An Update on the Clinical Pipelines of New Antibacterial Drugs Developed in China

Antibacterial resistance is a global health threat that requires further concrete action on the part of all countries.In this context,one of the biggest concerns is whether enough new antibacterial drugs are being discovered and developed.Although several high-quality reviews on clinical antibacterial drug pipelines from a global perspective were published recently,none provides comprehensive information on original antibacterial drugs at clinical stages in China.In this review,we summarize the latest progress of novel antibacterial drugs approved for marketing and under clinical evaluation in China since 2019.Information was obtained by consulting official websites,searching commercial databases,retrieving literature,asking personnel from institutions or companies,and other means,and a considerable part of the data covered here has not been included in other reviews.As of June 30,2023,a total of 20 antibacterial projects from 17 Chinese pharmaceutical companies or developers were identified and updated.Among them,two new antibacterial drugs that belong to traditional antibiotic classes were approved by the National Medical Products Administration(NMPA)in China in 2019 and 2021,respectively,and 18 antibacterial agents are in clinical development,with one under regulatory evaluation,five in phase-3,six in phase-2,and six in phase-1.Most of the clinical candidates are new analogs or monocomponents of traditional antibacterial pharmacophore types,including two dual-acting hybrid antibiotics and a recombinant antibacterial protein.Overall,despite there being 17 antibacterial clinical candidates,our analysis indicates that there are still relatively few clinically differentiated antibacterial agents in stages of clinical development in China.Hopefully,Chinese pharmaceutical companies and institutions will develop more innovative and clinically differentiated candidates with good market potential in the future research and development(R&D)of original antibacterial drugs.

A fuzzy model for assessing the risk exposure of procuring infrastructure mega-projects through public-private partnership： The case of Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge

Considering the rapid urbanization growth rate particularly in developing countries, the number of infrastructure mega-projects over the past years has risen tremendously. Essentially, because infrastructure megaprojects require huge investment funds, better management skills, well qualified and experienced international expertise and technology innovation, they are mostly preferred to be procured using the PPP method compare to the use of the traditional bid-build system. In this regard, this paper aims to develop a fuzzy evaluation model for assessing the suitability of procuring infrastructure mega-projects through PPP by considering their risk exposure. The main body of Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge(HZMB)is used as a case project to demonstrate the practicality of the risk evaluation model. The risk evaluation model consists of four critical risk groupings, these include,construction and land risks, commercial risks, operational risks and political risks. Using the risk evaluation equation,a risk index of 4.53 out of 5.00 is computed for the selected project if it is procured through the PPP scheme. This outcome shows that the case project is not suitable for the PPP approach because its risk exposure is very high. The model developed will enable PPP practitioners to predict the likely risk exposure of procuring infrastructure megaprojects through the PPP scheme.

Supplier development and its incentives in infrastructure mega-projects： A case study on Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge project

In this paper the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge project is taken as a case to analyze supplier development in infrastructure mega-projects. Compared with manufacturing industry, the characteristics of supplier development in infrastructure mega-projects is analyzed in term of development motives, supplier selection, quality management, production mode, owner participation and risks. The critical factors influencing the construction supplier development are identified, which include incentives, collaboration, future market, trust and bilateral communication. Furthermore, focusing on the incentives for the supplier's product quality and production capacity improvement, decision-making framework models are proposed to design the incentive mechanisms.

Social responsibility in infrastructure mega-projects： A case study of ecological compensation for Sousa chinensis during the construction of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge

Ecological compensation plays an important role in implementing the social responsibility of infrastructure mega-projects. Based on the results of a field study, an in-depth interview, and archive data, this paper introduces the ecological compensation for Sousa chinensis(the Indo-Pacific humpbacked dolphin) during the construction of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge. It studies the concrete measures, decision-making processes,and organizational collaboration of the ecological compensation, using the method of a case study. The present study not only enriches our understanding of the ecological compensation practice during the construction of infrastructure mega-projects, but also extends the literature on the social responsibility of infrastructure mega-projects.This sheds light on the protection of the environment as well as biodiversity in the construction of future infrastructure mega-projects.

