Over the past decade,the advent of single cell RNA-sequencing has revolutionized the approach in cellular transcriptomics research.The current technology offers an unbiased platform to understand how genotype correlat...Over the past decade,the advent of single cell RNA-sequencing has revolutionized the approach in cellular transcriptomics research.The current technology offers an unbiased platform to understand how genotype correlates to phenotype.Single-cell omics applications in gastrointestinal(GI)research namely inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)has become popular in the last few years with multiple publications as single-cell omics techniques can be applied directly to the target organ,the GI tract at the tissue level.Through examination of mucosal tissue and peripheral blood in IBD,the recent boom in single cell research has identified a myriad of key immune players from enterocytes to tissue resident memory T cells,and explored functional heterogeneity within cellular subsets previously unreported.As we begin to unravel the complex mucosal immune system in states of health and disease like IBD,the power of exploration through single-cell omics can change our approach to translational research.As novel techniques evolve through multiplexing single-cell omics and spatial transcriptomics come to the forefront,we can begin to fully comprehend the disease IBD and better design targets of treatment.In addition,hopefully these techniques can ultimately begin to identify biomarkers of therapeutic response and answer clinically relevant questions in how to tailor individual therapy to patients through personalized medicine.展开更多
Multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms may contribute to cognitive decline in Parkinson’s disease. However, the mechanism by which these single nucleotide polymorphisms modify brain imaging phenotype remains unclea...Multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms may contribute to cognitive decline in Parkinson’s disease. However, the mechanism by which these single nucleotide polymorphisms modify brain imaging phenotype remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential effects of multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms on brain imaging phenotype in Parkinson’s disease. Forty-eight Parkinson’s disease patients and 39 matched healthy controls underwent genotyping and 7 T magnetic resonance imaging. A cognitive-weighted polygenic risk score model was designed, in which the effect sizes were determined individually for 36 single nucleotide polymorphisms. The correlations between polygenic risk score, neuroimaging features, and clinical data were analyzed. Furthermore, individual single nucleotide polymorphism analysis was performed to explore the main effects of genotypes and their interactive effects with Parkinson’s disease diagnosis. We found that, in Parkinson’s disease, the polygenic risk score was correlated with the neural activity of the hippocampus, parahippocampus, and fusiform gyrus, and with hippocampal-prefrontal and fusiform-temporal connectivity, as well as with gray matter alterations in the orbitofrontal cortex. In addition, we found that single nucleotide polymorphisms in α-synuclein(SNCA) were associated with white matter microstructural changes in the superior corona radiata, corpus callosum, and external capsule. A single nucleotide polymorphism in catechol-O-methyltransferase was associated with the neural activities of the lingual, fusiform, and occipital gyri, which are involved in visual cognitive dysfunction. Furthermore, DRD3 was associated with frontal and temporal lobe function and structure. In conclusion, imaging genetics is useful for providing a better understanding of the genetic pathways involved in the pathophysiologic processes underlying Parkinson’s disease. This study provides evidence of an association between genetic factors, cognitive functions, and multi-modality neuroimaging biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease.展开更多
The method opted for accuracy,and no existing studies are based on this method.A design and characteristic survey of a new small band gap semiconducting Single Wall Carbon Nano Tube(SWCNT)Field Effect Transistor as a ...The method opted for accuracy,and no existing studies are based on this method.A design and characteristic survey of a new small band gap semiconducting Single Wall Carbon Nano Tube(SWCNT)Field Effect Transistor as a photodetector is carried out.In the proposed device,better performance is achieved by increasing the diameter and introducing a new single halo(SH)doping in the channel length of the CNTFET device.This paper is a study and analysis of the performance of a Carbon Nano Tube Field Effect Transistor(CNTFET)as a photodetector using the self-consistent Poisson and Green function method.The 2D self-consistent Poisson and Green’s function method for various optical intensities and wavelength simulate this proposed photodetector.The performance study is based on the simulation of drain current,transconductance,sub-threshold swing,cut-off frequency,gain,directivity,and quantum efficiency under dark and illuminated conditions.These quantum simulation results show that cut-off frequency increases while there is an increase in diameter.The proposed SH-CNTFET provides better performance in terms of higher gain and directivity than conventional CNTFET(C-CNTFET).This device will be helpful in optoelectronic integrated circuits(OEIC)receivers due to its superior performance.展开更多
