Experiment and simulation on the pyrite removal from the recirculating load of pulverizer with a dilute phase gas-solid fluidized bed

In order to reduce the energy consumption and subsequent air pollution of coal-fired power station, based on the analysis to size and density distribution of particles from the recirculating load of the classifier of pulverizer, the separation experiment on sampling material from power plant with a dilute phase fluidized bed to remove pyrite and other minerals and numerical simulation on the separation process were done. The results show that the minimum fluidization velocity is 1.62 cm/s. Pyrite and other minerals in the material are separated. Ash of the upper and bottom layer material account for 33.34% and 73.42% respectively and sulfur content occupy 1.12% and 8.96% respectively. Scanning electron microscopy and spectroscopy tests show that sulfur in the bottom material exist in the form of pyrite. Numerical simulation on the flow field form of the dilute phase separation bed with gas-solid two phase and particle motion verifies the experimental results.

Miller Cycle with Early Intake Valve Closing in Marine Medium-Speed Diesel Engines

In this study,a one-dimensional simulation was performed to evaluate the performance of in-cylinder combustion to control NO_(x) emissions on a four-stroke,six-cylinder marine medium-speed diesel engine.Reducing the combustion temperature is an important in-cylinder measure to decrease NO_(x) emissions of marine diesel engines.The Miller cycle is an effective method used to reduce the maximum combustion temperature in a cylinder and accordingly decrease NO_(x) emissions.Therefore,the authors of this study designed seven different early intake valve closing(EIVC)Miller cycles for the original engine,and analyzed the cycle effects on combustions and emissions in high-load conditions.The results indicate that the temperature in the cylinder was significantly reduced,whereas fuel consumption was almost unchanged.When the IVC was properly advanced,the ignition delay period increased and the premixed combustion accelerated,but the in-cylinder average pressure,temperature and NO_(x) emissions in the cylinder were lower than the original engine.However,closing the intake valve too early led to high fuel consumption.In addition,the NO_(x) emissions,in-cylinder temperature,and heat release rate remarkably increased.Therefore,the optimal timing of the EIVC varied with different loads.The higher the load was,the earlier the best advance angle appeared.Therefore,the Miller cycle is an effective method for in-engine NO_(x) purification and does not entail significant cost.

Characteristics Investigation of Single-Sided Ironless PMLSM Based on Halbach Array for Medium-Speed Maglev Train

This paper investigates characteristics of ironless permanent magnet linear synchronous motor(PMLSM)based on Halbach array used for medium-speed(200km/h)maglev train.Long primary ironless coil is laid in the middle of track and the Halbach permanent magnet array is attached to the bottom of each bogie as a source of traction,U-shape electromagnets at the both sides of the train for levitation.Two dimensional analytical model of single-sided ironless PMLSM based on Halbach array is established,using linear overlay method,the no-load air gap magnetic field is calculated firstly,winding current density distribution is obtained for calculating the characteristics of thrust and normal force against power angle,including force characteristics with equal and unequal pole pitch,the influence of steel sleeper,etc.Besides,the mathematical model for this type motor is built by 3D finite element method,the traction characteristics of medium-speed maglev under maximum speed 200km/h are calculated.The characteristics of this type motor are satisfactory owing to there is no detent force in the motor and thrust force reach maximum meanwhile normal force can be eliminated.Calculation method is verified by comparing finite element results,experimental result on a 200kW type motor further validates the accuracy of calculation and some important conclusions are obtained.

Combustion performance of pulverized coal and corresponding kinetics study after adding the additives of Fe_(2)O_(3) and CaO

Combustion performance of pulverized coal(PC)in blast furnace(BF)process is regarded as a criteria parameter to assess the prop-er injection dosage of PC.In this paper,effects of two kinds of additives,Fe_(2)O_(3) and CaO,on PC combustion were studied using the thermo-gravimetric method.The results demonstrate that both the Fe_(2)O_(3) and CaO can promote combustion performance index of PC including igni-tion index(C_(i)),burnout index(D_(b)),as well as comprehensive combustibility index(S_(n)).The S_(n) increases from 1.37×10^(−6) to 2.16×10^(−6)%2·min^(−2)·℃^(−3) as the Fe_(2)O_(3) proportion increases from 0 to 5.0wt%.Additionally,the combustion kinetics of PC was clarified using the Coats-Redfern method.The results show that the activation energy(E)of PC combustion decreases after adding the above additives.For instance,the E decreases from 56.54 to 35.75 kJ/mol when the Fe_(2)O_(3) proportion increases from 0 to 5.0wt%,which supports the improved combustion per-formance.Moreover,it is uneconomic to utilize pure Fe_(2)O_(3) and CaO in production.Based on economy analysis,we selected the iron-bearing dust(IBD)which contains much Fe_(2)O_(3) and CaO component to investigate,and got the same effects.Therefore,the IBD is a potential option for catalytic PC combustion in BF process.