Research on the impact of mega-projects on carrying capacity of cities taking the first-line project of the West-East gas pipeline as an example

With the acceleration of China's urbanization,the functions and benefits of mega-projects are required higher.With the deepening of"the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road",the quantitative evaluation of multinational investment projects will help strengthen cross-border communication among gov-ernment,society and enterprises,which provide a basis for mutual trust.This study empirically analyzes and evaluates the impact of mega-projects on carrying capacity of cities,by using the DID method based on the panel data of 15 cities in China from 2000 to 2013.The results show that the construction and operation of the first-line project of the West-East gas pipeline has a significant positive impact on the improvement of carrying capacity of cities along the line.However,the degree of impact on three di-mensions is slightly different.The impact on the social carrying capacity is the greatest,then the ecological and economic carrying capacity.Therefore,the decisions of do-mestic mega-projects should be unified with urban planning to promote the sustain-able development of China's economy and social.The investment of mega-projects abroad should also be coordinated with the carrying capacity of host cities,in order to enhance the competitiveness and creativity of Chinese multinational mega-projects investment.

Coupling and evolution mechanism of infrastructure mega-projects complex ecosystem： Case study on Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge

Infrastructure mega-projects(IMP), which involve complex interactions and feedback, have more significant impact on economic, social, and other systems.This paper proposes a concept—the IMP complex ecosystem—to analyze IMP from a broad perspective of organic links across engineering, social, economic, and resource environments. Moreover, this paper proposes the theoretical concept, framework, and functions for the IMP complex ecosystem based on complex ecosystem theory.First, the coupling process between IMP complex ecosystem subsystems is analyzed through material flows, energy flows, information flows, and value streams.Second, a logistic model of the IMP complex ecosystem is proposed by analyzing the evolution conditions and motivations. Third, the evolution pattern of the IMP complex ecosystem is determined. Fourth, the positive evolution strategy of the IMP complex ecosystem based on dissipative structure theory and the influencing factors of the evolutionary process is introduced. Finally, the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge and Sousa chinensis are used as the case study. This paper also analyzes the coupling structure on the complex ecosystem of the Hong KongZhuhai-Macao Bridge and investigates the coupling and evolution mechanism application of the IMP complex ecosystem on Sousa chinensis protection for the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge project.

Special issue： Infrastructure mega-project management on the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge project

Infrastructure mega-projects(IMPs)are large-scale engineering deliverables,such as hydropower projects,highspeed railways,expressway networks,gas pipeline projects,and long-span bridges.IMPs provide fundamental public services for social production,economic development,and daily life,and form the backbone of modern societies.The importance of IMPs has necessitated an improved understanding of how these facilities are managed.

From systematicness to complexity: Fundamental thinking of mega-project management

Mega-projects are characterized by their large-scale investments, long life-cycle, and extraordinary levels of organizational, technological, and environmental complexity （Flyvbjerg, 2017）. They are naturally regarded as large, coupled human, and physical systems consisting of coupled sub-systems linked through flows of human, information, and matter; these systems evolve through time （Bakhshi et al., 2016; Kiridena and Sense, 2016）. Not about let systems be, engineering refers to ＂making things happen＂ with convergence, optimum design, and operation consistency （Mihm et al., 2003; Ottino, 2004）. Specially, mega-projects, which are regarded as typically artificial complex systems, are composed of elements with different properties; connections among those elements change invariably. Mega-project management is proposed to analyze and deal with complexity （Sheng, 2018）.

Grasping institutional complexity in infrastructure megaprojects through the multi-level governance system： A case study of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge construction

This study analyzes the design and operation of multi-level governance system for the smooth delivery of infrastructure mega-projects with high institutional complexity caused by market transition. From an institutional perspective, this study scrutinizes the structure,elements, and dynamics of the governance system of infrastructure mega-projects and then proposes an integrative framework based on the inductive case study of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge mega-project. Multiple evidences of archives, field studies, and interviews related to the case project are triangulated to further analyze the institutional effects, specifically those with government logics and market structures, on the design and operation of the three-level governance system. Results reveal that the co-evolution between governments and markets in China has shaped the vertical levels of the mega-project governance system and has further affected their evolution and operation across various stages of project development. This study contributes to the rapidly emerging research on complex system governance by proposing a systematic model of three-level mega-project governance to enhance the timely delivery of infrastructure megaprojects within budget.