Bangladesh’s public procurement system has been traditional, i.e., a manual tendering system, under the legislative guidance of PPA-2006 and PPR-2008. Manual tendering has long been a source of concern for public pro...Bangladesh’s public procurement system has been traditional, i.e., a manual tendering system, under the legislative guidance of PPA-2006 and PPR-2008. Manual tendering has long been a source of concern for public procurement agencies regarding tender opening related to cost and time. To resolve this challenge and make the dream of a Digital Bangladesh a reality, the Government of Bangladesh launched the e-Procurement system in 2011 under the flagship of e-GP Guidelines. Following the successful pilot testing conducted under the umbrella of the CPTU, all public PEs are attempting to implement electronic procurement tenders. This study aims to examine the cost and time involved in preparing Tender Opening Committee (TOC) Reports for manual and e-procurement tenders in Bangladesh’s Roads and Highways Department. A mixed-method was used to collect data from the population of 11 RHD zones, including KII and primarily survey questionnaires. The independent samples t-test was used to compare data and hypothesis tests from two groups using SPSS software. The results indicated that e-Procurement tendering, tender opening preparation costs and time were more efficient than manual tendering. Academicians, students, practitioners, researchers, and policymakers will benefit from the study’s conclusions. Additionally, the government will be urged to improve policies such as the PPA 2006, the PPR 2008, and the 2011 e-GP Guideline.展开更多
'Harmony between the heart and kidney' refers to the physiological relationship between these two zang organs in Chinese medicine,while 'disharmony between the heart and kidney' (also called disharmony...'Harmony between the heart and kidney' refers to the physiological relationship between these two zang organs in Chinese medicine,while 'disharmony between the heart and kidney' (also called disharmony between fire and water) refers to the pathological state.The pattern of disharmony between the heart and kidney is widely observed in patients with insomnia,anxiety disorder and menopausal syndrome,etc..In order to gain a full and systematical understanding of this pattern,from the perspective of ancient Chinese philosophy and zang-fu theory in Chinese medicine,we systematically reviewed and discussed the functions and physiological characteristics of the heart and kidney,the origin and development of theories relating to heart-kidney relationship,the pathogenesis and identification of the pattern,as well as the commonly used classical formulas for its treatment,including Coptis and DonkeyHide Gelatin Decoction (Huánglián (E)jiāo Tāng) and Grand Communication Pill (Jiāotài Wán).Two examples of clinical modifications of these formulas in the treatment of insomnia and menopausal syndrome are provided in this article.It should be noted that in clinical practice,these formulas should be used flexibly,and modified in accordance to the condition of the patient.展开更多
Nonlinear solution of reinforced concrete structures, particularly complete load-deflection response, requires tracing of the equilibrium path and proper treatment of the limit and bifurcation points. In this regard, ...Nonlinear solution of reinforced concrete structures, particularly complete load-deflection response, requires tracing of the equilibrium path and proper treatment of the limit and bifurcation points. In this regard, ordinary solution techniques lead to instability near the limit points and also have problems in case of snap-through and snap-back. Thus they fail to predict the complete load-displacement response. The arc-length method serves the purpose well in principle, received wide acceptance in finite element analysis, and has been used extensively. However modifications to the basic idea are vital to meet the particular needs of the analysis. This paper reviews some of the recent developments of the method in the last two decades, with particular emphasis on nonlinear finite element analysis of reinforced concrete structures.展开更多
On Nov 13, Vice-President Hu Sishe met with Dr. Claude Begle, a member of Swiss Federal Parliament and president of the Swiss-China World Silk Road Association.
On Nov 18,CPAFFC Vice-President Hu Sishe met with H.E.Anwar Al-Abdullah,ambassador of the Kingdom of Bahrain to China,during the ambassador’s visit to the CPAFFC.Hu noted that this year marks the 30 th anniversary of...On Nov 18,CPAFFC Vice-President Hu Sishe met with H.E.Anwar Al-Abdullah,ambassador of the Kingdom of Bahrain to China,during the ambassador’s visit to the CPAFFC.Hu noted that this year marks the 30 th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Bahrain.展开更多
文摘Bangladesh’s public procurement system has been traditional, i.e., a manual tendering system, under the legislative guidance of PPA-2006 and PPR-2008. Manual tendering has long been a source of concern for public procurement agencies regarding tender opening related to cost and time. To resolve this challenge and make the dream of a Digital Bangladesh a reality, the Government of Bangladesh launched the e-Procurement system in 2011 under the flagship of e-GP Guidelines. Following the successful pilot testing conducted under the umbrella of the CPTU, all public PEs are attempting to implement electronic procurement tenders. This study aims to examine the cost and time involved in preparing Tender Opening Committee (TOC) Reports for manual and e-procurement tenders in Bangladesh’s Roads and Highways Department. A mixed-method was used to collect data from the population of 11 RHD zones, including KII and primarily survey questionnaires. The independent samples t-test was used to compare data and hypothesis tests from two groups using SPSS software. The results indicated that e-Procurement tendering, tender opening preparation costs and time were more efficient than manual tendering. Academicians, students, practitioners, researchers, and policymakers will benefit from the study’s conclusions. Additionally, the government will be urged to improve policies such as the PPA 2006, the PPR 2008, and the 2011 e-GP Guideline.
文摘'Harmony between the heart and kidney' refers to the physiological relationship between these two zang organs in Chinese medicine,while 'disharmony between the heart and kidney' (also called disharmony between fire and water) refers to the pathological state.The pattern of disharmony between the heart and kidney is widely observed in patients with insomnia,anxiety disorder and menopausal syndrome,etc..In order to gain a full and systematical understanding of this pattern,from the perspective of ancient Chinese philosophy and zang-fu theory in Chinese medicine,we systematically reviewed and discussed the functions and physiological characteristics of the heart and kidney,the origin and development of theories relating to heart-kidney relationship,the pathogenesis and identification of the pattern,as well as the commonly used classical formulas for its treatment,including Coptis and DonkeyHide Gelatin Decoction (Huánglián (E)jiāo Tāng) and Grand Communication Pill (Jiāotài Wán).Two examples of clinical modifications of these formulas in the treatment of insomnia and menopausal syndrome are provided in this article.It should be noted that in clinical practice,these formulas should be used flexibly,and modified in accordance to the condition of the patient.
文摘Nonlinear solution of reinforced concrete structures, particularly complete load-deflection response, requires tracing of the equilibrium path and proper treatment of the limit and bifurcation points. In this regard, ordinary solution techniques lead to instability near the limit points and also have problems in case of snap-through and snap-back. Thus they fail to predict the complete load-displacement response. The arc-length method serves the purpose well in principle, received wide acceptance in finite element analysis, and has been used extensively. However modifications to the basic idea are vital to meet the particular needs of the analysis. This paper reviews some of the recent developments of the method in the last two decades, with particular emphasis on nonlinear finite element analysis of reinforced concrete structures.
文摘On Nov 13, Vice-President Hu Sishe met with Dr. Claude Begle, a member of Swiss Federal Parliament and president of the Swiss-China World Silk Road Association.
文摘On Nov 18,CPAFFC Vice-President Hu Sishe met with H.E.Anwar Al-Abdullah,ambassador of the Kingdom of Bahrain to China,during the ambassador’s visit to the CPAFFC.Hu noted that this year marks the 30 th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Bahrain.