Discussion on Selection of Pulverizer and Moisture of Pulverized Coal for Lignite Boilers

In China,the abrasion index and the free moisture are regarded as the criteria for determining whether the medium-speed pulverizer or the fan pulverizer could be selected.Based on comprehensive studies on foreign methods for choosing the pulverizing system for lignite boilers,it is suggested that the particle size of coal,the drying time,the drying temperature and the humidity should be taken into account when measuring the free moisture of lignite,and the total moisture could also be the principle for type selection of pulverizer for lignite boilers.Furthermore,the determination of pulverized-coal moisture has great influence on the running of pulverizing systems.The actual moisture of certain pulverized coals is compared with that calculated with different methods and a feasible method for determining the moisture of the pulverized coal is suggested.

An image segmentation method of pulverized coal for particle size analysis

An important index to evaluate the process efficiency of coal preparation is the mineral liberation degree of pulverized coal,which is greatly influenced by the particle size and shape distribution acquired by image segmentation.However,the agglomeration effect of fine powders and the edge effect of granular images caused by scanning electron microscopy greatly affect the precision of particle image segmentation.In this study,we propose a novel image segmentation method derived from mask regional convolutional neural network based on deep learning for recognizing fine coal powders.Firstly,an atrous convolution is introduced into our network to learn the image feature of multi-sized powders,which can reduce the missing segmentation of small-sized agglomerated particles.Then,a new mask loss function combing focal loss and dice coefficient is used to overcome the false segmentation caused by the edge effect.The final comparative experimental results show that our method achieves the best results of 94.43%and 91.44%on AP50 and AP75 respectively among the comparison algorithms.In addition,in order to provide an effective method for particle size analysis of coal particles,we study the particle size distribution of coal powders based on the proposed image segmentation method and obtain a good curve relationship between cumulative mass fraction and particle size.

Hot Working Technology and HP Pulverizer -Two Major Sophisticated Processing Technology and Product in SHMP

Hot Working Technology SHMP is a production center of heavy duty castings and forgings in east region of China. Since the establishment of the plant in 1950s, through several generations’ exploration, development and innovation, SHMP now has been able to produce main castings and forgings for 300 MW

包钢高炉喷吹煤粉利用率的测定

利用透射光偏光显微镜,对包钢高炉重力除尘灰、旋风除尘灰和布袋除尘灰中的碳素种类进行定性和定量分析,以测定高炉喷吹煤粉利用率。测定结果表明,3号高炉喷吹煤粉利用率上下限分别为89.03%和79.46%,4号高炉的喷吹煤粉利用率上下限分别为91.51%和84.14%。认为,3号高炉和4号高炉所使用喷吹煤粉来自同一系列,因此可以通过采取稳定煤粉粒度波动、优化富氧鼓风和提高入炉焦炭强度等措施,来提高喷吹煤粉利用率。

基于过热蒸汽干燥开式制粉燃褐煤发电技术研究

针对高水分褐煤燃烧发电中存在的热效率低和低负荷稳燃困难等问题,提出了基于过热蒸汽干燥开式制粉系统的新型高效燃褐煤发电技术,该技术采用基于汽轮机抽汽加热的过热蒸汽干燥开式制粉系统,保证了制粉系统的运行安全性,提高了燃烧系统的运行灵活性,实现了制粉系统与锅炉主机的运行解耦,并综合解决了褐煤锅炉炉温低、热效率低的等问题。以600 MW超临界燃褐煤机组为例,对采用该技术的热力系统进行了仿真,分析了其节能与环保效益。研究结果表明,该技术通过对锅炉与汽轮机整体热力系统的综合优化,将汽轮机回热系统扩大至高水分煤的干燥过程,同时梯级回收锅炉排烟废热和制粉乏汽废热至汽轮机回热系统,可获得较为显著的节煤效益。同时,该技术不仅可由节煤相应减少各类污染物及CO_(2)排放,还可回收大量水资源,有望实现零水耗电厂。

