Regarding Men as Superior to Women：Impacts of Confucianism on Family Norms in China

Confucianism is one of the important components of Chinese traditional culture, which was considered as an orthodox thought for thousands of years. In this analysis, the impact of Confucianism on family norms,specifically, on labour division, decision making, reproductive behaviours and patterns of support for the elderly within the family sphere are elaborated based on the information from field investigations. It is anticipated that with the far-reaching family planning programme and modernization drive, the traditional ideas will undergo a fundamental change.

Prevalence and risk factors of HIV and syphilis,and knowledge and risk behaviors related to HIV/AIDS among men who have sex with men in Chongqing,China

High HIV prevalence and incidence burdens have been reported in men who have sex with men（MSM）in Chongqing,China.We aimed to estimate the prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections（STIs）,to appraise the knowledge and risk behaviors related to HIV/AIDS among MSM,and to analyze the possible causes of deviation between behavior and knowledge to make better strategies.We recruited 617 MSM from February to July in 2008 by using a respondent-driven sampling（RDS） method in Chongqing,China.Through the collection of questionnaire-based data and biological testing results from all objects,we launched a crosssectional survey.STATA/SE was used for data analysis by frequency,ANOVA,rank sum test and logistic regression models.MSM with syphilis（OR=4.16,95%CI：2.35-7.33,P〈0.0001） were more likely to be HIV infected.Being a company employee（OR=3.64,95%CI：1.22-10.08,P〈0.0001） and having bought male for sex（OR=3.52,95%CI：1.10-11.32,P〈0.034） were associated with a higher probability of syphilis.MSM with younger age,higher education and greater monthly income had a higher mean knowledge score.MSM who had HIV testing had a higher mean knowledge score than those who never had.Students,venues for finding sex partners by Internet and homosexuals in MSM had a higher mean knowledge score compared to other occupations,venues for finding sex partners and sexual orientation.There is an urgent need for delivery of barrier and biomedical interventions with coordinated behavioral and structural strategies to improve the effect of HIV interventions among MSM.

The Subversion of Orientalism in American Dream in China Men

Maxine Kingston is one of the greatest Chinese American writers since 1970 s, whose works are well popular in literary market and academic circle. Published in 1980, China Men, has won many prizes for Maxine Kingston, including the National Book Award, and the National Book Critics Circle Award, and also been nominated for the Pulitzer Prize. This book is a"narrative genealogy"(Lee, 2003) of Chinese immigrants in the United Stated, depicting their real living experience from the Opium War to the end of Vietnam War. With the representation of the Oriental's life to incarnate their pursuit of American Dream, China Men is closely connected with Orientalism put forward by Edward Said. Therefore, from the perspective of Said's Orientalism, this paper tries to subvert the orientalism in American dream of the Chinese immigrants in the China Men.

On Narrative Strategies of China Men:Hybridity and Dissociation

China Men, the famous literary work of Maxine Hong Kingston, has received sustained applause since its first publishment. In this book, by picturing the drifting situation of life that China Men have experienced in America, the author shows us the plight in which China Men were enslaved and forced to keep silent in America. This paper tries to analyze the book China Men from the perspective of structuralism narratology in three aspects, including hybridity of different literary forms, cake-like structure and spatial framework. That is,it focuses on how narrative strategies expose the representative events and main subjects at that period of time, which will be helpful for readers to understand the identity issue of Chinese Americans as well.

Shen Liucheng and China's First Hospital for Men

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The quality of financial reporting in China:An examination from an accounting restatement perspective

