Research of an Appropriate Sowing Quantity of Double-cropping Machine-transplanted Rice in Low and Medium Yielding District of Southern Jiangxi Province

[Objective] The aim was to research the appropriate seeding quantities of double-season machine-transplanted rice in middle and low-yielding district of southern Jiangxi Province. [Method] The research set five different seeding quantities treatments, and compared with conventional seedling treatment, and the appropriate seeding quantities of double season machine-transplanted rice in middle and lowyielding district of southern Jiangxi Province was discussed. [Result] The yields were highest when the seeding quantity was 70 g per tray of early rice by mechanical transplanting and 60 g per tray of late rice. The yield of early rice by mechanical transplanting showed significantly positive correlation with the number of productive ear and the number of seed per ear, and late rice yield showed significant correlation with the number of productive ear by mechanical transplanting. It is key for improving high yields by guaranteeing the number of productive ear. [Conclusion] The issue of proper sowing quantity should be taken into consideration for double-cropping rice in the region, which is crucial for high yields.

Occurrence Regularity of Major Damage Generations of Nilaparvata lugens(Stl) in Single Cropping Medium Rice Region in Sandu County of Guizhou Province

In order to clarify occurrence regularity of major damage generations of Nilaparvata lugens( Stl) in Sandu Shui Autonomous County( Sandu County for short),Guizhou Province,a karst single cropping medium rice region,the population dynamics of N. lugens were systematically studied using the methods of light trap and systematic field survey from 2009 to 2011. The results showed that the number of immigration generations caught by light trap and the actual population of N. lugens in fields were different among three years. The daily maximum trapping numbers of N. lugens amounted to 6 688 in 2009,which were 15. 3 and 2. 5 times of that in 2010 and 2011,respectively. The peak numbers in prediction nursery were 10 777,4 630 and 1 615 heads per hundred hills in 2009,2010 and 2011,respectively. The forth and fifth generations of N. lugens were the major damage generations in single cropping medium rice fields,and the initial immigration day was significantly related with primary-peak day. The occurrence degree of adults and nymphs of N. lugens varied with years and transplanting periods,and the peak days of N. lugens nymphs were from late July to early August in 2010 and 2011. The occurrence peaks of adults and nymphs in late transplanting paddy field were later than that in the early one. Meanwhile,the coexisted various growth periods of rice,due to time differences of transplanting,were conducive to inhabitation and reproduction of N. lugens. The population dynamics of spiders and Cyrtohinus lividipennis well synchronied with that of N. lugens,but predatory capacity of spiders and C. lividipennis was not enough to control N. lugens.

Determination of the Drying Kinetics Modeling and Activation Energy of Medium-Grain and Long-Grain Rough Rice under Isothermal Conditions

The available literature revealed a gap in reporting the rough rice drying kinetics parameters under isothermal conditions, particularly for Arkansas medium- and long-grain varieties. Therefore, medium-grain (RO170112 and Titan) and the long-grain (Diamond and Wells) rough rice varieties were dried under isothermal conditions. The drying process occurred under 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, and 100°C in a system emulating the thermogravimetric analyzer. Drying kinetics models were studied for four well-known models: Page, Newton, Logarithmic, and Henderson & Pabis. The drying kinetics constants were determined for the four studied models. The initial moisture content of rough rice was 28.2% db. Profound moisture reduction was observed during the first three hours of drying, followed by less moisture content reduction. The results showed that at the drying temperature of 100°C and after 6 hours of the drying process, the lowest moisture content reached 13.9% (db) for Titan rough rice. The drying rate of rough rice ranged between 7.41 and 2.01%/h during the first hour of drying under the studied temperature range of 40°C to 100°C. The drying rate was higher with the higher temperature levels during the first three hours. Among all the studied models, the Page, Newton, and Logarithmic models best fit 25%, 25%, and 50% of the twenty-eight studied cases. The challenge that arose from these results led to evolving a mathematical solution by joining the three models in one equation. The combined model showed the best fit for all the studied cases, with R2 ranging between 0.9999 and 0.9954 for the medium- and long-grain rice varieties. Increasing the drying temperature increased the effective moisture diffusivity values. The highest effective moisture diffusivity of 18.104 × 10-9 m2/s was obtained at the drying temperature of 100°C for medium-grain rice, Titan. The activation energy values ranged between 17.77 and 24.48 kJ/mol for the four rough rice varieties.