大型燃煤锅炉中含Na/Cl/S组分的演变与受热面结渣倾向的数值模拟

提出了一种考虑煤中含Na/S/Cl组分多步释放、气相组分相互作用、气-固反应以及盐蒸气冷凝耦合灰颗粒黏附的结焦模型,以预测炉内受热面气态碱金属组分冷凝行为、受热面结焦风险以及炉膛出口Na/S/Cl组分分布特性。结果表明:炉膛出口气态含Na组分主要以NaO_(2)、NaCl、Na_(2)SO_(4)和NaOH形式存在;最上层燃烧器至分离燃尽风(SOFA)喷口区域、最下层燃烧器至冷灰斗转角区域的水冷壁结焦风险高;炉膛出口区域后屏过热器底部颗粒黏附位置相对集中,炉内辐射式过热器结焦速率远高于气态钠盐冷凝速率,对流受热面颗粒沉积速率约是钠盐蒸气冷凝速率的3~4倍。

秸秆微粉碎刀具结构设计与粉碎性能数值模拟

为提高秸秆微粉碎的碎裂率以及粒度均匀性和稳定性,文章针对秸秆物性提出了动、定刀冲击和剪切的复合粉碎方式,设计了一种弧形锯齿刃粉碎刀具。通过对秸秆粉碎过程中受到的剪切、冲击作用进行力学和动力学分析,明确了影响秸秆粉碎性能的主要因素及碎裂方式。基于EDEM数值模拟,对比分析了锯齿刃型和光刃型刀具对秸秆粉碎性能的影响,模拟结果表明:在粉碎含水率为20%的玉米秸秆时,相较于光刃型刀具,锯齿刃型刀具的颗粒粘结键数量减少了16.76%、颗粒运动速度提高了15.9%、颗粒总能量增大了25.05%、对粉碎室壁的冲击力减小了33.69%,工作状态更加平稳,能耗更低。

国内某高炉喷吹煤粉的性能评价

高炉喷吹煤粉的优点主要包括显著降低炼铁焦比及生产成本、有效调节高炉热制度、喷吹煤粉反应过程中提高煤气的穿透扩散能力和还原能力、缓解焦煤需求量、减少炼焦投资和环境污染等。为进一步优化高炉喷吹燃料结构和降低炼铁成本,文章对国内某高炉喷吹使用的煤粉的煤质特性进行了深入研究。结果表明:1#煤为烟煤,固定碳含量低、挥发分高,氢元素含量在所试验煤粉中最高,灰分中的CaO和MgO的含量之和最高,超过24%;其他煤种为无烟煤;4#煤的可磨性指数低于40;需要控制其在混煤中的配比。

MPS型磨煤机制粉系统动态模型与瞬态运行优化控制研究

为提升MPS型磨煤机制粉系统变出力过程关键参数的控制精度,该文建立并验证制粉系统动态模型,开展控制策略优化研究。在原逻辑基础上,提出考虑煤质水分信息的前馈磨煤机入口一次风温控制回路,以优化控制策略。开展煤质水分增加、给煤速率增加、磨煤机变出力等瞬态过程模拟研究,获得制粉系统关键参数瞬态特征和能耗特性,验证所提出策略的优越性。结果表明:采用优化的控制逻辑后,系统在应对煤质水分突变、煤量突变等扰动时的响应速率增加、磨煤机出口风粉温度波动范围减小50%以上、瞬态能耗下降2.4%。磨煤机在变出力过程中,稳态能耗可降低100 kW以上,制粉过程能耗降低6.82%,瞬态过程中磨煤机出口风温的波动幅度下降50%、响应时间缩短10%以上、可实现瞬态节能5.43%,保障制粉系统的运行安全并降低能耗。在燃煤发电机组中应用提出的制粉系统优化控制逻辑,可降低燃煤发电机组变负荷瞬态过程中负荷率、主汽压力等关键参数的运行偏差,提高机组的运行灵活性。

粉煤成型过程的数值模拟

为明确摩擦系数和成型压力对煤粉成型过程的影响,利用MSC.Marc软件定量化分析了粉煤在成型过程中非均质变化的特点,获得成型过程中的应力、密度和位移等分布参数。结果显示,随着摩擦系数的增加,最大位移逐渐变小,相对密度的均匀性减小,最大应力由6.013 MPa急剧增长到71.22MPa,极易导致型煤发生开裂。随着成型压力的增加,最大位移不断增加,相对密度略有增加,而最大应力却呈现急剧增长的趋势。因此,煤粉成型过程中应适当降低摩擦系数且不可盲目增加成型压力。

高炉喷吹固体燃料物化结构与燃烧性能关系研究

高炉喷吹煤粉技术是现代钢铁企业降本增效的主要技术措施,喷吹固体燃料的燃烧性能是提升煤焦置换比的关键。为明确影响高炉喷吹固体燃料燃烧性能的关键因素,系统分析了不同固体燃料的物化结构与其燃烧性能的关系。结果表明,高炉喷吹固体燃料中碳结构的有序化程度对其燃烧性能有显著的影响,有序化程度越高的样品,在燃烧反应过程中需要更高的能量破坏芳香环的结构,造成其着火温度升高,燃烧速率降低。高炉喷吹煤粉技术在喷吹燃料选择和使用过程中,选取固定碳含量高、发热值高、孔隙结构发达、富含有机官能团和碳结构有序化程度较低的固体燃料进行高炉喷吹,可以有效改善混合煤粉在风口前的燃烧状态,提升高炉喷吹煤粉在炉内的利用率。