This study uses restatements to reveal the poor quality of past accounting information reported within China's capital market.We show that up to a quarter of listed firms in China's Mainland explicitly admitted the poor quality of their financial information by restating their previous financial reports between 1999 and 2005.Many of these firms managed their earnings mainly via below-the-line items to avoid losses and promote survival,rather than to support refinancing goals.Such poor-quality financial reporting is more likely among firms that have weaker profitability and a shareholder base that is state-controlled,with diffused ownership and a relatively low proportion of shares held by institutional investors.Furthermore,we find the market to be relatively insensitive to such admissions.Investors' reactions capture only the earnings information of the current reported year,rather than also reflecting the concurrently revealed correction of past financial reporting.However,the equity market does not completely ignore the earnings information.Investors' reliance on earnings is merely low relative to the mature US market.These findings demonstrate that accounting credibility in China has low value;providing poor-quality financial information bears little cost because various market mechanisms fail to deter such behavior.Nevertheless,regulators' ongoing efforts to enhance the quality of financial information and disclosure among listed firms are still fruitful.The frequency of restatements decreased over our sample period,which reinforces the current regulatory prospects and strategies for further improving China's capital markets.

Factors associated with unprotected anal intercourse among male students who have sex with men in three Northern regions of China

Background:Unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) has previously been associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.Male students who have sex with men (SMSM) are at increased exposure to experience UAI.The aim of this study was to investigate the status of UAI and related factors among SMSM in three northern regions of China.Methods:From November 2018 to January 2019,SMSM,18 years or older,studying or living in Beijing,Tianjin,or Shijiazhuang,who had anal sex in the past 6 months were recruited by community-based organizations to participate in an unmatched,casecontrol study.Detailed demographic and behavioral information were collected via self-administrated electronic questionnaires and factors related to UAI were assessed using uni-and multivariate logistic regression analyses.Results:Among the 511 SMSM included in the study,210 (41.1%) reported UAI in the past 6 months.SMSM who had sexual partners at least 10 years older than themselves (odds ratio [OR]=2.277,95% confidence interval [CI]:1.380-3.756),used vacant capsules before sexual activity (OR =3.858,95 % CI:1.472-10.106),had a self-perceived moderate-HIV risk (OR =2.128,95 %CI:1.403-3.227),and unprotected,first anal intercourse (OR =2.236,95 % CI:1.506-3.320) had increased odds of UAI.Contusions:Factors associated with increased odds of engaging in UAI in the past 6 months among SMSM included having older sexual partners,using vacant capsules,having a self-perceived moderate risk of HIV,and unprotected,first anal intercourse.Continuing education on risk reduction,including improving condom decision making in age-discordant relationships could help address the sexual risk behaviors among SMSM.

Treatment-seeking behaviour and barriers to service access for sexually transmitted diseases among men who have sex with men in China:a multicentre cross-sectional survey

Background:Delayed or inappropriate treatment for sexually transmitted diseases(STDs)increases the risk of HIV acquisition and may cause other harmful outcomes.However,studies on STD treatment-seeking behaviour and correlated factors in men who have sex with men(MSM)are scarce.This information is crucial for the promotion of STD treatment-seeking behaviour and reduction of HIV transmission among Chinese MSM.Methods:During 2012-2013,a multicentre cross-sectional study was conducted in 7 Chinese cities.Participants completed an interview-questionnaire and gave venous blood samples,which were then tested for antibodies to HIV,syphilis,and herpes simplex virus-2(HSV-2).MSM who tested positive for syphilis/HSV-2 or had obvious STD-related symptoms within the last 12 months were defined as suspected STD-infected MSM.Results:Of the 4496 eligible MSM who completed this survey,24.4%(1096/4496)were categorized as suspected STD-infected MSM.35.7%(391/1096)of these MSM with suspected STD infections sought STD treatment in clinics within the last 12 months.Among MSM who did not attend STD clinics for treatment,the prevalence of syphilis and HSV-2 was significantly higher;the HIV prevalence and incidence within this subpopulation reached as high as 14.5%and 12.2/100 person-years,respectively.Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that having 7-12 years of education(vs.≤6 years;aOR,2.5;95%CI,1.0-6.1),≥13 years of education(vs.≤6 years:aOR,2.8;95%CI,1.2-7.0),monthly income>500 USD(vs.≤500 USD:aOR,1.5;95%CI,1.1-2.1),obvious STD-related symptoms within last 12 months(aOR,5.3;95%CI,3.7-7.5),being HIV infected(aOR,1.7;95%CI,1.1-2.6),currently syphilis infected(aOR,0.6;95%CI,0.4-0.9)and HSV-2 infected(aOR,0.6;95%CI,0.5-0.9)were independent correlates with seeking STD treatment in clinics among Chinese MSM.Conclusions:The high prevalence of STD infection coupled with a low proportion of individuals who exhibit appropriate treatment-seeking behaviour create a high risk of a growing HIV epidemic among Chinese MSM.Models that prioritize better screening for and education about STDs should be urgently implemented,especially among low-income MSM.

