The application of intelligent sensors in medical research:a review

The rapid advancement of biomedicine in the twenty-first century has been facilitated by the constant innovation in biomedical technology.The most crucial issue in the field of medicine is to use sensor technology to gather information from primitive organisms,particularly the human body.Design,development,and application of biomedical sensors in the study of clinical diseases’diagnosis and therapy have all been significantly aided by the advancement of medicine.The interest in creating sensors significantly increased in the 1960s.Chemical and biological sensors have been swiftly created in response to an urgent practical necessity,enabling the creation of selective sensors for the direct detection of diverse ions and compounds.The traditional large-size sensors are quickly turning into miniature sensors and are rapidly applied in biological and medical fields.Currently,wearable electronic blood pressure monitors,home blood glucose meters,and quick body surface digital thermometers are commonly used.The advent of a wide variety of medical-grade wearable sensors that will enable real-time biometric data tracking of a large range of physiological characteristics will likely be one of the most revolutionary,exciting,and difficult changes to come to medicine over the next several years.For possible uses in the entertainment,health monitoring,and medical care industries,high-performance flexible strain sensors connected to clothing or human skin are necessary.The use of sensors in the development of biomedical diagnostic tools and medical equipment will enhance human quality of life in the twenty-first century.This article will introduce the current medical sensor field related to sensors for physical quantities,sensors for chemical quantities,sensors for biological quantities such as electronic nose,electronic tongue,and their applications.

Public auditing for real‑time medical sensor data in cloud‑assisted HealthIIoT system

With the advancement of industrial internet of things(IIoT),wireless medical sensor networks(WMSNs)have been widely introduced in modern healthcare systems to collect real-time medical data from patients,which is known as HealthIIoT.Considering the limited computing and storage capabilities of lightweight HealthIIoT devices,it is necessary to upload these data to remote cloud servers for storage and maintenance.However,there are still some serious security issues within outsourcing medical sensor data to the cloud.One of the most signifcant challenges is how to ensure the integrity of these data,which is a prerequisite for providing precise medical diagnosis and treatment.To meet this challenge,we propose a novel and efcient public auditing scheme,which is suitable for cloud-assisted HealthIIoT system.Specifcally,to address the contradiction between the high real-time requirement of medical sensor data and the limited computing power of HealthIIoT devices,a new online/ofine tag generation algorithm is designed to improve preprocessing efciency;to protect medical data privacy,a secure hash function is employed to blind the data proof.We formally prove the security of the presented scheme,and evaluate the performance through detailed experimental comparisons with the state-of-the-art ones.The results show that the presented scheme can greatly improve the efciency of tag generation,while achieving better auditing performance than previous schemes.

Ultra-Wideband Systems with Energy Harvesting Units for Sensors, 5G, IoT and Medical Systems

The high tech industrial revolution in the last fifty years depleted and ruined the planet natural resources. Energy harvesting is the main challenge in the research in green technologies. Compact wideband efficient antennas are crucial for energy harvesting portable sensors and systems. Small antennas have low efficiency. The efficiency of 5G, IoT communication and energy harvesting systems may be improved by using wideband efficient passive and active antennas. The system dynamic range may be improved by connecting amplifiers to the small antenna feed line. Ultra-wideband portable harvesting systems are presented in this paper. This paper presents new Ultra-Wideband energy harvesting system and antennas in frequencies ranging from 0.15 GHz to 18 GHz. Three wideband antennas cover the frequency range from 0.15 GHz to 18 GHz. A wideband metamaterial antenna with metallic strips covers the frequency range from 0.15 GHz to 0.42 GHz. The antenna bandwidth is around 75% for VSWR better than 2.3:1. A wideband slot antenna covers the frequency range from 0.4 GHz to 6.4 GHz. A wideband fractal notch antenna covers the frequency range from 6 GHz to 18 GHz. Printed passive and active notch and slot antennas are compact, low cost and have low volume. The active antennas may be employed in energy harvesting portable systems. The antennas and the harvesting system components may be assembled on the same, printed board. The printed notch and slot antennas bandwidth are from 75% to 100% for VSWR better than 3:1. The slot and notch antenna gain is around 3 dBi with efficiency higher than 90%. The antennas electrical parameters were computed in free space and near the human body. There is a good agreement between computed and measured results.

An End-to-End Authentication Scheme for Healthcare IoT Systems Using WMSN

The healthcare internet of things(IoT)system has dramatically reshaped this important industry sector.This system employs the latest technology of IoT and wireless medical sensor networks to support the reliable connection of patients and healthcare providers.The goal is the remote monitoring of a patient’s physiological data by physicians.Moreover,this system can reduce the number and expenses of healthcare centers,make up for the shortage of healthcare centers in remote areas,enable consultation with expert physicians around the world,and increase the health awareness of communities.The major challenges that affect the rapid deployment and widespread acceptance of such a system are the weaknesses in the authentication process,which should maintain the privacy of patients,and the integrity of remote medical instructions.Current research results indicate the need of a flexible authentication scheme.This study proposes a scheme with enhanced security for healthcare IoT systems,called an end-to-end authentication scheme for healthcare IoT systems,that is,an E2EA.The proposed scheme supports security services such as a strong and flexible authentication process,simultaneous anonymity of the patient and physician,and perfect forward secrecy services.A security analysis based on formal and informal methods demonstrates that the proposed scheme can resist numerous security-related attacks.A comparison with related authentication schemes shows that the proposed scheme is efficient in terms of communication,computation,and storage,and therefore cannot only offer attractive security services but can reasonably be applied to healthcare IoT systems.

Wearable devices and IoT applications for symptom detection, infection tracking, and diffusion containment of the COVID-19 pandemic: a survey

Until a safe and effective vaccine to fight the SARS-CoV-2 virus is developed and available for the global population, preventive measures, such as wearable tracking and monitoring systems supported by Internet of Things(IoT) infrastructures, are valuable tools for containing the pandemic. In this review paper we analyze innovative wearable systems for limiting the virus spread, early detection of the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease COVID-19 infection, and remote monitoring of the health conditions of infected patients during the quarantine. The attention is focused on systems allowing quick user screening through ready-to-use hardware and software components. Such sensor-based systems monitor the principal vital signs, detect symptoms related to COVID-19 early, and alert patients and medical staff. Novel wearable devices for complying with social distancing rules and limiting interpersonal contagion(such as smart masks) are investigated and analyzed. In addition, an overview of implantable devices for monitoring the effects of COVID-19 on the cardiovascular system is presented. Then we report an overview of tracing strategies and technologies for containing the COVID-19 pandemic based on IoT technologies, wearable devices, and cloud computing. In detail, we demonstrate the potential of radio frequency based signal technology, including Bluetooth Low Energy(BLE), Wi-Fi, and radio frequency identification(RFID), often combined with Apps and cloud technology. Finally, critical analysis and comparisons of the different discussed solutions are presented, highlighting their potential and providing new insights for developing innovative tools for facing future pandemics.