德钢4号高炉烟气自循环制粉系统设计

对四川德胜集团钒钛有限公司应用不带脱水装置的烟气自循环制粉工艺进行了介绍和总结,该制粉工艺的烟气炉采用全烧高炉煤气、中速磨煤机制粉、一级大布袋收粉,磨制的烟煤挥发分为25%,在稳定生产期间系统末端氧含量控制在12%以内,粉尘排放浓度<10 mg/Nm^(3)。生产实践表明:不带脱水装置全烧高炉煤气的烟气自循环制粉工艺安全可靠,满足生产要求。

面向火电运行灵活性的钢球磨煤机制粉系统控制优化研究

针对双进双出钢球磨煤机制粉系统变出力过程风粉温度波动幅度大、瞬时磨煤出力偏差大等问题,提出考虑热一次风风温前馈和变出力过程料位差压设定值优化的控制策略。以BBD4360型钢球磨煤机为对象开展机理建模和瞬态扰动试验研究,建立并验证钢球磨煤机内料位差压、出口风粉温度等关键参数计算模型。基于磨煤机动态模型研究获得原有及优化后的控制策略对磨煤机出口风粉温度、磨煤出力和制粉单耗的影响规律。研究结果表明:在制粉系统变出力过程中,优化后的控制策略可降低磨煤机出口风粉温度偏差2℃以上,制粉系统磨煤出力累积偏差降低50%以上,制粉单耗降低5%以上,综合提升了制粉系统的关键参数控制效果。钢球磨煤机制粉系统优化控制策略有利于缓解机组调峰过程中由于燃料量供给偏差引起的气温、气压偏差大等问题,保障了燃煤发电机组的运行灵活性和高效性。

新型煤粉管道膨胀节伸缩筒的工艺制造技术研究

本文对新型煤粉管道膨胀节伸缩筒的制造工艺及工艺流程方案进行了分析研究,介绍了煤粉管道膨胀节伸缩筒的结构特点、工艺技术及制造难点。

240t/h循环流化床锅炉深度灵活调峰工程示范

煤电深度灵活调峰是促进可再生能源电力消纳、减少CO_(2)排放的重要举措。但燃煤锅炉深度灵活调峰存在负荷下调深度受限和NO_(x)排放高的技术难题。本文首次采用循环流化床耦合煤粉预热的技术路线,改建了现役240 t/h高温高压循环流化床锅炉,试验结果表明,锅炉负荷调节深度降低18%,且实现了零喷氨超低NO_(x)排放。240 t/h循环流化床锅炉深度灵活调峰工程示范的成功运行,为燃煤电站深度灵活调峰技术的发展提供了支撑。

粉煤灰建材化增值利用:最新技术与未来展望

粉煤灰是燃煤电厂产生的大宗固体残余物,其产量巨大且逐年增加。大量的粉煤灰不加以处理,则会对生态环境造成危害,也是一种资源的浪费。粉煤灰建材化利用技术可提高资源利用效率、减低环境风险,符合大宗固废高效低碳资源化利用的需求,助力实现国家“双碳”战略目标。利用粉煤灰生产绿色建筑材料,通过优化生产工艺与开发高新技术,可提高其建材化利用效率,进而实现粉煤灰的规模化与高值化利用。总结了粉煤灰的生产概况与物理化学特性,在此基础上,系统地介绍了近年来我国主要粉煤灰建材化利用技术类型,包括用作水泥生产原料、混凝土掺合料、粉煤灰砖、人造骨料、玻璃陶瓷材料、耐火保温材料和新型智能建筑材料等。进一步重点阐述粉煤灰在建材领域资源化利用的研究现状,分析了现阶段不同技术的适用性,总结粉煤灰基绿色建材制备最新技术及未来研究面临的挑战,详细介绍了粉煤灰应用在建筑材料中的作用机理,针对粉煤灰在建材化利用中存在的问题提出思考。最后,对粉煤灰基绿色建材的研发和应用前景进行展望,提出粉煤灰“传统建材化工艺的大规模消纳”与“新型建材化技术的高值化利用”并行研究,理论研究与工程实践互为支撑,为粉煤灰建材化利用研究提供参考。