HIV care-seeking behaviour after HIV selftesting among men who have sex with men in Beijing,China:a cross-sectional study

Background:Men who have sex with men(MSM)has become the group with the fastest growing HIV epidemic in China.Since many Chinese MSM are conducting HIV self-testing,we aimed to determine the rate of HIV care seeking after self-testing,examine characteristics of“seekers”compared to“non-seekers,”and explore factors associated with HIV care-seeking behaviour.Methods:A cross-sectional study design was used and an online survey was conducted in Beijing,China in 2016,among users of a popular Chinese gay networking smart phone application.Chi-square test was used to compare characteristics of those who sought HIV care(“seekers”)and those who did not(“non-seekers”).Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess factors associated with HIV care seeking.Results:Among 21,785 screened,2383 participants(10.9%)were included in the study.A total of 380 participants(15.9%)reported seeking HIV care after HIV self-testing while 2003(84.1%)did not.Lack of knowledge of the“window period”(adjusted odds ratio[AOR]=0.68,95%confidence interval[95%CI]=0.47-0.97,P=0.04)was associated with reduced odds of seeking HIV care,while lower monthly income(AOR=1.29,95%CI=1.03-1.62,P=0.03)and obtaining HIV self-testing kits from health facilities(AOR=2.40,95%CI=1.81-3.17,P<0.001),and non-governmental organizations(AOR=2.44,95%CI=1.79-3.34,P<0.001)was associated with increased odds of seeking HIV care.Among those who sought HIV care,a large majority(92.4%)had non-reactive HIV self-testing results.Only 29 out of 265 with reactive,uncertain,or unknown results sought HIV care.Conclusions:We found a very low rate of HIV care seeking among our sample of urban Chinese MSM.The observation that most with reactive,uncertain,or unknown results did not seek HIV care is a cause for concern.These people should be paid more attention and helped to enter the care cascade.Our findings highlight that interventions aimed at improving linkage to care after HIV self-testing are urgently needed.However,further study is required to inform the design and implementation of future interventions aiming to encourage HIV care-seeking behaviour.

Pay-it-forward gonorrhea and chlamydia testing among men who have sex with men in China:a study protocol for a three-arm cluster randomized controlled trial

Background:Gonorrhea and chlamydia testing rates are poor among Chinese men who have sex with men(MSM).A quasi-experimental study suggested that a pay-it-forward strategy increased dual gonorrhea/chlamydia testing among MSM.Pay-it-forward offers an individual a gift(e.g.,a free test)and then asks the same person if they would like to give a gift to another person.This article reports the protocol of a randomized controlled trial to evaluate dual gonorrhea/chlamydia test uptake and other outcomes among MSM in three arms-a pay-it-forward arm,a pay-what-you-want arm,and a standard of care arm.Methods:Three hundred MSM will be recruited at three HIV testing sites in Guangzhou and Beijing.Testing sites include two hospital-based MSM sexually transmitted diseases clinics and one MSM community-based organization.Eligible participants will be born biologically male,aged 16 years or older,reporting previous anal sex with another man,having never participated in the pay-it-forward program,without previous gonorrhea and chlamydia testing in the past 12 months,and residing in China.Following a cluster randomized design,every cluster of ten participants will be randomly allocated into one of three arms:(1)a pay-it-forward arm in which men are offered free gonorrhea and chlamydia testing and then asked whether they would like to donate("pay it forward")toward testing for future testers;(2)a pay-what-you-want arm in which men are offered free testing and told to decide how much to pay after receiving the test;(3)a standard of care arm in which men can pay the full price for dual gonorrhoea and chlamydia testing.The primary outcome is dual gonorrhoea/chlamydia testing as verified by administrative records.Secondary outcomes include incremental cost per test,incremental cost per diagnosis,community connectedness,and social cohesion.Primary outcome will be calculated for each arm using intention-to-treat and compared using one-sided 95%confidence intervals with a margin of 20%increase defined as superiority.Discussion:This study will examine the pay-it-forward strategy in comparison to the standard of care in improving test uptake for gonorrhea and chlamydia.We will leverage the cluster randomized controlled trial to provide scientific evidence on the potential effect of pay-it-forward.Findings from this study will shed light on novel intervention methods for increasing preventive health service utilization and innovate ways to finance it among communities.Trial registration:ClinicalTrials.gov,NCT03741725.Registered on 12 November 2018.

