Functional Features and Layouts of Yangzhou Residential Gardens in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China: A Case Study of Residential Gardens of Officials, Merchants and Literati

On the basis of analyzing socio-economic structures, social classes and their relations in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, this paper took residential gardens of three principal groups(officials, merchants and literati) for example, analyzed functional features and layouts of the gardens, explored artistic characteristics and cultural connotations of the local residential gardens, so as to provide references for the conservation and construction of historic and cultural cities, design and expression of modern urban livable spaces.

Guidance and Application of Chinese Classical Gardens in Modern Gardens

As a representative of Eastern gardens,Chinese classical gardens have always held an extremely important position in world gardens.They not only carry the profound cultural and ideological connotations of China,but also have great aesthetic achievements that are worth exploring.In the process of urbanization,the construction of urban gardens is also progressing rapidly with the development of the city,and modern gardens are reflected more.Gradually,people began to realize that the aesthetics of Chinese classical gardens can collide with the design concepts of modern gardens,in order to conform to the current development trend of the new era.This paper compares and analyzes the differences and connections between Chinese classical gardens and modern gardens from three aspects:gardening concepts,gardening elements,and gardening techniques.Combined with relevant cases,it studies the practical application of Chinese classical garden design techniques in modern gardens,and explores and promotes the art of Chinese classical garden design.

Comparative Analysis of Differences among Northern,Jiangnan,and Lingnan Classical Private Gardens Using Principal Component Cluster Method

This paper investigates the design essence of Chinese classical private gardens,integrating their design elements and fundamental principles.It systematically analyzes the unique characteristics and differences among classical private gardens in the Northern,Jiangnan,and Lingnan regions.The study examines nine classical private gardens from Northern China,Jiangnan,and Lingnan by utilizing the advanced tool of principal component cluster analysis.Based on literature analysis and field research,273 variables were selected for principal component analysis,from which four components with higher contribution rates were chosen for further study.Subsequently,we employed clustering analysis techniques to compare the differences among the three types of gardens.The results reveal that the first principal component effectively highlights the differences between Jiangnan and Lingnan private gardens.The second principal component serves as the key to defining the types of Northern private gardens and distinguishing them from the other two types,and the third principal component indicates that Lingnan private gardens can be categorized into two distinct types as well.

Evidence-Based Design Application of Water Landscaping for Rehabilitation Gardens for Patients with Mental Disorders

The aim of the article is to explore the influence of the water landscape design of a rehabilitation garden for patients with mental disorders on the recovery effect of patients,intending to provide a better rehabilitation environment for patients with mental disorders.Based on literature research,this article reviews three aspects of evidence-based design theory,the concept of water landscape in rehabilitation gardens,and the types of water features in rehabilitation gardens.The results show that well-designed water features can significantly improve patients’psychological state and reduce anxiety and stress,and that water landscape design in rehabilitation gardens is an effective rehabilitation tool that can facilitate the recovery process of patients with mental disorders.Future designs should take into full consideration patients’needs and preferences,as well as best practices in waterscape design,to maximize its positive impact on patients’recovery.

Integration of Architecture and Rockery in Classical Gardens of Suzhou

With the pilings of rockeries,bridge trails,doors and windows,pavilions,towers,walls,halls and studios,corridors and courtyards as the research subject,illustrated with a large number of pictures,the relationship between architecture and rockery in classical gardens was elaborated.In classical gardens,their harmonious,complementary and positive aspect was emphasized,and their opposite,repulsive and passive aspect was restricted,and even the passiveness could be transferred into positivity,so as to make the beauty of architecture and the beauty of nature coexist,coming to the state that the artificiality and the nature blend into one whole.The research was to provide reference for the design and construction of modern gardens.

Analysis of Vertical Greening Landscaping in Suzhou Classical Gardens of China

Based on the survey of vertical greening plants in Suzhou classical gardens, the paper had introduced plants varieties for vertical greening in the gardens, and pointed out that it was one of the common techniques for vertical greening landscaping to make use of vine plants. It had also introduced 23 species of plants having been applied in vertical greening landscaping in Suzhou classical gardens, which belonged to 19 genera and 13 families. In terms of application form, it emphasized that white walls should be treated as papers and plants as paintings, shelves as pavilions and plants as shade, fences as supports and plants as decorations, rockeries as bones and plants as coats, banks as bases and plants as edges, columns as axes and plants as ornaments, bridges as surfaces and plants as points, and sloping fields as groves and plants as auxiliaries by taking vertical greening in Nets Garden, the Humble Administrator's Garden, Lingering Garden, the Garden of Pleasant, the Lion Forest Garden and Coupling Garden for example.

