Validation of the multi-satellite merged sea surface salinity in the South China Sea

Sea surface salinity(SSS)is an essential variable of ocean dynamics and climate research.The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity(SMOS),Aquarius,and Soil Moisture Active Passive(SMAP)satellite missions all provide SSS measurements.The European Space Agency(ESA)Climate Change Initiative Sea Surface Salinity(CCI-SSS)project merged these three satellite SSS data to produce CCI L4SSS products.We validated the accuracy of the four satellite products(CCI,SMOS,Aquarius,and SMAP)using in-situ gridded data and Argo floats in the South China Sea(SCS).Compared with in-situ gridded data,it shows that the CCI achieved the best performance(RMSD:0.365)on monthly time scales.The RMSD of SMOS,Aquarius,and SMAP(SMOS:0.389;Aquarius:0.409;SMAP:0.391)are close,and the SMOS takes a slight advantage in contrast with Aquarius and SMAP.Large discrepancies can be found near the coastline and in the shelf seas.Meanwhile,CCI with lower RMSD(0.295)perform better than single satellite data(SMOS:0.517;SMAP:0.297)on weekly time scales compared with Argo floats.Overall,the merged CCI have the smallest RMSD among the four satellite products in the SCS on both weekly time scales and monthly time scales,which illustrates the improved accuracy of merged CCI compared with the individual satellite data.

A wave energy resource assessment in the China's seas based on multi-satellite merged radar altimeter data

Wave energy resources are abundant in both offshore and nearshore areas of the China＇s seas. A reliable assessment of the wave energy resources must be performed before they can be exploited. First, for a water depth in offshore waters of China, a parameterized wave power density model that considers the effects of the water depth is introduced to improve the calculating accuracy of the wave power density. Second, wave heights and wind speeds on the surface of the China＇s seas are retrieved from an AVISO multi-satellite altim-eter data set for the period from 2009 to 2013. Three mean wave period inversion models are developed and used to calculate the wave energy period. Third, a practical application value for developing the wave energy is analyzed based on buoy data. Finally, the wave power density is then calculated using the wave field data. Using the distribution of wave power density, the energy level frequency, the time variability indexes, the to-tal wave energy and the distribution of total wave energy density according to a wave state, the offshore wave energy in the China＇s seas is assessed. The results show that the areas of abundant and stable wave energy are primarily located in the north-central part of the South China Sea, the Luzon Strait, southeast of Taiwan in the China＇s seas; the wave power density values in these areas are approximately 14.0–18.5 kW/m. The wave energy in the China’s seas presents obvious seasonal variations and optimal seasons for a wave energy utilization are in winter and autumn. Except for very coastal waters, in other sea areas in the China＇s seas, the energy is primarily from the wave state with 0.5 m≤Hs≤4 m, 4 s≤Te≤10 s whereHs is a significant wave height andTe is an energy period; within this wave state, the wave energy accounts for 80% above of the total wave energy. This characteristic is advantageous to designing wave energy convertors （WECs）. The practical application value of the wave energy is higher which can be as an effective supplement for an energy con-sumption in some areas. The above results are consistent with the wave model which indicates fully that this new microwave remote sensing method altimeter is effective and feasible for the wave energy assessment.

Mesoscale oceanic eddies in the South China Sea from 1992 to 2012:evolution processes and statistical analysis

Automated identification and tracking of mesoscale ocean eddies has recently become one research hotspot in physical oceanography. Several methods have been developed and applied to survey the general kinetic and geometric characteristics of the ocean eddies in the South China Sea（SCS）. However, very few studies attempt to examine eddies＇ internal evolution processes. In this study, we reported a hybrid method to trace eddies＇ propagation in the SCS based on their internal structures, which are characterized by eddy centers, footprint borders, and composite borders. Eddy identification and tracking results were represented by a GIS-based spatiotemporal model. Information on instant states, dynamic evolution processes, and events of disappearance, reappearance, split, and mergence is stored in a GIS database. Results were validated by comparing against the ten Dongsha Cyclonic Eddies（DCEs） and the three long-lived anticyclonic eddies（ACEs） in the northern SCS, which were reported in previous literature. Our study confirmed the development of these eddies. Furthermore, we found more DCE-like and ACE-like eddies in these areas from 2005 to 2012 in our database. Spatial distribution analysis of disappearing, reappearing, splitting, and merging activities shows that eddies in the SCS tend to cluster to the northwest of Luzon Island, southwest of Luzon Strait, and around the marginal sea of Vietnam. Kuroshio intrusions and the complex sea floor topography in these areas are the possible factors that lead to these spatial clusters.