Study on Effect of Iron in Anther Media of Early Japonica Rice in Cold Region

In this study, through vitro culturing anthers of 7 F1 progenies of early Japonica rice in cold region on medium with different Fe2+ contents, it was found that Fe2+ content generated greater impacts on the induction rate and green plantlet differentiation. The result demonstrated that if Fe2+ increased from 32 to 40 mg/kg, the induction rate of early Japonica rice anther culture in N6 culture media was more then 1.4 times higher than that in N6 culture media containing 5.6 mg/kg Fe2+. In this concentration range, the induction rate increased with the increase of Fe2+ content, while if the concentration was over this concentration range, the induction rate decreased with the increase of Fe2+, showing single peak distribution. When the Fe2+ was 40 mg/kg in differentiation medium, the differentiation rate decreased dramatically. The green plantlet differentiations of callus which were induced on culture media containing 32-40 mg/kg Fe2+ were different, when they were cultured on MS culture media, and 85.7% materials could increase green plantlet productivity to about 7.8%. Therefore, increasing Fe2+in induction media properly could increase anther culture efficiency of early Japonica rice in cold region.

不同杂交中稻作再生稻栽培的再生能力及产量比较研究

当前各级政府紧抓粮食安全,不断出台鼓励政策,以促进提高产量。再生稻作为一种提高产量的生产措施,正在得到政府和种植主体的重视。文章通过对7个杂交中稻做再生稻的再生能力及产量进行比较,筛选出适宜安徽沿江江南地区的再生稻品种,促进提高当地水稻产量。结果表明,新两优611和六两优香11再生能力强、产量高,综合表现最好;鑫两优香128、友两优2152、荃优1606高节位再生能力强,再生季产量表现高于对照;旱优116、旱优73头季稻产量较高,再生能力一般、再生季产量较低。对比品种再生能力及产量表现,选择再生稻品种时,头季稻每hm^(2)穗数高的品种,两季产量高。

中微量元素对水稻产量和品质的影响研究进展

中微量元素作为水稻生长发育所必需的营养元素,是多种酶系统的构成要素和激活剂,同时还参与光合作用、呼吸作用、激素合成及抗逆等一系列重要生理过程,对水稻生长及产量和品质的形成起着重要作用。因此,综述了对水稻具有显著作用的镁、锌、硒、铁元素的吸收、积累和代谢途径,以及它们对水稻产量和品质的影响,并深入分析了中微量元素在水稻生产中所面临的挑战,探讨了中微量元素在未来可持续发展农业中的必要性以及研究方向,旨在为通过合理施用中微量元素实现水稻高产和优质提供理论依据。

我国主要粮食产区土壤有效态钙镁硫的变化特征及其对作物产量的影响

中量元素钙、镁、硫对农业生产的作用日益突出,研究土壤有效态钙镁硫的变化特征及其对作物产量的影响,可为全国和区域尺度耕地土壤中量元素管理和合理施肥提供理论依据。基于覆盖全国697个耕地质量监测点的监测数据,对比分析2016和2021年全国及六大粮食产区(东北区、华北区、西北区、西南区、长江流域和华南区)的土壤有效态钙镁硫含量的变化特征及其对主要粮食作物产量的影响。与2016年相比,2021年697个监测点的土壤交换性钙和交换性镁平均含量变化不显著,有效硫平均含量显著下降了27.3%,全国交换性钙、交换性镁和有效硫主要与土壤pH和有机质(OM)相关。六大粮食产区土壤有效态钙镁硫含量的年际变化特征有所不同。与2016年相比,2021年东北区交换性钙和镁含量分别显著增加了25.5%和52.4%,主要与pH相关;有效硫含量显著下降了47.8%,主要与速效钾相关。华北区交换性钙含量显著下降了11.8%,主要与pH相关。西北区交换性钙、镁和有效硫含量分别显著下降了64.0%、54.0%和30.4%,钙主要与总钾相关,镁主要与全磷相关,硫与土壤其他理化性质不存在显著相关。西南区有效硫含量显著下降了30.0%,主要与pH和OM相关。长江流域交换性镁和有效硫含量分别显著下降了52.0%和15.7%,主要与pH和OM相关。华南区3种有效态中量元素含量变化不显著,三者主要与pH和OM相关。在全国尺度下,水稻产量与土壤交换性钙和镁含量呈显著正相关,玉米产量与交换性镁和有效硫含量呈显著正相关,小麦产量则与3种中量元素不存在显著相关性;当pH≤7.0时,小麦产量与交换性钙和镁含量呈显著正相关,当pH>7.0时则不存在显著相关性;无论土壤呈酸性还是碱性,小麦产量均与有效硫含量不存在显著相关性。综上,2016—2021年的5年间,我国耕地土壤交换性钙、镁含量变化不显著,有效硫含量显著降低,这些中量元素主要与土壤pH和OM相关。六大粮食产区中量元素含量变化特征和影响因素及其对主要粮食作物产量的影响存在较大差异,针对性施用中量元素肥料有助于提升区域粮食产量。