Primary Study on the Protection and Development Planning of Antiquity Gardens——A Case Study of "Temple of YANG Shengan and Guihu Lake"

Through exploring and studying the rebuilding and protection planning of the Temple of YANG Shengan and Guihu Lake,the design principles and experience of rebuilding and protecting gardens of antiquity were summarized,the effective approaches to integrate the rebuilding design and the protection of relics were explored and the suggestions for the protection and development of antiquity gardens were put forward.

Hazard Assessment on Heavy Metal Pollution in Surface Soil from Tea Gardens of Wuzhishan

[Objective] The aim of this study is to investigate hazard assessment on heavy metal pollution in surface soil from tea gardens of Wuzhishan. [Method] The average content and accumulation status of heavy metals including Cr,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd and Pb in surface soil from tea gardens of Wuzhishan was collected. Taking the highest global background value of heavy metals in sediments before modern industrialization and the first-class natural background value of Soil Environment Quality Standard in China as the reference value respectively,the accumulation or ecological hazard coefficient and the ecological hazard index of heavy metals in surface soil from tea gardens of Wuzhishan were assessed by potential ecological risk index. [Result] The pollution level with two kinds of background values as the reference value was similar,while Cd and Pb were main heavy metals which had potential impact on ecological environmental in surface soil from tea gardens of Wuzhishan. [Conclusion] The potential risk level of heavy metals in surface soil from tea gardens of Wuzhishan belongs to the slight-medium pollution level,and the heavy metal with potential risk is mainly Cd.

Application of Garden Ground Cover Plants in Urban Roof Gardens

By analyzing the characteristics of ground cover plants,this study aimed to discuss about the plant species available for roof gardens and the selection principles.

Restorative Environmental Design in Light of Chinese Classical Gardens

This paper explored the embodiment of restorative environmental design in Chinese classical gardens,aiming to enhance the emphasis on traditional garden art and provide some reference for creation of modern garden landscape.

Application of Automatic Water-saving Irrigation System in Roof Gardens

Based on the special site conditions of roof gardens,it was put forward to introduce automatic water-saving irrigation system into the roof garden constructions,such as the solar energy and microcomputer auto water-saving irrigation system,aiming to solve the photosynthetic noon break phenomenon of plants and relieve the stress from high temperature.

Expression Forms of Spiritual Cultures in Classical Chinese Gardens

By studying close links between classical Chinese gardens and traditional Chinese cultures,it was stressed that spiritual characteristics pursued by classical Chinese gardens were inevitable components of their expression forms,which were also closely related to classical Chinese philosophy,social system and other cultural phenomena.Characteristics of classical Chinese gardens in terms of psychology were analyzed,and it was proposed that they had particular cultural connotations in the spiritual expression and appeal,that is,natural view of "human-nature oneness",etiquette culture of "coordinating with the nature by etiquette",seclusion view of "living in seclusion and pursuing a peaceful life".Concrete expressions of spiritual cultures in classical Chinese gardens were discussed,specifically,the expression of natural views was demonstrated as "respecting the nature,all creatures having its own course(Tao,way of evolution),adopting measures suiting local conditions,skillfully borrowing from other landscapes,simulating natural landscapes";as for the expression of seclusion view,it was demonstrated as the expression of seclusion cultures by inscriptions and steles,the expression of "seclusion" by implicit garden settings;etiquette and hierarchy of classical Chinese gardens were discussed from the perspective of private garden layout and residence construction.On this basis,spiritual world of ancient Chinese were further stu-died,mental patterns of Chinese were believed as the source of classical gardens,and what those hills,water,plants,architecture as well as their combinations expressed were spiritual pursuits of Chinese people.

Artistic Classical Chinese Gardens and Construction of Poetic Images in Modern Landscape

With regard to the artistic features of classical Chinese gardens,its ubiquitous poetic scenery is represented through the aspects of spatial sequence,landscape layout,hill piling and waterways dredging,plant configuration,architecture creation as well as various elements in classical garden.Emphasis is given to the close relationship between it and the traditional Chinese poetry and drawing,as it is resulted from the cultural feature of artistic classical garden and as art-and conception-centered as poetry and drawing.The connotation of conception is also analyzed,that is,inter-dependence,imaginary-real design,and correlation.Moreover,reality-and conception-centered methods in classical Chinese gardens are also introduced along with other conception creating methods such as configuration,view borrowing,empathy and symbolism.On this basis,discussion about key elements in conception creation in modern landscape design is carried out while emphasizing the understanding of environment,practice,experience,and method,so as to demonstrate the sense of place and create spatial artistic beauty through wider means.

