3种水产药物对松荷鲤的急性毒性

在水温(20±1)℃下,采用静水试验法研究了聚维酮碘、强氯精和高效氯氰菊酯3种常用水产药物对体长(118.8±5.63)mm、体质量(72.75±15.11)g松荷鲤(Cyprinus carpio Songhe)的急性毒性试验。结果显示,聚维酮碘对松荷鲤的24、48、72、96 h半致死浓度分别为870.551、790.650、694.959、654.692 mg/L,安全质量浓度为195.653 mg/L;强氯精对松荷鲤的24、48、72、96 h半致死浓度分别为23.076、19.608、15.674、13.871 mg/L,安全质量浓度为4.247 mg/L;高效氯氰菊酯对松荷鲤的24、48、72、96 h半致死浓度分别为4.620、2.216、1.205、0.847 mg/L,安全质量浓度为0.153 mg/L。3种药物对松荷鲤的毒性大小为高效氯氰菊酯>强氯精>聚维酮碘。根据有毒物质对鱼类毒性的评价标准,结果表明聚维酮碘和强氯精对松荷鲤为低毒药物,可作为生产中的首选药物;高效氯氰菊酯对松荷鲤为高毒药物,在生产中需谨慎使用。

4种水产药物对河川沙塘鳢幼鱼的急性毒性试验

采用半静水生物测定法研究苯扎溴铵、硫醚沙星、阿维菌素和二硫氰基甲烷对平均体质量(0.26±0.09)g河川沙塘鳢(Odontobutis potamophila)幼鱼的急性毒性。试验结果表明,4种水产药物对河川沙塘鳢幼鱼的24 h半致死浓度(LC 50)分别为3.23、36.39、0.39、7.74 mg/L;48 h LC 50分别为1.34、22.37、0.24、4.32 mg/L;96 h LC 50分别为0.27、11.24、0.11、2.67 mg/L。4种水产药物对河川沙塘鳢幼鱼的毒性大小顺序依次为阿维菌素、苯扎溴铵、二硫氰基甲烷、硫醚沙星。硫醚沙星和二硫氰基甲烷对河川沙塘鳢幼鱼的安全浓度(SC)分别为2.54和0.40 mg/L,均高于常规用量,可以在河川沙塘鳢育苗过程中使用。但河川沙塘鳢幼鱼对苯扎溴铵和阿维菌素较为敏感,这2种药物应谨慎使用。

几种常用杀虫剂对豆荚螟的室内毒力测定

为选出防治豆荚螟(Etiella zinckenella)的高效药剂,采用浸渍法测定了7种常用杀虫剂对豆荚螟卵和三龄幼虫的毒力。结果表明,72 h后对卵毒力最大的是甲维盐,致死中浓度(LC50)为0.142 mg/L,其次是溴氰虫酰胺、虫酰肼和氯虫苯甲酰胺;48 h后对三龄幼虫毒力最高的是高效氯氰菊酯,致死中浓度为0.018mg/L,其次为甲维盐、溴氰虫酰胺和灭幼脲;7种常用杀虫剂对豆荚螟均有较强的毒力,可用于防治豆荚螟。

五种农药对昆明裂腹鱼幼鱼的急性毒性试验

采用静态急性毒性试验法研究了草甘膦铵盐、草甘膦、乐果、甲氰菊酯、阿维菌素对昆明裂腹鱼幼鱼的急性毒性效应并进行安全评价,根据试验期间死亡鱼数及死亡时间,用直线内插法计算各时间点的半致死浓度。结果表明:草甘膦铵盐、草甘膦、乐果、甲氰菊酯、阿维菌素对昆明裂腹鱼幼鱼的LC50分别为5.755mg/L、210.7mg/L、39.598mg/L、0.009mg/L、0.0122mg/L,安全浓度分别为1.223mg/L、62.66mg/L、10.182mg/L、0.0018mg/L、0.0031mg/L。五种农药的敏感性大小依次为:甲氰菊酯>阿维菌素>草甘膦铵盐>乐果>草甘膦。