AIM To evaluate usefulness of single photon emission computed tomography(SPECT) with three-dimensional stereotactic surface projection(3D-SSP) in distinguishing between Alzheimer's disease(AD) and depression.METHO...AIM To evaluate usefulness of single photon emission computed tomography(SPECT) with three-dimensional stereotactic surface projection(3D-SSP) in distinguishing between Alzheimer's disease(AD) and depression.METHODS We studied 43 patients who presented with both depressive symptoms and memory disturbance. Each subject was evaluated using the following:(1) the Minimal Mental State Examination;(2) the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression;(3) Clinical Global Impression-Severity scale(CGI-S); and(4) SPECT imaging with 3D-SSP.RESULTS The MMSE scores correlated significantly with the maximum Z-scores of AD-associated regions. CGI-S scores correlated significantly with the maximum Z-scores of depression-associated regions. Factor analysis identified three significant factors. Of these, Factor 1 could be interpreted as favouring a tendency for AD, Factor 2 as favouring a tendency for pseudo-dementia, and Factor 3 as favouring a depressive tendency.CONCLUSION We investigated whether these patients could be categorized as types: Type A(true AD), Type B(pseudodementia), Type C(occult AD), and Type D(true depression). The factor scores in factor analysis supported the validity of this classification. Our results suggest that SPECT with 3D-SSP is highly useful for distinguishing between depression and depressed mood in the early stage of AD.展开更多
Combination of CO_(2) capture using inorganic alkali with subsequently electrochemical conversion of the resultant HCO_(3)^(-)to high-value chemicals is a promising route of low cost and high efficiency.The electroche...Combination of CO_(2) capture using inorganic alkali with subsequently electrochemical conversion of the resultant HCO_(3)^(-)to high-value chemicals is a promising route of low cost and high efficiency.The electrochemical reduction of HCO_(3)^(-)is challenging due to the inaccessible of negatively charged molecular groups to the electrode surface.Herein,we adopt a comprehensive strategy to tackle this challenge,i.e.,cascade of in situ chemical conversion of HCO_(3)^(-)to CO_(2) and CO_(2) electrochemical reduction in a flow cell.With a tailored Ni-N-S single atom catalyst(SACs),where sulfur(S)atoms located in the second shell of Ni center,the CO_(2)electroreduction(CO_(2)ER)to CO is boosted.The experimental results and density functional theory(DFT)calculations reveal that the introduction of S increases the p electron density of N atoms near Ni atom,thereby stabilizing^(*)H over N and boosting the first proton coupled electron transfer process of CO_(2)ER,i.e.,^(*)+e^(-)+^(*)H+^(*)CO_(2)→^(*)COOH.As a result,the obtained catalyst exhibits a high faradaic efficiency(FE_(CO)~98%)and a low overpotential of 425 mV for CO production as well as a superior turnover frequency(TOF)of 47397 h^(-1),outcompeting most of the reported Ni SACs.More importantly,an extremely high FECOof 90%is achieved at 50 mA cm^(-2)in the designed membrane electrode assembly(MEA)cascade electrolyzer fed with liquid bicarbonate.This work not only highlights the significant role of the second coordination on the first coordination shell of the central metal for CO_(2)ER,but also provides an alternative and feasible strategy to realize the electrochemical conversion of HCO_(3)^(-)to high-value chemicals.展开更多
Several promising plasma biomarker proteins,such as amyloid-β(Aβ),tau,neurofilament light chain,and glial fibrillary acidic protein,are widely used for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases.However,little is k...Several promising plasma biomarker proteins,such as amyloid-β(Aβ),tau,neurofilament light chain,and glial fibrillary acidic protein,are widely used for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases.However,little is known about the long-term stability of these biomarker proteins in plasma samples stored at-80°C.We aimed to explore how storage time would affect the diagnostic accuracy of these biomarkers using a large cohort.Plasma samples from 229 cognitively unimpaired individuals,encompassing healthy controls and those experiencing subjective cognitive decline,as well as 99 patients with cognitive impairment,comprising those with mild cognitive impairment and dementia,were acquired from the Sino Longitudinal Study on Cognitive Decline project.These samples were stored at-80°C for up to 6 years before being used in this study.Our results showed that plasma levels of Aβ42,Aβ40,neurofilament light chain,and glial fibrillary acidic protein were not significantly correlated with sample storage time.However,the level of total tau showed a negative correlation with sample storage time.Notably,in individuals without cognitive impairment,plasma levels of total protein and tau phosphorylated protein threonine 181(p-tau181)also showed a negative correlation with sample storage time.This was not observed in individuals with cognitive impairment.Consequently,we speculate that the diagnostic accuracy of plasma p-tau181 and the p-tau181 to total tau ratio may be influenced by sample storage time.Therefore,caution is advised when using these plasma biomarkers for the identification of neurodegenerative diseases,such as Alzheimer's disease.Furthermore,in cohort studies,it is important to consider the impact of storage time on the overall results.展开更多
