The rock breaking and ROP increase mechanisms for single-tooth torsional impact cutting using DEM

Torsional impact drilling is a new technology which has the advantages of high rock-breaking efficiency and a high rate of penetration(ROP).So far,there is no in-depth understanding of the rock-breaking mechanism for the ROP increase from torsional impact tools.Therefore,it has practical engineering significance to study the rock-breaking mechanism of torsional impact.In this paper,discrete element method(DEM)software(PFC2 D)is used to compare granite breaking under the steady and torsional impacting conditions.Meanwhile,the energy consumption to break rock,microscopic crushing process and chip characteristics as well as the relationship among these three factors for granite under different impacting frequencies and amplitudes are discussed.It is found that the average cutting force is smaller in the case of torsional impact cutting(TIC)than that in the case of steady loading.The mechanical specific energy(MSE)and the ratio of brittle energy consumption to total energy are negatively correlated;rock-breaking efficiency is related to the mode of action between the cutting tooth and rock.Furthermore,the ROP increase mechanism of torsional impact drilling technology is that the ratio of brittle energy consumption under the TIC condition is larger than that under a steady load;the degree of repeated fragmentation of rock chips under the TIC condition is lower than that under the steady load,and the TIC load promotes the formation of a transverse cracking network near the free surface and inhibits the formation of a deep longitudinal cracking network.

Analysis of main roof breaking form and its mechanism during first weightingin longwall face

By field observation and simulating test in shallow seam longwall mining, the asymmetry breaking of main roof is discovered during the first weighting. Based on simulating model test and theoretical analysis, the mechanism of main roof first breaking is revealed, and the asymmetry breaking parameter is determined at all.

Study on Dormancy Mechanism and Breaking Dormancy Method of <i>Viburnum sargentii</i>Seeds

Under untreated conditions, the germination rate of Viburnum sargentii seeds is very low. By exploring the relationship between the dynamic changes of physicochemical indicators and endogenous hormones and seed germination during the dormancy and germination of Viburnum sargentii seeds, the mechanism of seed germination of Viburnum sargentii was determined, which provided a theoretical basis for its extensive promotion and development. The contents of soluble sugar and soluble starch were determined by anthrone colorimetry. The soluble protein was determined by Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 staining. The activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was determined by NBT reduction method. The peroxidase (POD) was determined by guaiacol method. And the endogenous hormones ZA, IAA, ABA, GA3 were determined by liquid chromatography. Results show: 1) Under natural conditions, the seeds of Viburnum sargentii are difficult to germinate. 2) Under sand storage for 8 months, the germination rate of untreated seeds was 33%. Puncture and peeling treatment could significantly increase the germination rate, and the germination rate of seeds treated with puncture was 92%, and that treated with peel was 98%. 3) Seed germination was accompanied by the decrease in macromolecular substances such as soluble sugar, soluble starch, and soluble protein. 4) The dynamic changes of hormones during seed germination conform to the hypothesis of “three factors”. 5) The treatment of puncture and peeling increased the content of endogenous hormones promoting germination, decreased the endogenous hormones inhibiting seed germination, and increased the ratio of (IAA + GA + ZR)/ABA or GA/ABA. The seeds of Viburnum sargentii have obvious dormancy characteristics. Under the condition of sand storage, both pricking and peeling treatment can effectively promote the process of breaking dormancy, and the effect of peeling treatment is better.

Experimental research and energy analysis of a new type of dry ice powder pneumatic rock breaking technology

When the traditional drill and blast method is applied to rock crushing projects,it has strong vibration,loud noise and dust pollution,so it cannot be used in densely populated areas such as urban public works.We developed a supercritical CO_(2)true triaxial pneumatic rock-breaking experimental system,and conducted laboratory and field tests of dry ice powder pneumatic rock-breaking.The characteristics of the blast-induced vibration velocity waveform and the evolution of the vibration velocity and frequency with the focal distance were analyzed and discussed.The fracturing mechanism of dry ice powder pneumatic rock breaking is studied.The research results show that:(1)The vibration velocity induced by dry ice powder pneumatic rock breaking decays as a power function with the increase of the focal distance;(2)The vibration frequency caused by dry ice powder pneumatic rock breaking is mainly distributed in 1–120 Hz.Due to the dispersion effect,the dominant frequency of 10–30 Hz appears abnormally attenuated;(3)The traditional CO_(2)phase change fracturing energy calculation formula is also applicable to dry ice pneumatic rock breaking technology,and the trinitrotoluene(TNT)equivalent of fracturing energy is applicable to the Sadovsky formula;(4)Dry ice powder pneumatic rock breaking is shock wave and highenergy gas acting together to fracture rock,which can be divided into three stages,among which the gas wedge action of high-energy gas plays a dominant role in rock mass damage.

