Expertise及相关术语的译名商榷——兼谈外来术语汉译原则

术语对于一个学科的发展具有重要意义。通过追溯"expertise"及相关认知心理学术语的源起,分析其现有汉语译名的不足,认为外来术语汉译应遵循四项原则:准确性、专业性、可读性和一致性。据此,对该术语及相关术语的译名进行商榷论证,进而探讨四原则的内涵与相互关系。

Forensic Pathological Expertise of Medical Tangle Analysis of 139 Autopsy Cases

In this article , we report 139 autopsy cases of medical tangle , which were examined by the Department of Forensic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tongji Medical University from Jan. 1972 to Dec. 1992.The emphasis is put on analyses of the status of medical tangle autopsy in forensic pathology, involved medical departments , distribution of victim's age and sex , differences between clinical diagnosis and autoptical conclusion, the composition and causes of medical tangle. The associated problems in forensic pathological autopsy are also discussed.

Scientific Inquiry Level of Nursing Students: Clinching Clinical Performance Expertise

Background: The status of inquisition by the nursing students shall be determined as it will be utilized as a tool to measure their clinical performance expertise as future nursing practitioners. The element of scientific inquiry is essential in providing standard fillers to give meaning to the various practical nursing gaps in the actual field, the hospital ward to be specific. Objective: This research study aims to establish the level of scientific inquiry and clinical performance of undergraduate Arab nursing students. Methods: The researcher utilized descriptive-correlational study as the research design. This is a descriptive study because it describes the level of scientific inquiry and level of clinical performance of the undergraduate Arab nursing students. Results: The finding of the study is that “the majority of the Arab student nurses demonstrate a guided inquiry in their scientific inquiry level”. Most of the Arab student nurses demonstrate a guided inquiry (?= 2.74, SD ± 0.99) in terms of their level of scientific inquiry. Largely, the Arab student nurses have proficient level in their level of clinical performance (?= 87.32, SD ± 12.36). Regression analysis revealed a no significant relationship (r2 = 0.57;adjusted r2 = 0.57;p > 0.005) between the level of scientific inquiry and clinical performance among Arab student nurses. Conclusions: The study concluded that the majority of the Arab student nurses demonstrated a guided inquiry in their scientific inquiry level and a moderately proficient level of clinical performance. Furthermore, the study concluded that the level of scientific inquiry was not significantly related to clinical performance.

Psychiatric Expertise in Benin Penal Justice Context: What Do They Reveal?

In this study, the authors describe the profile of people seen in criminal psychiatric expertise in northern Benin and their results. It covered the 138 psychiatric assessments carried out as part of criminal proceedings in the years 2017 and 2018. Expertises were on men in 94.9% of the cases. They were over 30 years old in 66.2% of cases. They were prosecuted for blood crimes in 89.5% of cases. The defendants were in detention at the time of the expert in 87.5% of cases. Psychiatric experts diagnosed a psychiatric disorder in 22.8% of cases. There was a relationship between the identified psychiatric disorder and the offense that motivated the charge in 25.8% of the mental disorder cases. It was exclusively cases of psychotic disorders. There was an abolition of discernment in 3.8% of the accused.

Sensing as Knowing:Medicines,the Senses,and Practical Expertise in Late Imperial China

The development of the medicinal trade and markets in late imperial China increased anxiety among scholarly physicians about the authenticity of medicines.Even though the market was typically depicted by scholarly physicians as a place full of tricks and deceptions,it was a repertoire where practical knowledge about authentication was created and circulated.The specialized knowledge was mainly transmitted through oral tradition.But in some instances,it was also written down by scholarly physicians or merchants,allowing us to reconstruct the techniques and their underlying rationales.Authentication of medicines mobilized multiple sensory perceptions of the human body,consisting of observing,tasting,smelling,touching,and performing small tests.All these techniques played different roles in the practice of authentication.Even though these sensory techniques seemed like a collection of trivial and practical records without any coherent rationales,an underlying episteme could be detected through a close investigation.Merchants and practitioners in the market did not understand the nature and materiality of medicines by any established theories.Instead,they actively engaged with the tangible form of medicines through the senses and bodily techniques.This sensory form of knowing indicates a type of practical expertise that is distant from the scholarly tradition of materia medica in late imperial China.

