Travel-Limiting Disabilities in the United States: Why Accessibility Matters?

This study evaluates the distribution of travel-limiting disabilities across genders and geographic locations in the United States. This study aims to describe and compare the socioeconomic and demographic variables of the people with and without travel-limiting disabilities across geographic locations and gender. The study further evaluates the trip purpose and impact of Covid-19 fourth wave pandemic on the use of public transit and travel to physical workplace for the people with and without travel-limiting disabilities across gender and geographic locations. The study uses the 2022 weighted National Household Travel Survey dataset and employs descriptive statistics. Results reaffirm the findings from previous literature that there are more people with travel-limiting disabilities in urban areas and among women. Over 50 percent of people aged 65 and above have a form of travel-limiting disabilities. The most trip for people with travel-limiting disabilities is made for shopping and medical purposes. Across all categories, rural areas, urban areas, male and female for the people without travel-limiting disabilities, COVID-19 fourth wave did not change the pattern of trips made to physical workplace as pre-COVID-19 era. This pattern is also observable for the people with travel-limiting disabilities in rural and urban areas. Females with travel-limiting disabilities reported making less trips to physical workplaces while male reported doing the same as before COVID-19 era. The study concludes that the quantification of travel-limiting disabilities across geographic location and gender is vital in disability study and could drive policy implementation for improved accessibility for the vulnerable population.

Epidemiology of shoulder dislocations presenting to United States emergency departments:An updated ten-year study

BACKGROUND Glenohumeral dislocation is a common injury that may predispose patients to chronic pain and instability.However,there is a paucity of current data available regarding the epidemiological trends of this injury.AIM To provide an updated,comparative assessment of the epidemiology of shoulder dislocations presenting to emergency departments in the United States.We also sought to analyze patient demographic risk factors and consumer products associated with dislocation events.METHODS Data were obtained from the national electronic injury surveillance system database for glenohumeral dislocations between 2012 and 2021.Incidence,age,sex,and injury characteristics were analyzed using weighted population statistics as well as incidence rates and 95%confidence intervals(CI).RESULTS In total,an estimated 773039 shoulder dislocations(CI:640598-905481)presented to emergency rooms across the United States during the study period.The annual incidence rate was 23.96 per 100000 persons and the average patient age at the time of injury was 37.1 years.Significantly more male patients sustained dislocations than female patients(537189,69.5%,vs 235834,30.5%,P<0.001).With regard to associated consumer products,sports and recreation equipment were involved in the highest proportion of incidents(44.31%),followed by home structures and construction materials(21.22%),and home furnishings,fixtures,and accessories(21.21%).Regarding product sub-groups,stairs,ramps,landings,floors was cited in the greatest number of cases(131745).CONCLUSION The national annual incidence rate of glenohumeral dislocations throughout the study period was approximately 23.92 per 100000 persons.Male adolescents sustained the highest proportion of dislocations,with a peak incidence in age group 15-20 years,predominantly secondary to participation in sporting and recreational activities.Conversely,women experienced a relatively consistent incidence of dislocation throughout their lifespan.After age 63,the incidence rate of dislocations in females was found to surpass that observed in males.

History and evaluation of national-scale geochemical data sets for the United States