0~#柴油中的水溶性石油烃对中华绒螯蟹溞状幼体的急性毒性

以中华绒螯蟹溞状幼体为实验对象,通过48 h半静水式急性毒性试验探究0 #柴油中的水溶性石油烃对中华绒螯蟹( Eriocheie Sinensis )溞状幼体的急性毒性效应。结果发现,水溶性石油烃对5期(Z 1 ~Z 5 )溞状幼体的24 h半致死浓度分别为9.902、10.542、11.596、13.441和15.684 mg/L;48 h半致死浓度分别为6.249、7.193、8.022、9.889和 12.948 mg/L;安全浓度分别为0.813、1.005、1.247、1.606和2.480 mg/L。参照《环境监测技术规范》生物监测(水环境部分),可以看出0 #柴油的水溶性石油烃对中华绒螯蟹各期溞状幼体为高毒。本研究可为科学评价水溶性石油烃对中华绒螯蟹各期溞状幼体的毒性提供依据,同时为河蟹养殖环境风险预警监测提供数据参考,对生产实践具有良好的指导意义。

Effects of total dissolved gas supersaturated water on lethality and catalase activity of Chinese sucker(Myxocyprinus asiaticus Bleeker)

Total dissolved gas(TDG) supersaturation caused by dam sluicing can result in gas bubble trauma(GBT) in fish and threaten their survival.In the present study,Chinese suckers(Myxocyprinus asiaticus Bleeker) were exposed to TDG supersaturated water at levels ranging from 120% to 145% for 48 h.The median lethal concentration(LC 50) and the median lethal time(LT 50) were determined to evaluate acute lethal effects on Chinese suckers.The results showed that the LC 50 values of 4,6,8,and 10 h were 142%,137%,135%,and 130%,respectively.The LT 50 values were 3.2,4.7,7.8,9.2,and 43.4 h,respectively,when TDG supersaturated levels were 145%,140%,135%,130%,and 125%.Furthermore,the biological responses in Chinese suckers were studied by assaying the catalase(CAT) activities in gills and muscles at the supersaturation level of 140% within LT 50.The CAT activities in the gills and muscle tissues exhibited a regularity of a decrease after an increase.CAT activities in the muscles were increased significantly at 3/5LT 50(P<0.05) and then came back to the normal level.However,there were no significant differences between the treatment group(TDG level of 140%) and the control group(TDG level of 100%) on CAT activities in the gills before 3/5LT 50(P>0.05),but the activities were significantly lower than the normal level at 4/5LT 50 and LT 50(P<0.05).

Effect of humic acids and sunlight on the cytotoxicity of engineered zinc oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles to a river bacterial assemblage

The effect of a terrestrial humic acid （HA） and Suwannee River HA on the cytotoxicity of engineered zinc oxide nanoparticles （ZnONPs） and titanium dioxide nanoparticles （TiO2NPs） to natural aquatic bacterial assemblages was measured with spread plate counting. The effect of HA （10 and 40 ppm） on the cytotoxicity of ZnONPs and TiO2NPs was tested factorially in the presence and absence of natural sunlight （light irradiation （LI））. The experiment was of full factorial, completely randomized design and the results were analyzed using the General Linear Model in SAS analytical software. The method of least squares means was used to separate the means or combinations of means. We determined the mechanism of toxicity via measurements of oxidative stress and metal ions. The toxicity of ZnONPs and TiO2NPs to natural aquatic bacterial assemblages appears to be concentration dependent. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of ZnONPs and TiO2NPs appeared to be affected by HA concentration, the presence of sunlight irradiation, and the dynamic multiple interactions among these factors. With respect to light versus darkness in the control group, the data indicate that bacterial viability was inhibited more in the light exposure than in the darkness exposure. The same was true in the HA treatment groups. With respect to terrestrial versus Suwanee River HA for a given nanoparticle, in light versus darkness, bacterial viability was more inhibited in the light treatment groups containing the terrestrial HA than in those containing Suwanee River HA. Differences in the extent of reactive oxygen species formation, adsorption/binding of ZnONPs/TiO2NPs by HA, and the levels of free metal ions were speculated to account for the observed cytotoxicity. TEM images indicate the attachment and binding of the tested nanoparticles to natural bacterial assemblages. Besides the individual parameter, significant effects on bacterial viability count were also observed in the following combined treatments： HA-ZnONPs, HA-LI, ZnONPs-LI, and HA-ZnONPs-LI. The main effects of all independent variables, plus interaction effects in all cases were significant with TiO2NPs.