Primary needle-knife fistulotomy for preventing post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis:Importance of the endoscopist’s expertise level

BACKGROUND Needle-knife fistulotomy(NKF)is used as a rescue technique for difficult cannulation.However,the data are limited regarding the use of NKF for primary biliary cannulation,especially when performed by beginners.AIM To assess the effectiveness and safety of primary NKF for biliary cannulation,and the role of the endoscopist’s expertise level(beginner vs expert).METHODS We retrospectively evaluated the records of 542 patients with naïve prominent bulging papilla and no history of pancreatitis,who underwent bile duct cannulation at a tertiary referral center.The patients were categorized according to the endoscopist’s expertise level and the technique used for bile duct cannulation.We assessed the rates of successful cannulation and adverse events.RESULTS The baseline characteristics did not differ between the experienced and lessexperienced endoscopists.The incidence rate of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)pancreatitis(PEP)was significantly affected by the endoscopist’s expertise level in patients who received conventional cannulation with sphincterotomy(8.9%vs 3.4%for beginner vs expert,P=0.039),but not in those who received NKF.In the multivariable analysis,a lower expertise level of the biliary endoscopist(P=0.037)and longer total procedure time(P=0.026)were significant risk factor of PEP in patients who received conventional cannulation with sphincterotomy but only total procedure time(P=0.004)was significant risk factor of PEP in those who received NKF.CONCLUSION Primary NKF was effective and safe in patients with prominent and bulging ampulla,even when performed by less-experienced endoscopist.We need to confirm which level of endoscopist’s experience is needed for primary NKF through prospective randomized study.

The Subtle Colourings of （Informed） Consent in Performance Enhancement： Implications for Expertise

The analytic method, part of the epistemonic method, provides us with a way to cope with perplexed cases, without even referring to the world out there. We are able to predict all possible variations of consent, and go on forming minimum logical quadripoles, 8-poles, 16-poles, etc., before even trying to make any connection to the world. This way, there are two major outcomes： All possible scenarios are predicted, and, because of that, our ＂logical generator＂ produces scenarios we couldn＇t even think of. Consent is, therefore, neither binary （existence or absence）, nor just a continuum from existence to absence, but a cladistic tree stemming from the basic quadripole ＂existence of consent/not existence of consent/absence of consent/not absence of consent.＂ The complexity increases rapidly when other terms are included; try： ＂existence of informed consent＂ or ＂existence of unintentional consent.＂ More levels develop as we examine relevant terms, such as ＂exposure,＂ ＂protection,＂ or ＂consumption.＂ In our case-study, we shall examine how different aspects of consent are expressed regarding the issue of performance enhancement and consider some implications for the notion of expertise within an SEA （Science of Exceptional Achievement） context. Many different terms may describe the most common situations, namely, ＂uniformed consent,＂ ＂unintentional consent,＂ ＂non-intentional consent,＂ ＂not absence of consent,＂ and also, ＂unintentional exposure,＂ ＂intentional non-protection,＂ and so on. In Greek language, the possible variations are even more （there are two kinds of negation in Greek）. All the aforementioned terms have different ethical consequences. We shall also examine whether doping is an inherent part of expertise attainment.

Does an Auditor＇s Within-Industry Market Share Still Capture Auditor Industry Expertise in a Mandatory Audit Partner Rotation Regime？

Prior studies commonly use an auditor＇s market share in an industry as a proxy for auditor industry expertise and find that audit quality is positively related to an audit partner＇s within-industry market share in a voluntary audit partner rotation regime where the length of the client-partner relationship is not limited. Mandatory audit partner rotation, however, limits the length of the client-partner relationship and can artificially increase or decrease the market shares of incoming and departing partners, thus making the audit partner＇s within-industry market share an unreliable proxy for auditor industry expertise. Using a sample of banks in Taiwan, we find that audit quality is positively related to an audit partner＇s within-industry market share in the voluntary audit partner rotation regime. However, such a positive relation disappears in the mandatory audit partner rotation regime. Thus, we conclude that mandatory audit partner rotation decouples the link between an audit partner＇s within-industry market share and auditor industry expertise and caution researchers against using an audit partner＇s within-industry market share as a proxy for auditor industry expertise in a mandatory audit partner rotation regime.