Six national-scale,or near national-scale,geochemical data sets for soils or stream sediments exist for the United States.The earliest of these,here termed the ＇Shacklette＇ data set,was generated by a U.S. Geological Survey（USGS） project conducted from 1961 to 1975.This project used soil collected from a depth of about 20 cm as the sampling medium at 1323 sites throughout the conterminous U.S.The National Uranium Resource Evaluation Hydrogeochemical and Stream Sediment Reconnaissance（NUREHSSR） Program of the U.S.Department of Energy was conducted from 1975 to 1984 and collected either stream sediments,lake sediments,or soils at more than 378,000 sites in both the conterminous U.S.and Alaska.The sampled area represented about 65%of the nation.The Natural Resources Conservation Service（NRCS）,from 1978 to 1982,collected samples from multiple soil horizons at sites within the major crop-growing regions of the conterminous U.S.This data set contains analyses of more than 3000 samples.The National Geochemical Survey,a USGS project conducted from 1997 to 2009,used a subset of the NURE-HSSR archival samples as its starting point and then collected primarily stream sediments, with occasional soils,in the parts of the U.S.not covered by the NURE-HSSR Program.This data set contains chemical analyses for more than 70,000 samples.The USGS,in collaboration with the Mexican Geological Survey and the Geological Survey of Canada,initiated soil sampling for the North American Soil Geochemical Landscapes Project in 2007.Sampling of three horizons or depths at more than 4800 sites in the U.S.was completed in 2010,and chemical analyses are currently ongoing.The NRCS initiated a project in the 1990s to analyze the various soil horizons from selected pedons throughout the U.S.This data set currently contains data from more than 1400 sites.This paper（1） discusses each data set in terms of its purpose,sample collection protocols,and analytical methods;and（2） evaluates each data set in terms of its appropriateness as a national-scale geochemical database and its usefulness for nationalscale geochemical mapping.

Balancing Development and Security in the Context of Containment and Pressure by the United States

The United States is launching an all-out crackdown against China in the name of competition,which has posed increasingly severe challenges to development and security in China.The strategic competition between China and the United States is becoming an essential part of once-in-a-century changes that is shaping the world today.Under such circumstances,the Communist Party of China applies a holistic approach to national security,which aims to balance development and security as well as opening up and security.Furthermore,it intends to implement the national rejuvenation strategy within the wider context of once-ina-century global changes.Managing China’s affairs well to achieve a dynamic balance and positive interaction among high-quality development,high-level security,and high-standard opening-up can provide the basis for realizing the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and response to containment by the United States.While fostering a new development paradigm,China advances scientific and technological innovation and pursues common prosperity.Moreover,it defends national security through firm but flexible struggles and promotes safe development by accelerating domestic circulation.However,China needs to control the costs of its security investment,pay equal attention to the risks and gains brought about by its opening-up policy,and,thus,enhance its capability to compete with the United States in the long term.

美国全球水资源安全战略分析

由于相对实力下降,美国的霸权正面临“碎片化”与“议题化”转型。在众多涉及安全的议题中,水资源议题因为自身的敏感性,成为美国国家安全的重要组成部分。2022年美国相继发布《全球水安全行动计划》和第二个《美国全球水战略》文件,明确了未来一段时期美国在全球水资源领域的战略目标、原则、优先方向、实施路径以及项目规划。其在优先方向、重点地区以及实施路径等方面的新变化,不但会对中美在水资源领域的竞争产生重要影响,更可能干扰中国与周边国家在水资源领域的合作。中国需加强跟踪研判和科学谋划,不断调整和优化与周边国家开展水资源合作及治理的政策和路径,化解美国对华开展水资源竞争所带来的风险。

土壤侵蚀与国家安全——美国水土保持的艰难起步(1894—1933)

在罗斯福“新政”前数年间,美国出现了颇具声势的水土保持宣传。在进步主义时代,美国农业部以本内特为首的土壤调查专家意识到土壤侵蚀问题的存在及其后果。但土壤侵蚀问题在20世纪20年代中期之前一直没有受到应有的重视。在1928年农业部印发的《土壤侵蚀:国家威胁》这一报告中,本内特指出了严重土壤侵蚀对美国构成的巨大威胁:它不仅造成了严重的经济损失,而且会破坏美国自由、和平与安全的基础,甚至会威胁美国文明的存续。本内特从国家安全的高度,倡导联邦政府承担水土保持的职责。20世纪30年代之前的水土保持宣传教育促进了美国民众的觉醒,并促使联邦政府在保护土壤方面开始承担责任,是罗斯福“新政”时期大规模水土保持运动的前奏和基础。