Background: The aetiology of Testicular Cancer (TC) is still unknown to researchers but many of the associated risk factors have been identified. These include family history, age, racial origin, cryptorchidism, uroge...Background: The aetiology of Testicular Cancer (TC) is still unknown to researchers but many of the associated risk factors have been identified. These include family history, age, racial origin, cryptorchidism, urogenital malformations, testicular atrophy, and infertility. Given the lack of scientific data on the causes of the disease, it has been asserted in previous studies that the promotion of awareness and early detection are prerequisites to mitigating risks of metastasis as well as improving survival. This study is to assess the awareness, practice, and intention to practice testicular self-examination among professional working males in Accra. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional design with a structured research instrument was used to collect data from respondants. The purposive and convenience sampling techniques were used to collect data from 300 men at Accra in Ghana. The study was conducted at two (2) Universities and a Senior High school at Accra in Ghana. The data was then analysed using descriptive statistics, logistic regression, multiple linear regression, and structural equation modeling. Results: From the study findings, 37% of male participants rated their knowledge of testicular self-examination and related symptoms as good, 28% of participants practised testicular self-examination monthly, while 65% of respondents expressed their intention to practice monthly testicular self-examination. The findings from logistic regression demonstrated that level of education, age, and marital status of participants had a significant influence on testicular self-examination. Additionally, the multiple linear regression results revealed knowledge and self-efficacy significantly predict testicular self-examination intention. The path coefficient results from the structural equation model are consistent with results from the regression models. Conclusion: This research is the first to investigate testicular self-examination among men in Ghana. The findings revealed awareness and practice of TSE are low among participants. Therefore, the research findings would improve the expertise of physicians and nurses in providing counsel, intervention, and support for patients at risk of testicular cancer.展开更多
To extract the dynamic parameters from single molecule manipulation experiments, usually lots of data at different forces need to be recorded. But the measuring time of a single molecule is limited due to breakage of ...To extract the dynamic parameters from single molecule manipulation experiments, usually lots of data at different forces need to be recorded. But the measuring time of a single molecule is limited due to breakage of the tether or degradation of the molecule. Here we propose a data analysis method based on probability maximizalion of the recorded time trace to extract the dynamic parameters from a single measurement. The feasibility of this method was verified by dealing with the simulation data of a two-state system. We also applied this method to estimate the parameters of DNA hairpin folding and unfolding dynamics measured by a magnetic tweezers experiment.展开更多
Children from two-parent families have better outcomes,on average,than children from single-parent families.Yet the mechanisms associated with family structure and family process that produce divergent outcomes are le...Children from two-parent families have better outcomes,on average,than children from single-parent families.Yet the mechanisms associated with family structure and family process that produce divergent outcomes are less well understood.Based on data from the 2011-2015 National Health Interview Survey(N=26,783),I leverage the case of military families with deployment and examine the impacts of parenting quality,economic capital,and social capital on children’s psychological well-being.The regression results show that single parenthood produced by divorce,separation,and birth out of wedlock leads to worse child outcomes than single parenthood produced by military deployment,and family process partially explains the variation in children’s well-being beyond family structure.Married families,military or civilian,deployed or not,enjoy advantages that translate into positive child outcomes.Marriage,therefore,emerges as the primary axis of inequality,and maintaining a healthy marriage better promotes children’s well-being.展开更多