Analysis of seismic disaster failure mechanism and dam-break simulation of high arch dam

Based on a Chinese national high arch dam located in a meizoseismal region, a nonlinear numerical analysis model of the damage and failure process of a dam-foundation system is established by employing a 3-D deformable distinct element code(3DEC) and its re-development functions. The proposed analysis model considers the dam-foundation-reservoir coupling effect, infl uence of nonlinear contact in the opening and closing of the dam seam surface and abutment rock joints during strong earthquakes, and radiation damping of far fi eld energy dissipation according to the actual workability state of an arch dam. A safety assessment method and safety evaluation criteria is developed to better understand the arch dam system disaster process from local damage to ultimate failure. The dynamic characteristics, disaster mechanism, limit bearing capacity and the entire failure process of a high arch dam under a strong earthquake are then analyzed. Further, the seismic safety of the arch dam is evaluated according to the proposed evaluation criteria and safety assessment method. As a result, some useful conclusions are obtained for some aspects of the disaster mechanism and failure process of an arch dam. The analysis method and conclusions may be useful in engineering practice.

Investigation of earthquake mechanisms and their impact on certain basic concepts in earthquake engineering and seismology

In this paper, mantle circulation flow, continental drift, earthquake origin and other mechanical principles are examined as they apply to earthquake engineering, seismology and dynamics of fluid saturated porous medium. The relationship of mantle flow to earthquakes is examined and clarified, and a new model, different from Haskell’s, is proposed for the earthquake mechanism. The proposed new model is based on the discovery that two pairs of jump stress and jump velocity will start to act from the fault plane. Records obtained directly from recent earthquakes nearby and right on the fault break show a very large velocity impulse, which verify, indirectly, the new mechanism proposed by the author. Further, at least two physical parameters that characterize the seismic intensity must be specified, because according to the discontinuous (jump) wave theory, at the earthquake source, the stress jump and the velocity jump of particle motion should act simultaneously when a sudden break occurs. The third key parameter is shown to be the break (fracture) propagation speed together with the break plane area. This parameter influences the form of the unloading time function at the source. The maximum seismic stress in and displacement of a building are estimated for two unfavorable combinations of the building and its base ground in terms of their relative rigidity. Finally, it is shown that Biot’s theory of wave propagation in fluid saturated porous media is valid only when fluid flow cannot occur.

巴旦木分级破壳机设计与试验

为解决巴旦木破壳机械生产效率低、破壳率低和核仁损伤量大等问题,通过研究坚果破壳原理,选用适宜机械加工的大巴旦木(‘莎车3号’)为研究对象,设计了巴旦木分级破壳机,同时进行巴旦木尺寸、破壳力加载方向及加载速度、巴旦木含水率的物料特性分析。结果表明:破壳机破壳辊间隙和含水率对巴旦木破壳力和变形量影响显著。使用试验法优化了巴旦木分级破壳机构工作参数,当两轧辊间距离调整为Ⅰ级14 mm、Ⅱ级13 mm和Ⅲ级12 mm,含水率控制在9.8%~10.5%范围内,转速为1 000 r·min^(-1)时,测得平均破壳率为95.57%,平均破损率为3.37%,满足实际生产需求。

凸棱非平面聚晶金刚石齿的破岩机理及在含砾地层中的应用

为提高聚晶金刚石复合片(PDC)钻头在含砾、软硬交错等不均质地层中的抗冲击性能,开展了凸棱非平面PDC齿的研究。通过仿真和室内实验对比分析了凸棱非平面齿与常规平面齿的破岩机理。与平面齿相比,凸棱非平面齿与岩石的接触应力分布更均匀,切削破岩过程中的载荷波动幅度明显更小,切削稳定性更高。凸棱齿特殊的非平面结构改变了切削齿与岩石的互作用方式,在不均质地层得到成功应用。

