Is thalamocortical tract injury responsible for memory impairment in a patient with putaminal hemorrhage?

Prior to development of diffusion tensor imaging （DTI）, there were many difficulties in visualization and estimation of the Papez circuit in the live human brain （Papez, 1995）. Diffusion tensor tractography （DTT）, derived from DTI, allows for identification and visualization of neural tracts in the Papez circuit （Concha et al., 2005; Kwon et al., 2010; Granziera et al., 2011; Jang and Yeo, 2013; Jang et al., 2014a）. In the current study, using DTT, we report on a patient who showed injured thalamocortical tract between the anterior thalamic nuclei and the cingulate gyrus following a putaminal hemorrhage.

B-cell and antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2:infection,vaccination,and hybrid immunity

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)in 2019 prompted scientific,medical,and biotech communities to investigate infection-and vaccine-induced immune responses in the context of this pathogen.B-cell and antibody responses are at the center of these investigations,as neutralizing antibodies(nAbs)are an important correlate of protection(COP)from infection and the primary target of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine modalities.In addition to absolute levels,nAb longevity,neutralization breadth,immunoglobulin isotype and subtype composition,and presence at mucosal sites have become important topics for scientists and health policy makers.The recent pandemic was and still is a unique setting in which to study de novo and memory B-cell(MBC)and antibody responses in the dynamic interplay of infection-and vaccine-induced immunity.It also provided an opportunity to explore new vaccine platforms,such as mRNA or adenoviral vector vaccines,in unprecedented cohort sizes.Combined with the technological advances of recent years,this situation has provided detailed mechanistic insights into the development of B-cell and antibody responses but also revealed some unexpected findings.In this review,we summarize the key findings of the last 2.5 years regarding infection-and vaccine-induced B-cell immunity,which we believe are of significant value not only in the context of SARS-CoV-2 but also for future vaccination approaches in endemic and pandemic settings.