Failure mechanism of bolting support and high-strength bolt-grouting technology for deep and soft surrounding rock with high stress

In deep underground mining, the surrounding rocks are very soft with high stress. Their deformation and destruction are serious, and frequent failures occur on the bolt support. The failure mechanism of bolt support is proposed to solve these problems. A calculation theory is established on the bond strength of the interface between the anchoring agent and surrounding rocks. An analysis is made on the influence law of different mechanical parameters of surrounding rocks on the interfacial bond strength. Based on the research, a new high-strength bolt-grouting technology is developed and applied on site. Besides, some helpful engineering suggestions and measures are proposed. The research shows that the serious deformation and failure, and the lower bond strength are the major factors causing frequent failures of bolt support. So, the bolt could not give full play to its supporting potential. It is also shown that as the integrity, strength, interface dilatancy and stress of surrounding rocks are improved, the bond strength will increase. So, the anchoring force on surrounding rocks can be effectively improved by employing an anchoring agent with high sand content, mechanical anchoring means, or grouting reinforcement. The new technology has advantages in a high strength, imposing pre-tightening force, and giving full play to the bolt supporting potential. Hence, it can improve the control effect on surrounding rocks. All these could be helpful references for the design of bolt support in deep underground mines.

Mechanical properties and supporting effect of CRLD bolts under static pull test conditions

A device for supporting soft rock masses combined with a constant resistance structure characterized by constant resistance and large deformation at the end of a steel bar, known as the constant resistance and large deformation（CRLD） bolt, has recently been developed to counteract soft rock swelling that often occurs during deep mining. In order to further study the mechanical properties of the CRLD bolt, we investigated its mechanical properties by comparison with the conventional strength bolt（rebar） using static pull tests on many aspects, including supporting capacity, elongation, radial deformation, and energy absorption. The tests verified that the mechanical defects of the rebar, which include the decrease of bolt diameter, reduction of supporting capacity, and emergence and evolution of fracture until failure during the whole pull process, were caused by the Poisson＇s ratio effect. Due to the special structure set on the CRLD bolt, the bolt presents a seemingly unusual phenomenon of the negative Poisson＇s ratio effect, i.e., the diameter of the constant resistance structure increases while under-pulling. It is the very effect that ensures the extraordinary mechanical properties, including high resistance, large elongation, and strong energy absorption. According to the comparison and analysis of numerical simulation and field test, we can conclude that the CRLD bolt works better than the rebar bolt.

Rock Mass Characterization and Support Design for Underground Additional Surge Pool Cavern—A Case Study, India

For better rock mass characterization and support design, 3D engineering geological mapping was carried for the heading portion of the under construction 200.00 m long, 68.75 m high and 20.20 m wide underground additional surge pool cavern of a Pranahitha-Chevella Sujala Sravanthi lift irrigation scheme package 8, India. To study cavern behavior, 3D geologic mapping of heading portion is very important for large cavern for predicting geologic conditions in benching down up to invert level, planning support system, selecting inclination for best location of supplemental rock bolt and choosing strategic locations for various types of instrumentation. The assessment of Tunnel Quality Index “Q” and Geomechanics classification for the granitic rock mass was done based on the information available of the rock joints and their nature and 3D geological logging. Hoek-Brown parameters were also determined by the statistical analysis of the results of a set of triaxial tests on core samples. On basis of geological characteristics and NMT Q-system chart, support system is recommended which includes rock bolt, steel fibre reinforced shotcrete and grouting. To evaluate the efficacy of the proposed support system, the capacity of support system is determined.

Study on Repairing Permanent Transportation Roadway in Deep Mining by Bolt-Shotcrete and Mesh Supporting

The roadway support in many places of Jiulongkou Colliery, Fengfeng Mining Bureau, such as in the Permanent transportation roadway, was failed or locally caved, which seriously affected the colliery’s coal production performance and safety. Based on analysis of supporting objects for roadway repairing, this paper proposes the supporting parameters and condruction technics. The industrial ted of 70m long roadway repairing shows that the proposed parameters and technics of bolt shotcrete and mesh support for roadway repairing are reasouable, bring good technical and economic results for the colliery, and the repairing is successful.

Analysis on the anchor mechanism of the full length resin bolt

The purpose of this paper is to reveal the stress distribution characteristic along the full length anchor bolt. Based on the mechanic model set up, the author calculated the anchor mechanism of the full length resin rock bolt. The stress distribution characteristic is different according to different type of surrounding rock. The conclusion is important to optimize the roadway bolt support design.