播期和施氮量对中籼杂交稻群体质量、产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

以中籼杂交稻Y两优900为试验材料,研究播期[4月15日(D1)、4月30日(D2)、5月15日(D3)、5月30日(D4)、6月14日(D5)]和施氮量[0 kg/hm^(2)(N0)、150 kg/hm^(2)(N150)和300 kg/hm^(2)(N300)]对中籼杂交稻群体质量、产量和氮素吸收利用的影响,以期探寻豫南稻区最适播期和施氮量。结果表明,播期和施氮量对中籼杂交稻产量的影响均达到显著水平,产量随播期推迟先升高后降低,以D2播期最高,D5播期最低,D2播期产量较D5播期提高126.42%。D2播期产量随着施氮量的增加而升高。整体来看,D2N300处理产量最高,其次是D1N300、D2N150处理。总叶面积指数和高效叶面积指数均随播期推迟先升高后降低,总叶面积指数和低效叶面积指数均随着施氮量的增加而增加。整体来看,总叶面积指数以D3N300处理最高,其次是D4N300、D2N300处理;高效叶面积指数以D3N300处理最高,其次是D4N300、D1N300处理;低效叶面积指数以D2N300处理最高,其次是D4N300、D3N300处理。粒数叶比和粒质量叶比均随着播期的推迟而降低,且随着施氮量的增加而降低。整体来看,粒数叶比以D1N0处理最高,其次是D2N0、D3N0处理;粒质量叶比以D1N0处理最高,其次是D3N0、D2N0处理。D1、D2、D3播期抽穗期和成熟期茎叶氮含量分别较D5播期增加12.81%、14.77%、13.02%和10.64%、25.08%、30.40%,且各个播期抽穗期和成熟期茎叶氮含量均随着施氮量增加而增加。抽穗期和成熟期穗氮含量表现为D1、D2播期显著高于D3、D4、D5播期,且各个播期N150、N300处理穗氮含量总体上均高于N0处理。氮素籽粒生产效率随着播期推迟先升高后下降,N150和N300处理均以D2播期最高,D5播期最低,且N150处理氮素籽粒生产效率明显高于N300处理。综上,播期和施氮量通过调节叶面积、粒叶比、植株氮含量和氮素籽粒生产效率影响产量,中籼杂交稻Y两优900在豫南地区丰产高效的适宜播种期是4月30日(D2),适宜施氮量为150~300 kg/hm^(2)。

长沙县杂交中稻品种筛选试验

为筛选出适合长沙县气候条件的高产杂交中稻品种,以臻两优5438、宸两优665、青香优261等15个中稻品种和Y两优1号(对照品种)为试验材料,2023年在长沙县春华镇龙王庙村开展品种筛选试验。结果表明:参试品种中有4个品种表现优异,与Y两优1号(CK)比较,其产量增幅均大于5%,其中珂两优1019产量最高,达10561.5 kg/hm^(2),比CK增产16.7%,其全生育期130 d;玮两优7713产量位居第2,为10522.5 kg/hm^(2),其全生育期128 d;两优5077产量排第3,为9882.0 kg/hm^(2);卓两优1126产量位居第4,为9534.0 kg/hm^(2)。综合生育期、产量、主要农艺性状和抗性等指标,珂两优1019、玮两优7713、两优5077和卓两优1126适宜在长沙县推广种植。

中粳稻新品种展示筛选试验研究初报

通过开展14个中粳稻新品种比较试验,筛选出适合六安市裕安区乃至周边地区种植的部分高产、多抗、优质的中粳稻新品种。结果表明,宁香粳9号、秀水121、苏秀867、武育糯180、扬粳5118、皖垦糯5号、南粳晶谷、金粳糯6288等品种综合表现较好,可进一步示范推广种植。

中高污染风险水平大米无机成分分析标准物质研制

研制了中高污染风险水平大米无机成分分析系列标准物质。按照JJF 1342—2022《标准物质研制(生产)机构通用要求》、JJF 1343—2022《标准物质的定值及均匀性、稳定性评估》等进行样品采集、加工制备、均匀性检验、稳定性检验,由11家不同行业的权威实验室进行联合定值,并对不确定度进行合成与评定。结果表明,样品粒度分布满足样品加工和检测的要求,具有良好的均匀性和稳定性。该系列大米无机成分分析标准物质共定值Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Cu、Zn、Ni、Mo、Fe、Mn、K、Ca、Mg、Na、Hg、Se 16种元素,定值数据为正态分布或近似正态分布,全部参数F实测值均小于F临界值[F0.05(24,50)=1.74],不同元素均匀性检验引入不确定度为0.20%~2.58%、稳定性检验引入不确定度为0.58%~4.79%、定值测试引入不确定度为0.67%~2.76%、扩展不确定度为6.45%~17.1%,量值准确可靠,不确定度范围评估合理,获批国家二级标准物质证书。研制的3种大米无机成分分析标准物质定值的元素含量梯度范围合理,解决了部分一级标准物质中Pb、Cr、Na、Hg、Se等缺少定值、难以进行计量溯源的问题,扩展了国内中高污染风险水平大米无机成分分析标准物质的范围。