中国西南彝族男性体型分类及胸腰覆盖率研究

为研究并细分中国特定地区男性体型及服装标准体型覆盖率,选择中国四川、云南、贵州3个地区年龄在18~80岁的930名彝族男性作为人体测量样本。采用服装人体测量的质量控制规定进行手工测量,利用SPSS软件进行K-均值聚类分析,将数据与GB/T 1335.1—2008《服装号型男子》中体型分类范围进行比较,对该地区彝族男性的体型特征重新分类,并计算出3个地区彝族男性不同体型胸腰覆盖率。研究结果丰富了中国西南地区的服装人体数据,对中国男性服装标准号型数据库进行了补充和细化,为服装企业和产品研发提供了更准确的数据支持。

中国男男性行为者抑郁症状相关因素的meta分析

目的:系统评价中国男男性行为者(MSM)抑郁症状的相关因素。方法:计算机检索中国知网、万方、维普、中国生物医学文献数据库、EMbase、Pubmed、CINAHL、Web of Science、The Cochrane Library数据库,检索时限为建库至2023年2月17日。由2名研究者独立完成文献筛选和数据提取后,采用对描述性研究的质量评价标准完成文献质量评价。结果:共纳入21篇文献,样本量11 822人。Meta分析结果显示,月收入≥3 000元(OR=0.59)、受教育程度大学及以上(OR=0.59)和高自尊(OR=0.83)是抑郁症状的保护因素,性角色为被插入方(OR=1.68)、双重性角色(OR=1.41)、多性伴(OR=1.65)、性暴力经历(OR=3.44)、自评健康状况不好(OR=3.93)、HIV/AIDS相关歧视(OR=1.13)、HIV/AIDS相关压力(OR=1.11)和自杀倾向(OR=2.86)是抑郁症状的危险因素。结论:影响男男性行为者抑郁症状的相关因素较多,需在个性化评估的基础上尽早开展干预,以降低其抑郁症状的发生。

Application of vertically integrated sampling approach to study of new production via ^(234)Th -^(238)U disequilibria

The spatial and temporal distributions of new production vary largely in different sea areas. To understand the level of new production in the sea area studied better, an estimate of new production must be obtained in large spatial and temporal scales. The ~234Th/ ~238U disequilibrium is an effective method for the study of new production. Two sampling strategies, vertically integrated sampling ap proach based on trapezoidal integration principle and discrete layer sampling approach, were compared in the studies of the xiamen Bay and the northern South China Sea. The scavenging fluxes and removal fluxes of ~234Th and the residence times for dissolved and particulate ~234Th were calculated. The coinci dent results from two Sampling approach suggest that vertically integrated sampling approach is not only effective and reliable, but also significantly reduces the number and volume of samples. It allows us to study new production by ba ^(234)Th - ^(238)U disequilibria in large spatial scale.