吸能锚杆数值模拟研究现状与展望

随着地下工程建设深度的不断增加,围岩大变形、岩爆等动力灾害发生的频率不断增大。为解决这一问题,各国学者研发了吸能锚杆,在对其进行力学性能试验测试后,进一步采用有限元方法进行建模分析,以期获得更全面的结论。研究从吸能锚杆的分类、数值模拟研究现状和现场应用出发,概述了当前有关吸能锚杆力学性能和支护性能的数值模拟研究现状和现场应用情况,以期为类似工程提供参考。

软岩硐室锚网(索)喷联合支护工艺研究与应用

软岩条件一直是影响矿山巷道稳定的主要因素,对于软岩条件下施工的井下大型硐室,其支护稳定问题尤为重要。针对烂泥沟金矿井下软岩岩体稳固性差、支护体稳定性差、巷道变形大、返修率高的问题,依据软岩围岩变形特征和支护原理分析,结合烂泥沟金矿井下围岩条件变化特征,进行了锚网索喷联合支护工艺的研究与实践。研究实践发现,烂泥沟金矿软岩围岩暴露后及时地进行喷浆封闭处理,能够有效阻止岩块的位移,随后锚网支护加强岩体荷载承受力,待围岩充分释放变形能后,采取加强支护手段可有效控制围岩变形。监测结果表明,该支护方案取得了良好的支护效果,有效地将两帮及顶板岩移控制在允许范围。

基于松动圈支护理论的缝管式锚网喷支护技术在马坑铁矿的应用

缝管式锚杆施工工艺简单、效率高,在受爆破振动影响下,具有随着围岩发生变形愈加显著,缝管式锚杆锚固力增大愈加明显的特点,在矿山巷道支护中被广泛使用。为避免缝管式锚杆与岩体一并发生垮塌,影响矿山安全,马坑铁矿基于松动圈支护理论,通过锚杆悬吊理论计算得出合理的缝管式锚杆长度、网度等,最终确定缝管式锚网喷支护技术适用范围,并在马坑铁矿井下巷道得到广泛使用。该缝管式锚网喷支护技术的应用,保证了井下矿山巷道在生产过程中的安全及稳定。

深部高水平应力巷道倾斜锚杆破断机制及加强支护时机

针对深部高水平应力下巷道倾斜锚杆承受弯曲、拉伸为主的复合荷载作用,易发生破断失效导致巷道局部失稳问题,以山东能源集团孙村煤矿2424工作面下平巷为工程背景,调研得到了倾斜锚杆破断特征,推导了内力与内力矩分布、破断危险断面位置及相当应力表达式,建立了以危险断面最大相当应力为指标的破断力学判据,揭示了不同锚固参数与侧压系数对最大相当应力的影响规律,即最大相当应力随侧压系数、锚固长度和预紧扭矩增大而增大,而随锚杆安装角度增大呈现先减小后增大再减小的趋势。在此基础上,利用FLAC软件内置Fish语言实现了对锚杆危险断面最大相当应力的表征,定义了以危险断面最大相当应力与许用应力比值表示的危险系数K,并以此为指标提出了加强支护时机确定方法,获得了不同加强支护时机下围岩变形破坏规律。随着加强支护时的危险系数K增大,锚杆危险断面最大相当应力、围岩整体变形量与集中应力先减小后增大,危险系数K较小时,浅部围岩弹性能积聚较大,自承载能力发挥不足;危险系数K过大时,围岩变形量大、破坏严重,整体稳定性差。确定了2424工作面下平巷合理加强支护时机为危险系数K取0.8,现场加强支护实践表明,在危险系数为0.8(超前工作面60 m)时进行加强支护,锚杆破断率减小了87.9%,围岩变形得到有效控制,稳定性明显提高。

多中段联合开采围岩扰动效应及采矿进路支护技术

受多次开采扰动影响,多中段联合开采过程中采场围岩稳定性差,地压显现剧烈,采矿进路支护难。以白象山铁矿-470,-430和-390 m中段联合开采工程为研究背景,采用大型相似材料模型试验及采场围岩数字照相变形量测技术,揭示多中段联合开采采场围岩应力变化特征及上覆岩层移动规律。研究结果表明:各中段逐分层向上回采对上覆岩层产生了累积叠加扰动效应,导致采场围岩反复承受荷载(多次扰动)而失稳破坏;各分层矿体下沉量随开采步的推进呈先增大后减小的趋势,采空充填区中部位置附近覆岩的下沉量最大,采场围岩变形具有明显的阶段性增长特征。各中段保留矿体(顶柱)对维持采场围岩稳定、减弱相邻中段间的采矿扰动和降低上覆岩层的变形破坏有积极的作用,受多中段联合开采扰动影响较大、完整性破坏严重的中段保留矿体中的应力可突然释放,出现了局部或整体失稳,威胁采场围岩整体稳定性。确定多中段联合开采扰动条件下采矿进路切圆拱断面形式,其拱高为2.0 m,提出锚网索喷联合支护技术,有效控制采矿进路围岩变形与破坏。