冲击破岩钻井提速技术研究现状与发展建议

提高钻井速度不仅是提高我国油气效益开发及深地勘探等方面的重要技术手段,同时对保障国家能源安全意义重大。冲击破岩钻井技术在国内外油田现场应用并获得了良好的提速效果,持续开展此类技术攻关有望攻克当下我国深地高温高压硬岩地层进尺低、提速难的技术痛点。介绍和分析了轴向冲击、扭力冲击和轴-扭耦合冲击辅助钻头破岩钻进技术方面的实践及发展动态。结合冲击破岩钻井技术现状,阐明了冲击辅助钻头破岩力学原理是冲击破岩钻井提速技术的关键问题,综述了国内外研究学者在冲击辅助钻头破岩物理实验、理论模型和数值模拟等研究方法上取得的科学进展。针对冲击破岩钻井提速技术的发展提出了相关建议,即加强在材料结构优化设计、智能化控制、多元技术融合和井场应用优化等方面的研究力度,为我国能源高效开发做出贡献。

旋冲钻井技术研究现状与展望

随着中国资源勘探开发面向深层、超深层发展以及对应急钻孔救援水平保障能力的更高需求,旋冲钻井技术成为高效钻井领域的研究热点.旋冲钻井技术相较于传统旋转钻井技术,具备硬岩地层钻进效率高、钻压调控灵活、黏滑振动强度低等优势,广泛应用于深海深地资源勘探开采、应急钻孔救援等领域,具有广阔的应用前景.现阶段,在复杂岩层以及多变工况等条件下,进一步提高旋冲钻进效率、降低成本成为深井、超深井钻井过程中面临的首要任务.文中首先介绍了旋冲钻井技术的基本概念及优势;其次,综述了液动和气动2种冲击器的研制情况及结构特点;再次,讨论了高效破岩机制的研究进展和优化策略;从次,阐述了钻进效率关键影响因素方面的研究成果;最后,基于旋冲钻井技术研究成果和面临的挑战,对其未来研究方向进行了分析和展望.

基于破血逐瘀理论探讨中药水蛭及其复方治疗肿瘤的研究进展

肿瘤是临床中比较难治疗的疾病,化疗药物的耐药性以及治疗过程中的不良反应增加了治疗的难度。中药作为天然药物,具有不良反应少、遗传毒性低等优点,可以在治疗肿瘤疾病的同时对机体功能从根本上进行调理,通过查阅文献发现破血逐瘀药物,如三棱、莪术、水蛭、斑蝥等用于治疗肿瘤疗效确切,基于此,从破血逐瘀理论出发,分析肿瘤的中医病因病机及破血逐瘀治则,总结水蛭临床治疗肿瘤的部分作用机制,旨在为临床诊疗该疾病提供参考及研究方向。

不同品种文冠果种子萌发对低温储藏的响应

为研究不同文冠果品种种子的休眠与萌发机理,该文选择4个文冠果品种[‘普通’(PT)、‘奇红’(QH)、‘沃丰’(WF)、‘沃石’(WS)]种子作为研究材料,分别在-20℃下进行不同时间段(30、60、90、120、150 d)的储藏处理,测定各阶段文冠果种子的发芽指标,并对储藏前、储藏后、萌发7 d间的种子内含物、激素水平进行研究。结果表明:(1)-20℃储藏能显著提高小粒种子(PT、QH)的发芽质量,处理60 d的效果最好,其发芽率分别达48.3%、58.3%,但大粒种子WF、WS品种的效果低于前两者。(2)-20℃储藏60 d及种子湿沙萌发7 d内,4个品种油脂含量、种壳厚度均出现显著下降,在3~7 d下降幅度大(WS除外);而种仁含水量在萌发1~3 d内快速增加,之后缓慢增加到第7天的峰值,种仁可溶性糖等指标都在发芽3~4 d时显著积累。(3)低温冷藏可提高文冠果小粒品种种子的GA/ABA和tHor/ABA的比值,进而促进油脂降解、种壳变薄,从而解除种子的休眠。总之,文冠果种子大、种壳厚、硬度大、生理后熟是导致其休眠的主要原因,属综合休眠类型;低温冷藏可破除种子休眠,提高其种子的发芽率,小粒品种效果好于大粒品种;大粒品种如‘沃石’可通过延长低温冷藏时间(150 d)提高种子发芽率(38.7%);低温冷藏+湿沙萌发是一种快速和简便的促进文冠果种子萌发的方法。该研究结果为文冠果优良品种的推广和种子解休眠机制的研究提供了技术支持和理论基础。