Perception of Forensic Accountants About Elaboration of Free Judicial Expertise in Brazil

The Article 23 in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights mentions that all work must have a fair and favorable remuneration. However, in Brazil, the State uses the free legal aid as a way of minimizing the social and economic inequality, making it possible for the needy to have access to justice. Through the free legal aid, the litigant is exempted from payment of fees and legal expenses and court, thus, transferring the burden of work to professionals who assist in the judicial process. So, the magistrate can appoint an expert accountant to assist him in the trial of the legal question when the proof requires accounting knowledge. In this way, this article discusses the accounting expertise that is free of charge from the perception of expert accountants. The authors had applied questionnaires in August and September in 2008, and obtained 131 responses and 2,859 data. From this research, the authors observed that the majority of respondents when solicited to work with the possibility of non-payment attended the demand, and believed that this would contribute to society and assist the magistrate.

How do EFL Teachers Develop their Expertise in Teaching？

This article firstly outlines both nature of expertise and characteristics of expert performances. Then, it provides some relevant implications for teaching. Finally, a specific focus is given to the means of developing expertise in EFL teaching.

Filling the Gap Chinese experts bring equipment and expertise to facilitate agricultural testing in Mozambique

Crisscrossing rivers,coastal scenery,cashew nuts and warmhearted people-all these metaphors can be used to describe Mozambique.In June 1975,China established diplomatic relations with Mozambique,which have developed in an all-round way over the past decades.The Maputo Bridge.

An Ontology about Expertise Management

An Expertise Management ontology (EMont) is presented with which human expertise is captured. EMont aims at describing and collectively finding improvements for complex situations in which people interact with often conflicting worldviews in order to achieve goals, shared or not. EMont is rooted in systems thinking, in particular Soft Systems Methodology, to be able to accommodate stakeholders’ worldviews and activities in complex situations. Its purpose is to model human activity systems, which is illustrated with the help of a complex situation. EMont forms the heart of the Expertise Management Methodology (EMM). This methodology can be regarded as a framework to build bodies of knowledge for particular domains systematically. EMM favors a research process of abduction. By studying one or more situations, generalized models are developed that explain the observed phenomenon best. The models are then taken as a starting point to conduct additional studies. This cyclic process is repeated thereby strengthening the models. EMont has been applied in several, diverse domains such as flood protection, health care and community resilience, over a period of more than four years. In our experience, EMont is a stable ontology, well-suited to capture human activities and identify widely supported solutions for complex situations, and has proven its value in practice. EMont has been implemented in Semantic Media Wiki to publish bodies of knowledge on the web.

直面挑战:审计师数字化专长是否有助于提高审计质量?

借鉴审计师行业专长的度量方法,将数字化客户占比较高的审计师定义为数字化专长审计师,并检验在数字化变革过程中,积极参与数字化审计并取得数字化审计经验的审计师是否能够取得更好的审计结果。结果发现数字化审计专长审计师在数字化市场领域能够带来更优的审计质量,并且他们的特殊技能带来的积极作用能够被资本市场的投资者和分析师识别和认可(股价同步性更低且分析师预测更精准)。该结论为在数字化变革中,审计师如何能动应对大样本档案提供了证据,并为实务中事务所发展数字化审计提供了一些启示。

界定数字记者:以“新闻专长”为标尺

数字时代谁可被称作数字记者?现有研究对数字记者的界定有技术路径和网络化路径。前者将技术视作实践过程;后者关注数字环境下传播活动的多元参与主体,但研究尚无法明确数字记者的范畴。考察实践活动中对专长的运用可以进一步明晰数字记者的边界。数字时代的新闻专长包含技能、社会-文化和伦理三个维度,分别对应技能性专长、互动性专长和伦理性专长。只有在实践活动中同时运用三类新闻专长,才可被视作数字记者,由此突破了职业视角。同时,这种界定方式可将技术物纳入数字记者的实践主体范畴,打破了以人类为中心的惯常界定方法。