锚喷支护巷道喷射混凝土力学性能试验研究

为研究煤矿锚喷支护巷道喷射混凝土的力学性能,采用“喷射大板法”在煤矿井下施工现场制作混凝土标准试块,通过实验室试验全面、简捷地测试了喷射混凝土在不同养护龄期下的抗压、抗拉、抗弯、抗剪系列强度以及粘聚力和内摩擦角等力学参数。试验结果表明:喷射混凝土的抗压、抗拉强度随时间呈对数式增长规律,前期增长迅速、后期增长缓慢,第7天的增长幅度高达373%~406%,第28d的增长幅度仅为9%~12%;抗弯、抗剪强度随时间呈抛物线式变化规律,前期一直增长,至21d左右达到峰值,最大抗弯、抗剪强度分别为5.04MPa、5.26MPa,之后呈下降趋势,28d抗弯、抗剪强度降幅分别为18%、19%;喷射混凝土28d基准抗拉、抗弯、抗剪强度为3.04MPa、4.11MPa、4.29MPa,分别为抗压强度的7%、9%、10%;喷射混凝土的粘聚力、内摩擦角分别约为C=0.20MPa、φ=50°。试验结果为喷射混凝土力学性能评估和数值模拟参数选取提供了依据。

反井锚喷支护立井围岩稳定性分析

针对锚喷支护在用于反井成井支护时,存在由于未区分不同地层的支护需求而存在设计保守、安全系数过高的问题,可利用数值模拟方法确定立井不同深度断面围岩支护前后的应力、位移改善程度,利用立井围岩受力特性对支护设计进行验证和优化。基于安平煤业矿区新增回风立井工程,建立了井筒支护三维有限元模型,以应力和位移指标对开挖直径为5.3 m,深132 m的基岩段反井井壁进行了稳定性分析、支护效果分析及支护方案优化。结果显示锚喷支护后立井围岩的水平位移改善程度最大可达51.37%,围岩最大主应力由拉应力变为压应力,锚杆与混凝土在不同岩层中发挥的支挡作用效果不同,围岩强度高和稳定性好的区段单独喷射混凝土支护即可达到联合支护的效果,因此可根据实际情况选择和优化支护方式。最后将数值计算结果与工程实测结果进行对比,验证了有限元分析在立井围岩锚喷支护分析中的可靠性。

基于岩体力学参数的巷道锚杆支护应力数值模拟

为对煤矿巷道提供安全保护,本文提出基于岩体力学参数的巷道锚杆支护应力数值模拟。确定锚杆支护应力边界参数,通过曲线拟合与回归方程等计算方法获取导水破坏深度,确定初始应力场:自重应力场与构造应力场。确定岩体力学参数,获取煤矿巷道锚杆支护应力数值模拟模型构建的基础数据。通过ANSYS软件,实现锚杆支护应力的对应数值计算与模拟。结果表明煤矿巷道锚杆支护应力数值模拟方法的变形特性和应力特征模拟准确率最高分别可达98.24%和99.86%,可以实现变形特性模拟的高度贴合,并对锚杆支护的应力特征进行准确模拟,为煤矿安全提供理论基础。

8102高应力软岩巷道支护参数设计与应用

8102高应力软岩巷道拟使用锚网索喷+锚注联合支护方式,并设计了支护参数。本文采用FLAC3D模拟未支护、初次锚网索喷支护、二次锚注支护后巷道围岩变形及塑性区分布情况,分析可知,设计的支护参数可保证8102巷道围岩稳定性。现场围岩变形量监测结果表明,巷道围岩变形主要集中在前30 d内,二次锚注支护需在初次支护30 d后进行。