Fifty Years of Botanical Gardens in China

The development, distribution and features of one hundred and forty botanical gardens (BGs) in China are reported and their functions on research, conservation, display and utilization of biodiversity are summarized in this paper. The contributions to the social and economic development in the early stage of Chinese BGs with the researches of economic plant (tobacco), medicinal plant (yam) and wild fruit tree resources are evaluated. The theoretical and applied achievements in recent years in seed science, plant conservation, economic plant introduction, acclimatization and breeding are also described. A general scope of living plant collections in Chinese BGs is presented and the outstanding ones, including Magnoliaceae, Zingiberaceae, Cycadaceae, medicinal plants, Actinidia and Rhododendron are particularly mentioned. With special reference to Chinese penjing art garden and silicified wood garden, the development of scientific popularization and tourism in BGs is reviewed.

Spatial Layout Art of Chinese Private Gardens

Private garden is one of the three major garden styles in China,the artistic achievements of which have devoted remarkable contributions to the development of global landscape architecture.Through studying the spatial layout of private gardens,the authors further analyzed three ways of landscape layouts,specifically,separated scenery,winding scenery and borrowed scenery.Concrete examples were taken to demonstrate the connotations and application skills of such three layouts,in order to benefit the inheritance and development of traditional Chinese garden art.

The Influence of Aesthetic Ideology of TAO Yuan-ming on Classical Gardens in South China

Based on the contents and temperament of pastoral poetries written by TAO Yuan-ming,by centering on respecting the nature,indifference and optimism,and plainness and authenticity,the paper had analyzed aesthetic ideologies contained in his poetries.On this basis,it had discussed the influence of aesthetic ideology of TAO Yuan-ming on the style of classical gardens in South China,which were quiet and natural,elegant and fresh,simple and plain,and far-reaching in artistic conception.By combining with cases,it pointed out that the poetic prose had been directly quoted as the names of gardens or scenic spots of classical gardens in South China,and showed that the aesthetic ideology of TAO Yuan-ming had set up a successful ideal model for cultural landscapes,producing far-reaching influence on the aesthetic state of mind of gardeners or owners of gardens,further instilling humanistic spirit into classical gardens in South China.

Categories of the Garden Architectural Oddment and Its Application in Gardens

The definition,content,functions and properties of the garden architectural oddment were elaborated; by focusing on its classification from the content and analyzing the typical representations,the application of the garden architectural oddment was discussed to explore broader uses in the garden planning,and create more architectural oddments that are human-centered,coordinated with the environment,endowed with artistic beauty and close to life.

Water Surface Landscaping Techniques and Theoretic Research of Four Famous Gardens in China

With Summer Resort,Clear Ripples Garden,Humble Administrator's Garden and Lingering Garden as the study subjects,the paper had focused on researches on water surface landscaping techniques and relevant theories of four famous gardens in China.Water bodies in Summer Resort aimed to manifest the sentimental appeal of lower reaches of Yangtze River,and water surface treatment techniques were based on local characteristics which were dense river network,sandbars and islands surrounded by water and scattered distribution of rivers.Sandbars,islands,banks and bridges were utilized to divide water surface,so as to display basic natural feature of water surface at lower reaches of Yangtze River.Water bodies in Clear Ripples Garden aimed to imitate the artistic concept of West Lake.As for its water surface treatment technique,divided "west dyke" and branch dykes had been used to separate water surface,so as to endow it with the ideological content of "fairy court" and "telepathy between human and nature".Water bodies in Humble Administrator's Garden and Lingering Garden aimed to realize "all rivers and lakes" with "one scoop of water",so that people could associate the artistic conception of a vase expanse of water.The study could provide reference for designers of landscape architecture to conduct water surface design.

Application of Fruit Trees in Suzhou Classical Gardens

The application of fruit trees in four Suzhou classical gardens involving the Humble Administrator's Garden,the Lingering Garden,the Lion Forest Garden and the Garden of Cultivation was investigated. The result showed that:firstly,fruit trees had been widely applied in each garden;secondly,the number and species of fruit trees differed from garden to garden;thirdly,the management of fruit trees was poor,resulting in poor growth of plants. In view of these problems,corresponding suggestions had been put forward and meanwhile creative fruit trees' planting had been proposed in order to achiever better landscape effect.

Livable and Ecological Theory of Chinese Classical Gardens and the Planning of Modern Eco-residential Community

With some modern communities in Suzhou as the example,this paper mainly expounded the application of the artistic techniques of landscapes in the planning of modern landscape-type eco-residential communities according to the classical livable and ecological theory in Yuan Ye(an ancient book of garden design in China).It was learnt that there were many inner links between the livable and ecological theory of classical Chinese gardens and the planning of modern eco-residential communities.Ecological community is a new-type inhabitation model which represents the future development direction of dwelling construction in China and the main type of ecological communities.Classical Suzhou-style gardens are the representation of gardens in southern Yangtze River as well as the classical livable environment in China.Both of the above two residential models emphasize the harmonious unification between human and nature as well as the sustainable development,and lay their cores on the livability and the harmony with the nature.