基于国家安全战略的美俄网络空间安全观对比及启示

[研究目的]网络空间大国博弈影响国家安全,对美俄网络安全观的对比研究,可为研究全球网络空间博弈及制定我国网络空间战略提供必要的借鉴。[研究方法]以网络安全观理论为基础,以冷战后美俄国家安全战略为样本,通过内容分析对美俄网络安全话语演变的特点、认知逻辑与差异原因开展对比研究。[研究结论]研究表明,美俄网络安全观演变与地缘政治密切相关,两国不断因势调整,在网络安全理念、网络安全战略、网络安全维护手段上呈现内外、技术、主权等差异特征。我国高度关注全球主要国家网络安全战略的动态,通过健全战略体系、完善规则体系、强化防御体系,不断推进我国网络空间安全战略升级。

美英日国家图书馆智库服务研究

国家图书馆智库作为国家发展和治理的重要支撑,其建设和发展应受到关注和重视。文章从机构概况、服务内容、服务成果三方面,详细介绍并对比了美国国会图书馆、英国下议院图书馆和日本国立国会图书馆的智库情况,并从人才队伍、组织结构、研究领域以及平台建设等方面,对我国国家图书馆智库建设和服务提出建议。

旧金山会议中共代表问题新探

1945年董必武出席在旧金山举办的联合国制宪大会是抗日战争史和中国近代外交史上的重要事件,而中共代表取得参会权的过程却历经波折。在抗战后期的国共谈判中,新任美国驻华大使赫尔利为了善后“史迪威事件”,偏袒国民党政府、反对中共代表参加旧金山会议。随着美苏双方在雅尔塔会议上就远东问题达成秘密协定,以及毛泽东、周恩来坚决反对国民党一党专政,美国高层最终改变态度,敦促蒋介石同意在中国代表团内列入一名中共成员。国民党政府妥协退让的背后蕴藏着遏制中共的复杂谋略,延安方面的因应策略则体现出抗战后期中共对国家发展前景的深层思考。

美国中小学国家认同教育:理念、实践与启示

在全球教育体系中,国家认同教育是国民教育中最核心的内容,对维护社会和谐与国家安全至关重要。美国是世界上实施国家认同教育最早的国家之一,通过文献分析、案例研究和比较研究,对美国中小学国家认同教育的理念与实践进行研究分析,发现美国中小学国家认同教育主要体现在多元文化融合、反对种族偏见以及公民教育三方面,形成了培养多元包容的价值观、促进公平正义的民族观以及追求公民全面发展特色鲜明的国家认同教育观。基于研究发现,为我国中小学国家认同教育提出相关建议,应从社会主义核心价值观的传承与深化、多元一体的民族融合以及对教育创新的资源整合策略实施三方面,促进我国中小学生形成坚定的国家认同感,培养具有全球视野和社会责任的未来公民,为实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦贡献力量。

Muslim States and Reform of the United Nations Security Council

This article explores reform of the United Nations Security Council and the response of the Muslim-majority member states seeking greater participation in the organization.A variety of models and plans for Council reform have emerged since 2000.Within this debate,Muslim-majority member states have focused on the restriction/abolition of the veto,the inclusion of Egypt and Nigeria as permanent African/Muslim representatives,and instigating the procedural reforms.Despite this sentiment,the reform process has led to inter-state rivalry among these states and confusion about the best path to progress.As a result,there is little promise for Muslim states in gaining an increased level of participation in the Council.Muslim ambitions are hindered by an inability of these states to coordinate a unified reaction;inter-state rivalry;the reticence of existing Council members to approve permanent Muslim membership;the relatively weak bargaining position that these states hold in the negotiations,and the tendency for many to support one of the different reform models,some with mutually-exclusive perspectives.