中国男性勃起功能障碍患病率的Meta分析

目的系统评价中国男性勃起功能障碍(ED)的患病率。方法检索PubMed、EMbase、Cochrane Library、Web of Science、中国知网、万方数据库、维普数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库中关于中国男性ED患病率的横断面研究,检索时间为建库至2022年12月31日。使用Stata 15.1软件进行Meta分析。结果共纳入28个横断面研究,共77810例研究对象。Meta分析结果显示,中国男性ED患病率为43.4%(95%CI:0.374~0.494)。<40岁、40~59岁和≥60岁分别为22.6%、40.6%和77.7%。使用国际勃起功能指数-5(IIEF-5)、中国人勃起功能指数问卷(CIEF)和自我报告评估勃起功能的患病率分别为44.5%、38.1%和42.8%。结论中国男性ED患病率较高,使用不同ED评估工具和不同年龄段的ED患病率存在一定差异。

MENDING RIFTS

How far can the Biden administration go to rebuild trust with China?There is a great deal of speculation regarding a Joe Biden presidency,including whether it will soothe the existing toxic relationship between the U.S.and China.While many credit Donald Trump with"standing up to China"and question whether Biden will do the same.

新中国成立初期妇女参与体育运动的历史考察

新中国成立初期,广大妇女作为体育运动的重要力量之一,在群众体育、学校体育、竞技体育以及国防体育等方面进行体育运动实践,取得了显著成绩。国家颁布政策法令保障妇女权利,并通过妇女联合会和体育协会等加强对妇女的组织与沟通协调、利用妇女模范调动妇女参与体育运动、采取多种宣传手段激发妇女参与的积极性。妇女参与体育运动强健了身体、提高了社会地位,展现了中国共产党的执政能力,为中国体育事业的发展提供了经验遵循。

中国男男性行为者肛门HPV感染影响因素的Meta分析

目的 探究我国男男性行为者(MSM)群体肛门人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染的影响因素。方法 在各大数据库中检索建库至2022年12月15日关于中国MSM肛门HPV感染影响因素的文献,文献筛选后进行质量评价、资料提取,采用Stata16.0软件进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入文献20篇,样本量累计达9 861例。结果显示人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)阳性(OR=2.87,95%CI:2.26~3.65)、性交时被插入为主(OR=1.95,95%CI:1.67~2.29)、多个性伴侣(OR=1.60,95%CI:1.16~2.22)、性病史(OR=2.24,95%CI:1.33~3.77)、毒品使用史(OR=1.86,95%CI:1.53~2.26)、肛交(OR=2.07,95%CI:1.61~2.67)、有时使用避孕套(OR=1.51,95%CI:1.20~1.91)、近1年存在商业性性行为(OR=2.09,95%CI:1.31~3.34)、插入与被插入(OR=1.55,95%CI:1.10~2.17)是我国MSM肛门HPV感染的影响因素。结论 我国MSM HPV感染受诸多因素影响,应早期识别高风险人群,提早干预,有效防止HPV感染发生发展。

北京冬奥会中国男子冰壶队与瑞典队比赛解析及启示

北京2022年冬奥会上瑞典男子冰壶队最终获得比赛冠军,中国队仅取得第五名的成绩,并且同瑞典队的唯一一次交手也在小组赛中以4:6惜败。基于此,本文的研究目的在于:通过分析中国队与瑞典队的比赛数据,发现中国队存在的不足,总结瑞典队的成功经验,为后北京冬奥时代中国队的备战和比赛提供更为科学的指导。文章采用了Dartfish录像视频分析、数理统计等科研方法。研究发现:在中国队同瑞典队的比赛中,瑞典队进攻战术投壶率更高,进营、站位、占位、传球、分球、粘球成功率一直高于中国队,但在防守战术上中国队稍高于瑞典队。另外,瑞典队的击球成功率也明显高于中国队。通过以上分析发现中国队存在的不足有:①技术不够全面,缺乏一球解决多球的能力;②战术单一,缺乏处理复杂局面的能力;③竞赛心理不成熟,逆境发挥不稳定;④训练中没有克服的的难点在比赛中出现“克拉克”现象。分析带来的启示有:①恶补体能短板,做好体能储备保障;②狠抓基本功训练,提高投壶成功率;③大量训练和比赛,不断积累实战经验。