周向超前割缝辅助碟形滚刀楔裂破岩性能

碟盘滚刀基于底切破岩模式而具有较好的硬岩破碎性能,为进一步提高煤矿井下硬岩巷道机械化掘进效率,以碟盘滚刀为对象,探究了周向超前割缝预裂岩石辅助碟盘滚刀楔裂破岩性能。通过碟形滚刀楔裂破岩实验,明确了碟形滚刀楔裂破岩机理,揭示了周向超前割缝对岩石断裂特性的影响机制,并以滚刀载荷、岩石破碎体积和破岩比能耗为指标综合评价了切削参数和割缝参数对滚刀破岩性能的影响,采用正交试验得到了各因素对破岩性能的影响显著性及滚刀最优破岩性能时对应的参数匹配关系。结果表明:根据滚刀载荷波动和岩石断裂造成的声发射振铃变化特征可将碟形滚刀楔裂破岩过程划分为3个阶段,即压密阶段、应力积聚阶段和崩落阶段;相同切削厚度条件下,与无割缝条件相比,割缝深度和割缝宽度分别为16 mm和3 mm时碟形滚刀破岩载荷和滚刀应力分别降低40%和20%。基于三因素四水平正交试验得到的破岩性能最优条件下切削厚度、割缝深度和割缝宽度的匹配关系为30、16和3 mm,其中切削厚度对碟形滚刀破岩性能的影响最为显著,割缝深度次之,割缝宽度的影响程度最小。滚刀破岩载荷和岩石破碎体积均与切削厚度呈正相关关系,破岩比能随着切削厚度的增加先减小后增大,在30 mm切削厚度下得到最小值;各指标随着割缝深度的增加均呈现出先减小后增大的变化规律,最佳割缝深度为16 mm;当割缝宽度超过3 mm时,各指标受缝宽的影响不显著。周向超前割缝预裂岩石对提高碟形滚刀楔裂破岩性能具有较好提升效果,同时益于改善碟形滚刀受载条件、延长刀具服役寿命,进而为碟形滚刀掘进装备的设计提供一定的指导和参考。

机械扩孔煤体增透应力变化规律研究

机械扩孔作为一种新型煤层卸压增透强化措施,可广泛适用于低透气性瓦斯煤层。为了探究机械扩孔应力演化规律,通过理论分析,揭示机械扩孔应力分布特征,以车集煤矿2616煤层为研究背景,借助ABAQUS数值模拟软件分析扩孔过程中煤层应力演化规律。结果表明:机械扩孔后孔洞周围煤体应力场存在动态演化过程,由内向外呈圆环状分布,依次为破碎区、塑性区、弹性区和原始应力区;机械扩孔过程中造穴阶段应力扰动范围和应力集中情况都显著大于钻进阶段。

全断面竖井掘进机锥形刀盘破岩机理研究

刀盘刀具系统作为全断面竖井掘进机的关键组成部分,不同刀盘锥度及刀间距对滚刀破岩起决定性的作用。运用ABAQUS软件建立滚刀动态破岩模型,分析不同刀盘锥度和不同刀间距对滚刀破岩的影响,并获取了滚刀在破岩过程中的受力情况及破岩效率。结果表明:滚刀破岩效率随着刀盘锥度的增大而减小,滚刀破岩效率随着滚刀安装半径的增大而减小,综合滚刀受力、破岩效率和实际工况,得到刀盘锥度为120°、滚刀刀间距为40 mm时,滚刀破岩效率最高。为竖井掘进机锥形刀盘设计提供了理论依据,有效提高了竖井掘进机破岩效率和整机研制水平。

利用改进匈牙利算法求解旅行商问题

针对传统的匈牙利算法在求解旅行商问题(travelling salesman problem,TSP)时会导致多回路闭合的问题,提出了破环机制,设计了破环匈牙利算法。通过采用分配问题的描述方法对旅行商问题进行建模,并建立二者之间的转换关系,论证了TSP可行解的充分必要条件是对应分配问题的可行解与辅助边结合后仅包含一个环路,对6个标准旅行商进行测试和对比分析,验证算法的有效性。实验结果表明:在不同的数据集中,改进匈牙利算法能有效求出TSP问题的解。