Modal recovery of sea-level variability in the South China Sea using merged altimeter data

Using 20 years （1993-2012） of merged data recorded by contemporary multi-altimeter missions, a variety of sea-level variability modes are recovered in the South China Sea employing three- dimensional harmonic extraction. In terms of the long-term variation, the South China Sea is estimated to have a rising sea-level linear trend of 5.39 mm/a over these 20 years. Among the modes extracted, the seven most statistically significant periodic or quasi-periodic modes are identified as principal modes. The geographical distributions of the magnitudes and phases of the modes are displayed. In terms of intra- annual and annual regimes, two principal modes with strict semiannual and annual periods are found, with the annual variability having the largest amplitudes among the seven modes. For interannual and decadal regimes, five principal modes at approximately 18, 21, 23, 28, and 112 months are found with the most mode- active region being to the east of Vietnam. For the phase distributions, a series of amphidromes are observed as twins, termed ＂amphidrome twins＂, comprising rotating dipole systems. The stability of periodic modes is investigated employing joint spatiotemporal analysis of latitude/longitude sections. Results show that all periodic modes are robust, revealing the richness and complexity of sea-level modes in the South China Sea.

Yin Yang： A New Perspective in Understanding the Development of Religion in Contemporary China

The Taoism on Yin Yang has influenced the Orientalists＇ perception concerning the types of relation among all existence in the universe for cenalries. It maintains that a society is comprised of countless antagonistic components or conflicting social players, including religious institutions and the Chinese government. All existence is charged with two great forces, simply known as Yin and Yang. These two great forces are opposite-but-complementary to each other. They determine how social players interact to avoid chaos and destructions, so balance and harmony are established and maintained in society. In other words, Yin Yang helps the social players to form a harmonious relationship with one and another by weakening or strengthening their inner inherited Yin-or-Yang elements according to timing and conditions. Drawing on recent research on Yin Yang as a novel approach in understanding business-related issues in contemporary China, such concept is also relevant to understand the development of religion in China.

Brief Analysis of Religious Sacrificial Activities in Agricultural Production of Ethnic Minorities in China

China is vast in territory and there are 55 ethnic minorities. Due to the geographical location,the experience in the development process and the stage of cultural development,ethnic minorities show great differences with Han people in many aspects,so that in the process of obtaining food,they manifest different cultural characteristics,especially the religious sacrifices and taboos present in the agricultural production process show more uniqueness and retain more primitive features.

Chinese Residents’Philosophy and Religion in Contemporary China and North America

The cultural dimension of sustainability as the fourth pillar of the overall sustainable development framework encompasses both tangible and intangible cultures.In this study,tangible culture refers to the home environments of Chinese residents in China and North America,while intangible culture refers to their faiths and belief systems,in other words,their philosophy and religion,reflected(or not)in their home environments.The paper argues that Chinese philosophy and religion have historically contributed to Chinese people’s environmental ethics and their health and happiness.Set within this context,the paper presents the author’s two empirical research findings on Chinese residents’philosophy and religion in contemporary China and North America.Quantitative and qualitative data were collected by asking Chinese residents the same research question in the 2007-2008 onsite survey and follow-up interviews in Beijing and Suzhou of China,and the 2013 online survey and follow-up interviews in the US and Canada.The findings show a significantly higher percentage of ethnic Chinese in North America holds traditional Chinese faiths than those in China,though Western cultural infiltration is also happening to them.Nevertheless,due to the limited number of participants,the findings may only be indicative.

闽台“送王船”仪式中民间航海知识的传承

闽台地区的“送王船”仪式蕴含着濒海社群海上生产与生活的智慧,是一种能够整合沿海社区人群、凝聚社区认同的重要海洋民俗活动,承载了人类由陆地走向海洋的历史,突出表现为它所包纳的民间航海知识体系。具体而言,闽台“送王船”仪式中的民间航海知识,体现在造船仪式、海上航路以及航运制度三个方面,分别显示了沿海民众在航海活动过程中所积累的海洋技术知识、海洋自然知识和海洋人文知识,并通过独特宗教仪式的构建和演绎得以保留并传承,反映的是沿海民众开拓海洋的历史记忆和智慧,丰富了中国海洋文明的内涵,是中国海洋文明史的重要组成部分。

THE MERGING OF ORAL AND LISTENING SKILLS:A STEP IN TEH IMPROVEMENT OF TEACHING METHODS——Report on co-teaching between associate professor Ge Hong Jiu(China)and foreign expert Ralf Dua(Belgium).

This paper presents the view that speaking and listening skills should be taught together in way that re-flects real-life communication.Suitable classroom activities are proposed.The authors present theirown experience,as Chinese lecturer and foreign expert,in co-teaching their combined classes in orderto integrate the teaching of speaking and listening skills.