网络空间与霸权护持——美国网络安全战略的迭代演进与驱动机制

拜登政府于2023年3月发布了《国家网络安全战略》,这是自小布什政府以来美国发布的第四份网络安全战略报告。作为在网络空间拥有非对称技术资源优势与支配地位的国家,美国的国家网络安全战略始终以护持网络霸权为目标。从小布什政府、奥巴马政府到特朗普政府,再到拜登政府,美国在网络空间的战略目标从国内控制、国际塑造、单边护持,发展为多边“竞赢”;其针对网络安全的策略也经历了本土防御、网络威慑、进攻性行动与综合性遏制四个阶段。美国政府相继推出的网络安全战略既具有延续性,又存在显著差异,其背后反映出美国对网络空间、自身实力地位与安全威胁的认知演化。随着综合实力的变化,美国对于自身所面临的外部环境的认知发生了转变,对网络空间安全威胁的认知也不断变化。在地缘政治与网络空间安全化等因素的影响下,美国针对网络安全的战略叙事也随之变化,这成为美国国家网络安全战略演进的主要驱动机制,由此加剧了网络空间的泛安全化与意识形态化。

基金资助的科学产出评估和预测方法研究

[目的/意义]基金项目科学产出的评估与预测有助于优化基金资助效果、提高科学研究质量,对于科研管理部门优选布局方向、优化资源配置等工作具有一定的理论和实践指导意义。[方法/过程]首先,基于LDA模型识别出基金及其资助论文中蕴含的研究主题;然后,提出主题资助金额、主题资助期限、主题热度、主题质量和主题影响力5个指标,设计了基金资助的科学产出主题综合评估模型;在此基础上,基于深度学习算法提出了科学产出主题预测模型;最后,以美国国家科学基金会社会与经济科学部资助的基金及其产出的论文数据为例进行了实证研究。[结果/结论]通过实证,美国国家科学基金社会和经济学部投入产出比较高的科学产出主题主要有政策与环境、科研发展与实践、健康与社会发展等,验证了方法的可行性和有效性。本文研究对于优化基金资助效果、提高科学研究质量以及科研管理部门优选布局方向、优化资源配置等具有一定的理论和实践指导意义。

美国是如何推进前沿基础研究与人才培养一体化发展的?——基于对美国国家科学基金会科教资助项目的分析

文章基于对美国国家科学基金会的发展历程及其近二十年来科教资助项目和财报的分析,描绘其推进前沿基础研究与人才培养一体化发展的资助特征,提炼美国国家科学基金会资助体系培育美国全球科技创新领先优势的三大制度经验:目标导向、面向未来、科教融合,启示我国推进教育、科技、人才一体化发展时坚持目标导向和自由探索“两条腿走路”,统筹制定基础科学研究阶段性资助计划,建设覆盖基础教育、高等教育以及职业生涯全生命周期的科技人才资助体系。

美国太空力量建设理念的演变及其影响

对美国太空力量建设理念进行全面梳理和深入分析,得出如下结论:美国太空力量建设理念从政府主导、技术引领的传统政治模式变革发展为商业支撑、全球联盟的混合弹性模式。这一演变源于保障国家安全的思维导向,维护太空霸权的战略需要,以及防范威胁挑战的策略考量。这一演变可加强美国太空威慑的全面性和有效性,同时使其太空作战具有有限性和混合性特点,并提高其太空外交的灵活性和强权性。

Nationwide trends and predictors of inpatient mortality in 83884 transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