审计师地区专长与审计质量——基于异地审计视角的分析

地区知识会对公司的运营管理、信息披露、财务风险等造成不同的影响,现有文献识别了本地专长和地理距离对审计质量的影响,本文以2018-2022年异地审计样本,研究了异地审计情景下审计师地区专长对审计质量的影响。研究发现,审计师地区专长可以显著提高审计质量。机制检验表明,地区专长主要通过提高风险识别能力和降低代理成本的途径来提高审计质量,进一步分析发现,地区专长提高审计质量的效应在区域隐性知识复杂的环境中更为明显,即在中西部地区、市场化程度更低、资产负债率更高的企业中更显著。在政府鼓励地区间要素流动、打造统一市场的背景下,应该鼓励审计师通过异地审计建立地区专长能促进地区间信息互通,帮助打破地区间的知识壁垒,推动建立全国统一大市场。

论人工智能技术在我国档案工作中的应用

从档案收管用三个业务环节出发,探讨人工智能技术应用于我国档案工作面临的问题,提出人工智能技术应用于我国档案工作中的建议,以提高我国档案工作的水平。通过文献研究和案例分析,总结人工智能技术应用于我国档案工作中存在的问题,并在此基础上提出优化建议。人工智能技术在我国档案工作中的应用前景广阔,目前已有的实践案例对促进人工智能技术在我国档案工作中的应用起到了积极作用。

在线虚假评论如何造成旅游价值共毁?——基于顾客视角的研究

由于在线评论会影响顾客的购买决策,不少企业和电商平台在利益的驱使下制造虚假评论,顾客也会出于报复或其他动机发布虚假评论。然而,学术界对在线评论的研究大多关注真实评论带来的积极作用,对于虚假评论如何影响价值共毁的研究甚少。文章采用情景实验法,分析在线虚假评论如何造成顾客、旅游企业和平台三方的价值共毁。3个情景实验的研究结果表明:与夸大的虚假评论相比,完全不实的虚假评论对顾客情绪及其报复、回避意愿的影响更强烈;顾客的失望、愤怒和后悔情绪在虚假评论和报复、回避意愿间发挥中介作用;顾客专业性负向调节虚假评论对顾客报复和回避意愿的影响。文章丰富了虚假评论和价值共毁的研究成果,同时为企业和平台提供了管理启示。

“思专创”融合视角下高校师范人才培养体系优化研究

高校教学模式不断改革和创新以更好地培养应用型人才。基于此,以“思专创”融合教学模式对培养师范学生的意义为切入点,探讨融合过程中存在的问题,构建“思想政治为引领,专业知识为支撑,创新创业显成效”三位一体的人才模式,以期推动高校各类课程的教学改革,成功培养有思想、有能力的师范专业人才。高等院校应持续深化“三全育人”综合改革,在“思专创”融合的思想理念、教学目标、教学内容、课程内容、教学资源、教学环节、实践平台和师资队伍等方面进行优化,以促进新时期师范教育高质量发展。

产教协同框架下BIM专创融合课程体系应用研究——以建筑工程技术专业为例

在产教协同背景下,建筑工程技术专业需向项目化、实践化教学转型升级。针对当前BIM教学中课程体系不完善、专业课程不足及专业教师缺乏的问题,构建以BIM为核心的课程体系,融入教学内容、方法、评价,结合理论与实践,打造“岗、课、赛、证、创”教学模式,凸显数字建造新体系。

专家参与庭审的角色定位与意见归属

近年来颁布的司法解释赋予有专门知识的人(专家)参与庭审过程的权利已超越诉讼法预设的初衷,专家的角色定位与意见归属亟待重新审视和界定。为保护质证权,立法不应对被告人申请专家出庭设置障碍。现行立法不苛求参与庭审的专家须具备鉴定人资质,但不意味专家毋庸具备体现专业优势的条件,唯此才能适用意见规则。专家参与庭审的基本职能为辅助一方质证,作证是司法解释赋予专家的扩张职能。现有规定造成专家的角色定位模糊,专家辅助人向专家证人转型的过程存在诉讼构造、证据种类法定等制约性因素。专家参与庭审发表意见具有多元化的性质归属,对鉴定意见提出意见可理解为对证据的反驳。而专家对专门性问题提出意见性质上类同于反证,此类意见具有证据属性,可归入专门性证据范畴接受质证。