五宝场硬塑性地层斧形曲面PDC齿破岩性能研究

为解决川东油气钻井中五宝场沙溪庙组硬塑性地层PDC钻头磨损严重、起下钻频繁的问题,开展了斧形曲面PDC齿在硬塑性地层破岩性能的研究。首先采用X射线衍射试验与三轴力学试验分别获取该地层岩石性质和力学参数,然后采用有限元仿真与试验相结合的方法开展斧形曲面PDC齿破岩性能研究。研究结果表明:斧形曲面PDC齿主要以剪切、挤压、犁切共同作用破岩;相较于常规PDC齿,斧形曲面PDC齿有更强的吃入岩石的能力和稳定性,能有效减小钻头异常振动,提高钻头寿命,并在不同磨损高度(0~3 mm)时,破岩比功降低2.2%~8.2%;根据试验得到斧形曲面齿较常规齿破岩性能提高了11.39%,且试验与仿真平均切削力误差仅为7.46%,验证了仿真模型的正确性。本研究表明斧形曲面PDC齿在硬塑性地层对提高破岩性能具有重要意义。

A review of rock macro-indentation:Theories,experiments,simulations,and applications

Rock macro-indentation plays a fundamental role in mechanical rock breaking for various rock engineering application,such as drilling,tunneling,cutting,and sawing.Over the past decades,extensive research has been conducted to understand the indentation mechanisms and responses through various approaches.This review aims to provide an overview of the current status and recent advancements in theories,experiments,numerical simulations,and applications of macro-indentation in rock engineering.It starts with elaborating on the mechanisms of macro-indentation,followed by a discussion of the merits and limitations of commonly used models.Influence factors and their effects on indentation test results are then summarized.Various numerical simulation methods for rock macro-indentation are highlighted,along with their advantages and disadvantages.Subsequently,the applications of indentation tests and indentation indices in characterizing rock properties are explored.It reveals that compression-tension,compression-shear,and composite models are widely employed in rock macroindentation.While the compression-tension model is straightforward to use,it may overlook the anisotropic properties of rocks.On the other hand,the composite model provides a more comprehensive description of rock indentation but requires complex calculations.Additionally,factors,such as indentation rate,indenter geometry,rock type,specimen size,and confining pressure,can significantly influence the indentation results.Simulation methods for macro-indentation encompass continuous medium,discontinuous medium,and continuous-discontinuous medium methods,with selection based on their differences in principle.Furthermore,rock macro-indentation can be practically applied to mining engineering,tunneling engineering,and petroleum drilling engineering.Indentation indices serve as valuable tools for characterizing rock strength,brittleness,and drillability.This review sheds light on the development of rock macro-indentation and its extensive application in engineering practice.Specialists in the field can gain a comprehensive understanding of the indentation process and its potential in various rock engineering endeavors.

胍胶压裂液对塔24区储层伤害机理分析

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全尺寸滚刀破岩试验重塑大体积弱胶结岩石制备方法及评价

为实现室内全尺寸滚刀破碎弱胶结岩石试验,获取滚刀破岩试验用的大体积岩样是首要且关键技术之一。由于弱胶结岩石的颗粒胶结程度低、易风化、易水解、扰动敏感等特性,用于室内滚刀破岩试验的大体积原状岩石不可能直接现场取样加工而成,亦无法满足滚刀破岩试验中大体岩石的需要。基于以颗粒物质为主的弱胶结岩石在沉积压实、泥质胶结和蚀变作用下的成岩特性,在一定压力和胶结作用下可塑性强的特点,提出了全尺寸滚刀破岩试验重塑大体积弱胶结岩石制备方法,确定了滚刀破岩试验用重塑大体积弱胶结岩样制备的配比参数,对成型的岩样进行了物理力学测试与评价,并阐明了重塑弱胶结大体积岩样的形成机制。结果表明,采用不同的配比和分级加载力方案,可获得重塑弱胶结岩样的单轴抗压强度范围为1.2~43.0 MPa,重塑岩样与原岩的单轴压缩破坏特征相似,均属于脆性破坏;测试单轴抗压强度为12 MPa和43 MPa的重塑大体积弱胶结岩石的纵波波速,分别为1.42 km/s和3.14 km/s,而实际西部侏罗系地层取样测得波速范围为1.36~3.21 km/s;通过与原岩物理力学特性的对比分析,试验制备的重塑大体积弱胶结岩样在单轴抗压强度、波速和破坏形态方面,均属于弱胶结岩石范畴,解决了滚刀破岩试验弱胶结大体积岩样缺乏的难题。