AIM: To evaluate and validate the national trends and predictors of in-patient mortality of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS) in 15 years.METHODS: Using the National Inpatient Sample which is a part of Health Cost and Utilization Project, we identified a discharge-weighted national estimate of 83884 TIPS procedures performed in the United States from 1998 to 2012 using international classification of diseases-9 procedural code 39.1. The demographic, hospital and co-morbility data were analyzed using a multivariant analysis. Using multi-nominal logistic regression analysis, we determined predictive factors related to increases in-hospital mortality. Comorbidity measures are in accordance to the Comorbidity Software designed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.RESULTS: Overall, 12.3% of patients died during hospitalization with downward trend in-hospitalmortality with the mean length of stay of 10.8 ± 13.1 d. Notable, African American patients(OR = 1.809 vs Caucasian patients, P < 0.001), transferred patients(OR = 1.347 vs non-transferred, P < 0.001), emergency admissions(OR = 3.032 vs elective cases, P < 0.001), patients in the Northeast region(OR = 1.449 vs West, P < 0.001) had significantly higher odds of inhospital mortality. Number of diagnoses and number of procedures showed positive correlations with in-hospital death(OR = 1.249 per one increase in number of procedures). Patients diagnosed with acute respiratory failure(OR = 8.246), acute kidney failure(OR = 4.359), hepatic encephalopathy(OR = 2.217) and esophageal variceal bleeding(OR = 2.187) were at considerably higher odds of in-hospital death compared with ascites(OR = 0.136, P < 0.001). Comorbidity measures with the highest odds of in-hospital death were fluid and electrolyte disorders(OR = 2.823), coagulopathy(OR = 2.016), and lymphoma(OR = 1.842).CONCLUSION: The overall mortality of the TIPS procedure is steadily decreasing, though the length of stay has remained relatively constant. Specific patient ethnicity, location, transfer status, primary diagnosis and comorbidities correlate with increased odds of TIPS in-hospital death.

“博弈”视角下的美国国家公园发展理念对中国的启示--评National Parks:The American Experience

目前,我国正处于国家公园体制稳步推进,自然保护地体系转型重构的关键时期,明确国家公园的发展思路与理念是我们亟待解决的关键问题。National Parks:The American Experience一书较为全面地探讨了美国国家公园体系的发展历程及发展理念变迁,讲述了联邦政府、铁路公司和环保组织等利益团体围绕"国家公园该如何发展"这条主线展开的一系列博弈过程,涵盖了重要的历史事件、关键的推动性人物及相关开创性法案等内容。书中对推动美国国家公园发展的思潮和理念做了总结回顾,尤其是国家公园应该"保护什么"以及"如何保护"的思考,对完善我国国家公园体制、重构自然保护地体系具有一定的借鉴和启示意义。

美国国家安全战略与中美关系

中国是亚太地区大国和具有全球影响力的国家,因此美国总是将中国放在其国家安全战略全局、国际战略格局全局和亚太地区战略态势全局来观察和分析,并据此制定对华政策和确定美中关系走向。中美之间的互动也对美国国家安全战略的制定和实施产生重要影响。冷战时期,美国制定对苏遏制的国家安全战略,特别是根据中苏关系状态来确定美国对华政策和美中关系。冷战后,美国根据建立“世界新秩序”和全球反恐的国家安全战略,对华交替采用“接触”与“制约”政策。随着中国的快速崛起和全球反恐取得一定进展,美国国家安全战略中涉华议题越来越多。在美国认为中国的发展“威胁”到其全球主导地位后,特朗普政府和拜登政府从“大国战略竞争”国家安全战略出发,将中国视为主要“战略竞争对手”。美国国家安全战略存在三大内在矛盾,中美关系正经历否定之否定的过程。

金融支持国家创新体系:中美比较

实现高水平科技自立自强,完善金融支持国家创新体系是关键一招。在梳理金融支持国家创新体系理论源流基础上,基于国家创新体系和比较金融等基本原理,从需求和供给角度出发,对中国和美国金融支持国家创新体系展开比较分析。研究发现:美国处于创新体系的成熟阶段,中国处于创新体系的成长阶段,创新体系的阶段性特征对金融提出新需求;美国金融体系市场导向更为明显,中国金融体系银行导向更为明显,但正在向市场导向过渡,金融供给正在发生新变化;中美创新体系与金融支持创新体系短板各不相同,使命任务存在差异,但面临在技术—经济扩散期实现高质量发展的共同挑战。在此基础上,坚持问题导向和目标导向相统一,提出完善我国科技金融体系的启示建议。