Effect of Particle Phase Volume, Shape and Liquid Phase Concentrations on Rheological Properties of Large Particulate-Liquid Model Food Systems by Using Ball Measuring System

Rheological properties of large particulate-liquid model food systems were studied by using the BMS （ball measuring system）. The model food systems were composed of alginate gel particles （-10mm） and a gelatinised starch solution with 1% w/w sodium chloride as a liquid phase. The effects of particle phase volume （Ф, 0-0.60）, particle shapes （cube, sphere, rod and disc） and starch concentrations （3% and 5% w/w starch） were investigated. The power law model was successfully applied to characterize the flow properties of each system and the consistency K and power law index n were obtained. The K increased and n decreased with increasing # for samples at all particle shapes at 3% w/w starch in the liquid phase. The particle effect on the viscosity is further analysed by means of the Krieger-Dougherty model and the maximum packing fraction #,, and the intrinsic viscosity [η] were obtained in each system. The Фm, depended on the particle shape, as expected. The [7] value depended on particle shape and was largely in the order of 4.04 （cube）, 3.28 （disc）, 2.56 （sphere） and 2.32 （rod） at 3% w/w starch. The [η] also depended on starch concentration and was 1.1 at 5%,6 w/w starch in the liquid phase with spherical particles. The present results show successful application of BMS to study the rheological properties of large particulate liquid food systems at relatively small scale experiment （-0.5 L） and also that existing models for suspension rheology are applicable for such food systems to a great extend.

Comparison of Rheometric Devices for Measuring the Rheological Parameters of Debris Flow Slurry

Soil samples with clay content ranging from 15% to 31%, were taken from three debris flow gullies in Southwest China. Three debris flow slurry samples were prepared and tested with four measuring systems of an Anton Paar Physica MCR301 rheometer, including the concentric cylinder system,the parallel-plate system, the vane geometry, and the ball measuring system. All systems were smoothwalled. Flow curves were plotted and yield stress was determined using the Herschel-Bulkley model,showing differences among the different systems.Flow curves from the concentric cylinder and parallelplate systems involved two distinct regions, the low shear and the high shear regions. Yield stresses determined by data fitting in the low shear region were significantly lower than the values from the inclined channel test which is a practical method for determining yield stress. Flow curves in the high shear region are close to those from the vane geometry and the ball measuring system. The fitted values of yield stress are comparable to the values from the inclined channel test. The differences are caused by wall-slip effects in the low shear region.Vane geometry can capture the stress overshoot phenomenon caused by the destruction of slurry structure, whereas end effects should be considered in the determination of yield stress. The ball measuring system can give reasonable results, and it is applicable for rheological testing of debris flow slurries.