Fear extinction is a biological process in which learned fear behavior diminishes without anticipated reinforcement,allowing the organism to re-adapt to ever-changing situations.Based on the behavioral hypothesis that...Fear extinction is a biological process in which learned fear behavior diminishes without anticipated reinforcement,allowing the organism to re-adapt to ever-changing situations.Based on the behavioral hypothesis that extinction is new learning and forms an extinction memory,this new memory is more readily forgettable than the original fear memory.The brain’s cellular and synaptic traces underpinning this inherently fragile yet reinforceable extinction memory remain unclear.Intriguing questions are about the whereabouts of the engram neurons that emerged during extinction learning and how they constitute a dynamically evolving functional construct that works in concert to store and express the extinction memory.In this review,we discuss recent advances in the engram circuits and their neural connectivity plasticity for fear extinction,aiming to establish a conceptual framework for understanding the dynamic competition between fear and extinction memories in adaptive control of conditioned fear responses.展开更多
Fear memory underlies anxiety-related disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD). PTSD is a fear-based disorder,characterized by difficulties in extinguishing the learned fear response and maintaining ex...Fear memory underlies anxiety-related disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD). PTSD is a fear-based disorder,characterized by difficulties in extinguishing the learned fear response and maintaining extinction. Currently, the first-line treatment for PTSD is exposure therapy, which forms an extinction memory to compete with the original fear memory. However,the extinguished fear often returns under numerous circumstances, suggesting that novel methods are needed to eliminate fear memory or facilitate extinction memory. This review discusses research that targeted extinction and reconsolidation to manipulate fear memory. Recent studies indicate that sleep is an active state that can regulate memory processes. We also discuss the influence of sleep on fear memory. For each manipulation, we briefly summarize the neural mechanisms that have been identified in human studies. Finally, we highlight potential limitations and future directions in the field to better translate existing interventions to clinical settings.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the STI2030-Major Projects(2021ZD0202800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071023 and 32371078)+2 种基金the Program of Shanghai Academic/Technology Research Leader(22XD1420700)the Shanghai Municipal Health Commission(2022XD046)Innovative Research Team of High-Level Local Universities in Shanghai.
文摘Fear extinction is a biological process in which learned fear behavior diminishes without anticipated reinforcement,allowing the organism to re-adapt to ever-changing situations.Based on the behavioral hypothesis that extinction is new learning and forms an extinction memory,this new memory is more readily forgettable than the original fear memory.The brain’s cellular and synaptic traces underpinning this inherently fragile yet reinforceable extinction memory remain unclear.Intriguing questions are about the whereabouts of the engram neurons that emerged during extinction learning and how they constitute a dynamically evolving functional construct that works in concert to store and express the extinction memory.In this review,we discuss recent advances in the engram circuits and their neural connectivity plasticity for fear extinction,aiming to establish a conceptual framework for understanding the dynamic competition between fear and extinction memories in adaptive control of conditioned fear responses.
基金supported by the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2015BAI13B01)
文摘Fear memory underlies anxiety-related disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD). PTSD is a fear-based disorder,characterized by difficulties in extinguishing the learned fear response and maintaining extinction. Currently, the first-line treatment for PTSD is exposure therapy, which forms an extinction memory to compete with the original fear memory. However,the extinguished fear often returns under numerous circumstances, suggesting that novel methods are needed to eliminate fear memory or facilitate extinction memory. This review discusses research that targeted extinction and reconsolidation to manipulate fear memory. Recent studies indicate that sleep is an active state that can regulate memory processes. We also discuss the influence of sleep on fear memory. For each manipulation, we briefly summarize the neural mechanisms that have been identified in human studies. Finally, we highlight potential limitations and future directions in the field to better translate existing interventions to clinical settings.