文摘Over the past decade,the advent of single cell RNA-sequencing has revolutionized the approach in cellular transcriptomics research.The current technology offers an unbiased platform to understand how genotype correlates to phenotype.Single-cell omics applications in gastrointestinal(GI)research namely inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)has become popular in the last few years with multiple publications as single-cell omics techniques can be applied directly to the target organ,the GI tract at the tissue level.Through examination of mucosal tissue and peripheral blood in IBD,the recent boom in single cell research has identified a myriad of key immune players from enterocytes to tissue resident memory T cells,and explored functional heterogeneity within cellular subsets previously unreported.As we begin to unravel the complex mucosal immune system in states of health and disease like IBD,the power of exploration through single-cell omics can change our approach to translational research.As novel techniques evolve through multiplexing single-cell omics and spatial transcriptomics come to the forefront,we can begin to fully comprehend the disease IBD and better design targets of treatment.In addition,hopefully these techniques can ultimately begin to identify biomarkers of therapeutic response and answer clinically relevant questions in how to tailor individual therapy to patients through personalized medicine.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos. 81771216 (to JLP), 81520108010 (to BRZ),and 82101323 (to TS)the National Key R&D Program of China,No. 2018YFA0701400 (to HYL)+3 种基金the Primary Research and Development Plan of Zhejiang Province,No. 2020C03020 (to BRZ)the Key Project of Zhejiang Laboratory,No. 2018EB0ZX01 (to HYL)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,No. 2019XZZX001-01-21 (to HYL)Preferred Foundation of Zhejiang Postdoctors,No. ZJ2021152 (to TS)。
文摘Multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms may contribute to cognitive decline in Parkinson’s disease. However, the mechanism by which these single nucleotide polymorphisms modify brain imaging phenotype remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential effects of multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms on brain imaging phenotype in Parkinson’s disease. Forty-eight Parkinson’s disease patients and 39 matched healthy controls underwent genotyping and 7 T magnetic resonance imaging. A cognitive-weighted polygenic risk score model was designed, in which the effect sizes were determined individually for 36 single nucleotide polymorphisms. The correlations between polygenic risk score, neuroimaging features, and clinical data were analyzed. Furthermore, individual single nucleotide polymorphism analysis was performed to explore the main effects of genotypes and their interactive effects with Parkinson’s disease diagnosis. We found that, in Parkinson’s disease, the polygenic risk score was correlated with the neural activity of the hippocampus, parahippocampus, and fusiform gyrus, and with hippocampal-prefrontal and fusiform-temporal connectivity, as well as with gray matter alterations in the orbitofrontal cortex. In addition, we found that single nucleotide polymorphisms in α-synuclein(SNCA) were associated with white matter microstructural changes in the superior corona radiata, corpus callosum, and external capsule. A single nucleotide polymorphism in catechol-O-methyltransferase was associated with the neural activities of the lingual, fusiform, and occipital gyri, which are involved in visual cognitive dysfunction. Furthermore, DRD3 was associated with frontal and temporal lobe function and structure. In conclusion, imaging genetics is useful for providing a better understanding of the genetic pathways involved in the pathophysiologic processes underlying Parkinson’s disease. This study provides evidence of an association between genetic factors, cognitive functions, and multi-modality neuroimaging biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease.
文摘The method opted for accuracy,and no existing studies are based on this method.A design and characteristic survey of a new small band gap semiconducting Single Wall Carbon Nano Tube(SWCNT)Field Effect Transistor as a photodetector is carried out.In the proposed device,better performance is achieved by increasing the diameter and introducing a new single halo(SH)doping in the channel length of the CNTFET device.This paper is a study and analysis of the performance of a Carbon Nano Tube Field Effect Transistor(CNTFET)as a photodetector using the self-consistent Poisson and Green function method.The 2D self-consistent Poisson and Green’s function method for various optical intensities and wavelength simulate this proposed photodetector.The performance study is based on the simulation of drain current,transconductance,sub-threshold swing,cut-off frequency,gain,directivity,and quantum efficiency under dark and illuminated conditions.These quantum simulation results show that cut-off frequency increases while there is an increase in diameter.The proposed SH-CNTFET provides better performance in terms of higher gain and directivity than conventional CNTFET(C-CNTFET).This device will be helpful in optoelectronic integrated circuits(OEIC)receivers due to its superior performance.