尤溪县优质中稻新品种筛选试验

为筛选适合尤溪县种植的优质中稻新品种,2023年引进8个优质中稻新品种进行比较试验。结果表明:华浙优28、爽两优138、荃优锦禾、文两优5号等4个品种的田间种植表现生育期适中、群体整齐、株型适中、熟期转色好、抗性较强、产量适中、米质优,适合在尤溪县中高海拔山区作优质中稻种植推广。总结了各参试品种在尤溪县种植的特征特性及产量表现。

皖西地区中籼稻新品种展示比较试验

为鉴定评价引进中籼稻新品种在皖西地区生产条件下的适应性、丰产性、稳产性和抗逆性,筛选适宜在该地区推广种植的水稻新品种。本试验在皖西地区试验点对G两优777等24个参试品种和1个对照品种丰两优四号进行展示比较试验,对比分析其生育期、产量、产量结构、农艺性状及综合抗性等方面表现。综合筛选出了适宜在皖西地区及其周边推广种植的中籼稻新品种,包括嘉丰优3号、嘉科优11、荆占2号、E两优16、全两优158、G两优777、耕香优银占、节优804、隆华丝苗、健湘丝苗、忠两优鄂晶丝苗和扬籼优953。试验结果为该地区中籼稻新品种引种及推广种植提供参考。

Cd污染中低风险农田水稻Cd含量控制方法分析

为了探究土壤Cd轻度污染稻田Cd含量的降低方法,进一步保障水稻质量,本试验在土壤Cd污染中低风险地块种植不同水稻品种,分别采用施石灰、硅肥和硒肥等不同处理方式,探究不同品种水稻重金属Cd积累的影响因素,为土壤Cd污染中低风险地块水稻Cd达标提供参考。结果表明,不同品种水稻Cd含量的积累差异有统计学意义(P=0.000401),通过选择适宜品种来保障水稻中Cd含量不超标是可行的,且选择适宜品种的效果优先于通过土壤改良和增施其他营养元素的方式,以降低水稻中Cd含量;在偏酸性土壤中施用石灰可能通过钝化土壤中的Cd从而降低水稻Cd含量;可通过控制淹水程度影响水稻Cd含量。

Proline and Glutamine Improve in vitro Callus Induction and Subsequent Shooting in Rice

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of proline and glutamine on in vitro callus induction and subsequent regeneration and to develop a reproducible and highly efficient plant regeneration protocol in four rice genotypes, viz. Pawana, Jaya, Indrayani and Ambemohar. Considerable variation in response to plant growth regulators and amino acid supplements used was observed in all the four genotypes. Medium supplemented with proline and glutamine was shown to be superior to medium without proline and glutamine. The best callusing from mature embryo was observed on Murashige and Skoog （MS） medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid （2,4-D）, 500 mg/L proline and 500 mg/L glutamine. Shoot induction was higher in the callus obtained from medium supplemented with 500 mg/L proline and 500 mg/L glutamine. The highest shoot regeneration frequency （83.2%） was observed on MS medium with 2.0 mg/L benzylaminopurine, 0.5 mg/L 1-naphthaleneacetic acid, 500 mg/L proline, and 500 mg/L glutamine in the callus obtained from MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D, 500 mg/L proline and 500 mg/L glutamine. Among the four genotypes, Pawana has the highest regeneration efficiency （83.2%）, whereas the regeneration efficiency of the rest three rice genotypes was in the range of 32.0% to 72.3%. This optimized regeneration protocol can be efficiently used for Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation in rice.