景福矿6煤轨道大巷支护技术参数优化与应用

景福矿6煤轨道大巷服务时间长,为避免巷道多次重复返修,采用FLAC3D模拟5种不同锚网索支护参数时的围岩变形量,发现巷道掘进后顶板变形量较大,两帮及底板处于应力降低区,围岩变形量相对较小,方案5最大顶板下沉量为112.8 mm,支护效果最优。结合巷道地质条件,采用锚网索+喷浆联合支护方式提高围岩强度。现场监测结果表明,支护后平均顶板下沉量和两帮移近量分别为61.1 mm、26.9 mm,取得了良好效果。

金川镍矿不良岩层巷道变形与支护研究

金川镍矿是我国最大的地下有色金属矿山,该矿具有地应力高、围岩破碎的特点,巷道支护是金川镍矿面临的一个严峻的问题。介绍了金川镍矿围岩的工程地质分类、地应力的分布规律和不良岩层围岩的基本特征,总结了金川镍矿不良岩层巷道的变形破坏规律,评价了过去该矿所用的各种巷道支护方式,并介绍了金川镍矿不良岩层巷道支护的新方法:采用强力喷锚网支护作为一次支护,尽快的提供支撑抗力,有效的阻止围岩松散,并在有制约的条件下,容许围岩变形缓慢发展,使围岩应力得到一定释放。二次支护采用锚注式支护方式,使浆液注入岩体裂隙,配合喷锚支护,可以形成多层组合拱结构,扩大了支护结构的有效承载范围,改变了围岩的松散结构,提高了支护结构的整体性和承载能力。在局部围岩不稳固地段,采取喷锚网支护、网钢构架支护、U型钢拱架支护及现浇钢筋混凝土支护等措施,进一步提高支护强度,避免巷道的变形破坏。目前,这一新的支护方法已经在金川镍矿逐步推广应用。

复合顶板极软煤层巷道锚杆支护技术研究

复合顶板极软煤层巷道是围岩变形剧烈且顶板易冒落极难维护的巷道。分析该类巷道围岩破坏特点 ,提出运用注浆及锚杆支护控制巷道围岩稳定、加强顶板支护强度、充分利用围岩自身承载能力的支护原理 ,研究了合理的注浆、锚杆支护技术 ,包括高水速凝材料注浆加固两帮、顶板采用树脂全长锚固高强度锚杆和小孔径预应力锚索加强支护及两帮树脂加长锚固锚杆支护 ,并介绍一个工程实例。

葛泉矿软岩大巷底鼓机理及控制研究

-190南翼运输大巷底鼓一直是困扰葛泉煤矿的重大问题。以该巷道大范围内的岩体为研究对象,通过对围岩主要物理和力学性质的室内测试、底鼓影响因素的理论分析和支护效果的数值模拟,掌握了原支护条件下巷道围岩塑性区范围和巷道周边应力分布状况,得出围岩性质、水和支护形式是产生底鼓的主要因素,提出了底鼓控制途径和全断面注浆、帮角锚杆加固控制底鼓的方案,并通过数值模拟优化了支护参数。现场观测表明,该方案取得了良好的底鼓控制效果。

在构造应力场中采动对底板运输巷道稳定性的影响

利用有限元软件,建立了底板运输巷道锚喷支护稳定性分析的三维计算模型,分析了在范各庄煤矿构造应力场条件下不同工作面回采顺序对底板运输巷道稳定性的影响。提出在构造应力场中,开采运输巷道上方的煤体使巷道产生拉伸形变是巷道破坏的主要根源。指出在保留上方煤柱使运输巷道处于近似双向等压条件下,以减轻或避免回采引起的支撑压力的强烈影响,为在高水平应力场条件下底板运输巷布置的重要原则。经开滦范各庄工程实践检验,输运巷道使用期间减少了维护量,并保持了巷道稳定。

锚杆支护巷道巷旁锚索加强支护沿空留巷围岩控制机理研究及应用

沿空留巷技术在薄、中厚煤层中应用较多,但在3m以上较大采高工作面中应用极少,究其主要原因是已往建立的沿空留巷力学模型欠妥、巷内与巷旁支护方式不合理。从如何提高岩层的自我承载能力入手,提出了一种主动的巷旁加强支护方式——巷旁采用锚索加强支护,巷内采用锚杆支护。建立了考虑巷帮煤体承载作用和巷旁锚索加强作用的沿空留巷力学模型,并分析了巷内锚杆支护和巷旁锚索加强支护的作用机理。利用理论分析所得结论,对淮北朱庄矿3625较大采高工作面风巷进行巷旁支护设计及工程实践。研究成果为较大采高工作面沿空留巷技术提供了理论依据和借鉴经验。