文摘AIM To evaluate usefulness of single photon emission computed tomography(SPECT) with three-dimensional stereotactic surface projection(3D-SSP) in distinguishing between Alzheimer's disease(AD) and depression.METHODS We studied 43 patients who presented with both depressive symptoms and memory disturbance. Each subject was evaluated using the following:(1) the Minimal Mental State Examination;(2) the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression;(3) Clinical Global Impression-Severity scale(CGI-S); and(4) SPECT imaging with 3D-SSP.RESULTS The MMSE scores correlated significantly with the maximum Z-scores of AD-associated regions. CGI-S scores correlated significantly with the maximum Z-scores of depression-associated regions. Factor analysis identified three significant factors. Of these, Factor 1 could be interpreted as favouring a tendency for AD, Factor 2 as favouring a tendency for pseudo-dementia, and Factor 3 as favouring a depressive tendency.CONCLUSION We investigated whether these patients could be categorized as types: Type A(true AD), Type B(pseudodementia), Type C(occult AD), and Type D(true depression). The factor scores in factor analysis supported the validity of this classification. Our results suggest that SPECT with 3D-SSP is highly useful for distinguishing between depression and depressed mood in the early stage of AD.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2020QB132,ZR2020MB025)the Opening Project of State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure (SKL202108SIC)the Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Province (ts201712046)。
文摘Combination of CO_(2) capture using inorganic alkali with subsequently electrochemical conversion of the resultant HCO_(3)^(-)to high-value chemicals is a promising route of low cost and high efficiency.The electrochemical reduction of HCO_(3)^(-)is challenging due to the inaccessible of negatively charged molecular groups to the electrode surface.Herein,we adopt a comprehensive strategy to tackle this challenge,i.e.,cascade of in situ chemical conversion of HCO_(3)^(-)to CO_(2) and CO_(2) electrochemical reduction in a flow cell.With a tailored Ni-N-S single atom catalyst(SACs),where sulfur(S)atoms located in the second shell of Ni center,the CO_(2)electroreduction(CO_(2)ER)to CO is boosted.The experimental results and density functional theory(DFT)calculations reveal that the introduction of S increases the p electron density of N atoms near Ni atom,thereby stabilizing^(*)H over N and boosting the first proton coupled electron transfer process of CO_(2)ER,i.e.,^(*)+e^(-)+^(*)H+^(*)CO_(2)→^(*)COOH.As a result,the obtained catalyst exhibits a high faradaic efficiency(FE_(CO)~98%)and a low overpotential of 425 mV for CO production as well as a superior turnover frequency(TOF)of 47397 h^(-1),outcompeting most of the reported Ni SACs.More importantly,an extremely high FECOof 90%is achieved at 50 mA cm^(-2)in the designed membrane electrode assembly(MEA)cascade electrolyzer fed with liquid bicarbonate.This work not only highlights the significant role of the second coordination on the first coordination shell of the central metal for CO_(2)ER,but also provides an alternative and feasible strategy to realize the electrochemical conversion of HCO_(3)^(-)to high-value chemicals.