不同稻虾种养模式下水稻中微量元素吸收与稻米品质的关系研究

为探明不同稻虾种养模式下水稻中微量元素吸收与稻米品质的关系,开展不同龙虾品种和密度的田间试验,设计水稻单作(rice monoculture,R)、水稻克氏原螯虾低密度共作(rice co-cropping with Procambarus Clarkii in low density,RCL)、水稻克氏原螯虾高密度共作(rice co-cropping with Procambarus Clarkii in high density,RCH)和水稻澳龙共作(rice co-cropping with Cherax quadricarinatus,RA)4个处理,分析了稻米中微量元素含量、稻米品质、中微量元素与品质的相关性以及经济效益等指标。结果表明:稻虾共作模式提高了稻米中微量元素含量,其中Fe、Ca和Mg含量显著增加,与R处理相比,RCH、RCL和RA处理稻米的Fe含量分别增加52.0%、23.4%和21.4%,Ca含量分别增加45.7%、32.1%和22.8%,Mg含量分别增加45.0%、28.6%和23.3%。稻米中微量元素提升,有利于稻米品质的改善,稻米品质中的蛋白质与Fe、Ca和Mg呈显著(P<0.05)正相关,胶稠度与Fe、Ca和Mg呈极显著(P<0.01)正相关;直链淀粉含量和垩白粒率均与Ca呈极显著(P<0.01)负相关。稻虾共作模式提高了蛋白质含量和胶稠度,降低了稻米的垩白粒率和直链淀粉含量,稻米品质变优,其中RCH处理稻米品质改善效果最好。与R处理相比较,RCH、RCL和RA处理的纯收益分别增加了506%、314%和429%。总体而言,稻虾共作模式能够提高稻米中微量元素含量,改善稻米品质,提高经济效益,因此,在稻虾综合种养模式的选择中,龙虾品种和养殖密度是需要综合考虑的重要因素。

中微量元素肥料不同用量对水稻产量及品质的影响

为探究中微量元素肥料不同用量对水稻生长发育、产量及品质的影响,为水稻的合理使用肥料奠定基础。本试验以‘天隆优619’和‘盐丰47’两个水稻品种为试验材料,共设置4个不同中微量元素肥料施用量处理,分别为CK(0 kg/hm^(2))、T_(1)(15 kg/hm^(2))、T_(2)(30 kg/hm^(2))和T_(3)(45 kg/hm^(2)),测定并分析水稻干物质积累、光合速率、产量和品质指标。结果表明,施用中微量元素肥料后,水稻的产量、有效穗数和穗粒数均有不同程度的提高,其中619-T_(2)和47-T_(2)的产量分别提高了19.15%和18.45%,与CK相比差异显著;光合速率与CK相比差异显著,619-T_(2)和47-T_(2)在齐穗期和灌浆期分别提高8.40%、10.62%和9.84%、8.77%;在品质方面,糙米率、精米率、整精米率呈现增加的趋势;直链淀粉含量呈现降低趋势,蛋白质含量呈现增加的趋势。综上,施用量为30 kg/hm^(2)的中微量元素肥料效果显著,经济效益最大,促进植株SPAD值和叶面积指数增加,提高光合效率和干物质积累量,进而提高水稻的产量,改善品质。

籼粳杂交稻浙优21在闽北稻区作机插的高产特性及配套栽培技术

经2年的试种示范,在福建省闽北稻区实现了浙优21作中稻机插栽培单产900~1000 kg/667 m^(2)和烟后稻机插栽培单产800 kg/667 m^(2)的目标。本文总结了浙优21作中稻和烟后稻机插栽培的高产特性及关键技术。

2022年度金安区杂交中籼水稻新品种展示比较试验

[目的]筛选适合六安市金安区及周边地区种植的高产、多抗、优质的杂交中籼稻新品种。[方法]以28个中籼稻新品种为试验对象,对其产量及相关性状进行了比较分析。[结果]筛选出荃优美香新占、徽两优香丝苗、九优粤禾丝苗、荃两优087、喜两优晶丝苗、玮两优534、缘两优晶香丝苗、欣优1881、荃优982、两优粤禾丝苗、箴两优荃晶丝苗、徽两优985、禾两优676、臻两优钰占、荃优596等丰产性好、生育期适中、综合抗性强的杂交中籼稻新品种。[结论 ]该研究为金安区及周边地区筛选2022年度杂交中籼稻主推品种提供了科学依据。

酸反应介质下稻壳水热炭对Cu(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附

沼液中Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)等重金属离子浓度高,直接用于灌溉会导致土壤重金属超标,并严重影响农作物的生长。本研究以农作物废料稻壳作为原料,硫酸和磷酸为反应介质,通过水热炭化法制备水热炭,探索了水热温度、酸配比和酸浓度对Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)的吸附性能的影响。结果表明:当以20%稀硫酸和20%稀磷酸两种酸作为反应介质时,改变两种酸的配比在320℃下制备水热炭,当两种酸介质比例为4:2时,对废水中Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)的去除率达到最大,分别为68.54%和27.44%。