波随钻测量的要求。基于此,研制一种长度为0.5m、电阻大于8MΩ的矿用绝缘短节,其机械性能接近钻杆,野外试验结果表明,该绝缘短节能用于工程实际。

基于ANSYS的套管对EM-MWD信号传输的影响分析

评价电磁波随钻测量(EM-MWD)信号传输效果,不可忽视套管对信号传输的影响,而套管对信号传输影响极为复杂,很难用数学模型进行全面分析。基于此,采用ANSYS有限元软件,对EM-MWD在套管中信号传输进行建模仿真,从地面电流密度及接收信号压差方面,分析套管对EM-MWD信号传输影响规律。仿真结果表明:绝缘短节出套管,套管对信号起引导作用,反之,套管对信号起屏蔽作用;低电阻率钻井液对EM-MWD在套管中的信号传输影响大。

基于2D-DCT变换的MWD遥传信号泵冲干扰消除方法

遥传技术是随钻测量(MWD,measurement while drilling)系统中的一项关键技术,目前大多数MWD系统均采用泥浆脉冲方式进行数据传输。钻井现场噪声环境复杂,特别是泥浆泵的泵冲干扰,其强度较大,如果其频率落入脉冲信号的带内,则会对地面接收信号造成严重干扰。因此若不能对脉冲信号带内的泵冲干扰进行很好的抑制,则会限制遥传系统对各种工况的适应能力。提出了一种基于二维离散余弦变换(2D-DCT)的泵冲干扰消除方法,该方法将地面接收到的一维泥浆压力信号转换为二维信号,然后进行2D-DCT变换,从而能在变换域进行泵冲干扰的消除处理。

MWD导向系统防斜打直技术在东9井的应用

东9井由于地层倾角大,用常规防斜措施难以保证井身质量。在该井的施工中,应用了MWD导向系 统防斜打直技术和高效PDC钻头,利用其定向控制井眼轨迹能力强的技术特点,可以随时监控井斜、方位,并可根 据井斜、方位变化情况及时采取如定向纠斜或开动转盘导向钻进等技术措施,既保证了井身质量,又提高了机械钻 速,缩短了钻井周期。

基于局部特征和相关系数的MWD泥浆脉冲信号识别

针对MWD(measure while drilling)泥浆脉冲信号提取和识别问题,对泥浆脉冲信号中夹杂的各种噪声进行分析,用相关去噪算法和移动中值估计算法来消除泥浆脉冲信号中的噪声和基值漂移;然后针对曼彻斯特编码的泥浆脉冲信号特征,将局部特征算法和相关系数算法应用到了泥浆脉冲信号的识别上.现场实验结果表明:提出的去噪和解码算法过程简单实用,具有可靠性高、误码率低等特点,符合工程应用的要求.

基于ANSYS的延长线对EM-MWD信号传输的影响

为了研究延长线对电磁随钻测量(EM-MWD)信号传输的影响,基于ANSYS有限元软件,对延长线型EM-MWD信号传输特性进行了仿真,从延长线长度和延长线单位长度电阻方面开展了研究。建模时假设井眼为直井,钻柱轴线与套管轴线重合,钻柱全为钻杆。分析结果表明:随着延长线长度增加,EM-MWD信号接收强度先快速增强,后缓慢增强或减弱;延长线单位长度电阻越小,EM-MWD接收信号越强;当绝缘短节位于金属套管内时,延长线型EM-MWD的地面接收信号弱于常规EM-MWD;当绝缘短节位于金属套管外时,延长线型EM-MWD接收信号强度比常规EM-MWD强。所得结果可为延长线型EM-MWD传输技术的现场应用提供指导。

煤矿井下EM-MWD仪器研制

研制了煤矿井下电磁无线随钻测量(EM-MWD)仪器。针对煤矿井下EM-MWD特点,发射频率采用可设置的6.25 Hz与12.5 Hz,编码方式采用省电的差分脉冲位置调制(DPPM),发射机设计省电模式与休眠模式提高电池工作时间,φ73 mm绝缘天线外层涂覆多层金刚砂提高耐磨性,接收机采用RLS自适应滤波提高抗干扰性能。试验结果表明仪器在煤矿井下随钻测量传输距离大于310 m,发射机省电模式与休眠模式工作有效,绝缘天线机械强度与耐磨性达到煤矿井下随钻测量要求。

钻柱对地面钻孔EM–MWD信号传输影响的ANSYS模拟分析

钻柱是电磁波随钻测量(EM–MWD)信号传输的重要信道,评价EM–MWD信号传输效果,不可忽视钻柱的影响。基于此,采用ANSYS有限元软件,对EM–MWD信号传输特性进行仿真。从地面接收电压和电流密度两方面,分析了孔眼环空横截面积、钻柱横截面积、钻柱电阻率和绝缘短节位置对电磁波随钻测量信号传输的影响规律。仿真结果表明:地面接收信号随钻柱横截面积增大而增强,受孔眼环空间隙影响小;钻柱电阻率越低,接收信号越强;绝缘短节与钻头之间的距离越长,接收信号越强。