基金supported by the National Key Research&Development Program of China,Nos.2021YFC2501205(to YC),2022YFC24069004(to JL)the STI2030-Major Project,Nos.2021ZD0201101(to YC),2022ZD0211800(to YH)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Major International Joint Research Project),No.82020108013(to YH)the Sino-German Center for Research Promotion,No.M-0759(to YH)a grant from Beijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission(Beijing Brain Initiative),No.Z201100005520018(to JL)。
文摘Several promising plasma biomarker proteins,such as amyloid-β(Aβ),tau,neurofilament light chain,and glial fibrillary acidic protein,are widely used for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases.However,little is known about the long-term stability of these biomarker proteins in plasma samples stored at-80°C.We aimed to explore how storage time would affect the diagnostic accuracy of these biomarkers using a large cohort.Plasma samples from 229 cognitively unimpaired individuals,encompassing healthy controls and those experiencing subjective cognitive decline,as well as 99 patients with cognitive impairment,comprising those with mild cognitive impairment and dementia,were acquired from the Sino Longitudinal Study on Cognitive Decline project.These samples were stored at-80°C for up to 6 years before being used in this study.Our results showed that plasma levels of Aβ42,Aβ40,neurofilament light chain,and glial fibrillary acidic protein were not significantly correlated with sample storage time.However,the level of total tau showed a negative correlation with sample storage time.Notably,in individuals without cognitive impairment,plasma levels of total protein and tau phosphorylated protein threonine 181(p-tau181)also showed a negative correlation with sample storage time.This was not observed in individuals with cognitive impairment.Consequently,we speculate that the diagnostic accuracy of plasma p-tau181 and the p-tau181 to total tau ratio may be influenced by sample storage time.Therefore,caution is advised when using these plasma biomarkers for the identification of neurodegenerative diseases,such as Alzheimer's disease.Furthermore,in cohort studies,it is important to consider the impact of storage time on the overall results.
文摘Background: The aetiology of Testicular Cancer (TC) is still unknown to researchers but many of the associated risk factors have been identified. These include family history, age, racial origin, cryptorchidism, urogenital malformations, testicular atrophy, and infertility. Given the lack of scientific data on the causes of the disease, it has been asserted in previous studies that the promotion of awareness and early detection are prerequisites to mitigating risks of metastasis as well as improving survival. This study is to assess the awareness, practice, and intention to practice testicular self-examination among professional working males in Accra. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional design with a structured research instrument was used to collect data from respondants. The purposive and convenience sampling techniques were used to collect data from 300 men at Accra in Ghana. The study was conducted at two (2) Universities and a Senior High school at Accra in Ghana. The data was then analysed using descriptive statistics, logistic regression, multiple linear regression, and structural equation modeling. Results: From the study findings, 37% of male participants rated their knowledge of testicular self-examination and related symptoms as good, 28% of participants practised testicular self-examination monthly, while 65% of respondents expressed their intention to practice monthly testicular self-examination. The findings from logistic regression demonstrated that level of education, age, and marital status of participants had a significant influence on testicular self-examination. Additionally, the multiple linear regression results revealed knowledge and self-efficacy significantly predict testicular self-examination intention. The path coefficient results from the structural equation model are consistent with results from the regression models. Conclusion: This research is the first to investigate testicular self-examination among men in Ghana. The findings revealed awareness and practice of TSE are low among participants. Therefore, the research findings would improve the expertise of physicians and nurses in providing counsel, intervention, and support for patients at risk of testicular cancer.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11474237 and 11574310)the 111 Project,China(Grant No.B16029)
文摘To extract the dynamic parameters from single molecule manipulation experiments, usually lots of data at different forces need to be recorded. But the measuring time of a single molecule is limited due to breakage of the tether or degradation of the molecule. Here we propose a data analysis method based on probability maximizalion of the recorded time trace to extract the dynamic parameters from a single measurement. The feasibility of this method was verified by dealing with the simulation data of a two-state system. We also applied this method to estimate the parameters of DNA hairpin folding and unfolding dynamics measured by a magnetic tweezers experiment.
文摘Children from two-parent families have better outcomes,on average,than children from single-parent families.Yet the mechanisms associated with family structure and family process that produce divergent outcomes are less well understood.Based on data from the 2011-2015 National Health Interview Survey(N=26,783),I leverage the case of military families with deployment and examine the impacts of parenting quality,economic capital,and social capital on children’s psychological well-being.The regression results show that single parenthood produced by divorce,separation,and birth out of wedlock leads to worse child outcomes than single parenthood produced by military deployment,and family process partially explains the variation in children’s well-being beyond family structure.Married families,military or civilian,deployed or not,enjoy advantages that translate into positive child outcomes.Marriage,therefore,emerges as the primary axis of inequality,and maintaining a healthy marriage better promotes children’s well-being.