基于MSB二维标记的加密图像可逆数据隐藏

针对基于标记编码的加密图像可逆数据隐藏存在图像冗余未充分利用和信息泄露问题,提出一种基于MSB(Most Significant Bit)二维标记的加密图像可逆数据隐藏(Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Image,RDH-EI)算法.为提高算法的嵌入容量,在二维标记图生成阶段,根据原始与预测像素值构造出差异序列,生成MSB二维标记(l1,l2).第一维l1和第二维l2分别记录原始与预测像素值初始连续相同MSBs位数和后继连续相反MSBs(Subsequent Consecutive Opposite MSBs,SCO-MSBs)位数.SCO-MSBs的使用提高像素冗余的利用率,结合范式哈夫曼编码实现嵌入容量的提升.为提高算法的安全性,在伪标记图与加密图像构造阶段,将二维标记图生成的编码流与保存所有辅助信息的额外数据流进行有效信息合并生成原始流后加密,同时在构造加密图像过程中生成用于标识可嵌入位置的伪标记图.原始流加密能有效防止图像信息泄露,伪标记图则用于确定嵌入的预留空间位置.实验结果表明,与现有同类算法相比,本文算法能防止标记图泄露并抵抗唯密文攻击,嵌入容量提高0.208 bpp以上,且算法实现完全可逆的同时,运行时间将近现有算法的1/4.

利用GPS数据研究中缅边界地区现今地壳形变特征

中缅边界地区位于缅甸弧东缘—青藏高原东南缘—巽他板块的衔接地带,地质构造复杂,区内多条活动断裂横跨中缅两国.为了研究中缅边界地区现今地壳形变特征,本文收集处理1998至2020年中国和缅甸的GPS数据,获得了中缅边界地区高空间分辨率的GPS速度场,并采用多尺度球面小波方法计算了多尺度应变率场.结果表明:(1)印度板块向缅甸块体东侧强烈挤压俯冲作用导致位于缅甸弧的GPS测站以约30 mm/a的速度沿NNE向随着印度板块向青藏高原推挤,缅甸弧地区剪切应变积累明显,主压应变率在弧外侧表现为垂直构造走向的近东西向挤压,在弧内侧与伊洛瓦底江盆地表现为平行构造的近南北向挤压.实皆断裂处于主应变率与剪应变率的高值区,存在分段活动性:北段两侧的速度呈现明显的差异,剪切应变积累显著,呈现右旋剪切运动和缩短;中段以约20 mm/a的速度向NNW向运动,具有右旋走滑兼拉张特征.(2)川滇块体围绕东喜马拉雅构造结顺时针旋转,GPS速度方向从构造结北侧的近东西向运动偏转到川滇菱形块体为向南或东南运动,并在滇西南地区呈弥散型分布,速率向东南逐渐减小.其中,小江断裂带总体为左旋走滑.红河断裂中段具有较低的走滑速率,而北段和南段具有较高的剪切速率.大盈江断裂呈现出东西向拉张的特点,表现出明显的左旋走滑特征.龙陵—瑞丽断裂呈右旋走滑兼拉张特征.南汀河断裂、孟连断裂、景洪—打洛断裂等均处于低剪切状态,以左旋走滑为主.西北—东南走向的澜沧断裂、无量山断裂则表现出右旋走滑特征,北西走向的龙陵—澜沧断裂带表现为右旋走滑为主兼具拉张性质.(3)实皆断裂、畹町断裂、南汀河断裂、无量山断裂中部等地区应变积累较快,其地震危险性值得关注.本研究对于认识中缅边界地区的构造动力学特征,评估该区的地震灾害具有科学意义和现实需求.

民国时期中央政府对西藏行使政治宗教管辖权研究

风云迭荡的民国时期,西藏成为英、俄等列强角力的主战场,在亲英势力的挑唆下,西藏宗教领袖达赖与班禅渐生嫌隙,终致班禅离藏,游历内地,西藏地方与中央政府的关系也被推到了风口浪尖。幸运的是,无论是袁世凯的北京政府,还是蒋介石的南京政府,始终将维护国家主权与领土完整视为国家的核心利益,通过不断完善治藏机构,派专员入藏宣慰,安抚达赖与优待班禅,并在内外交困、中央财政有限的情况下,持续加大对西藏经费投入等一系列举措,使西藏内向中央,有效地保障了中央政府对西藏政治宗教管辖权的充分行使,西藏也重新回到了正确的发展轨道。

Studies on Religion and China’s National Security in the Globalization Era

Since the 1970s,the global resurgence of religion,the politicization and internationalization of religion,as well as the raging violent religious extremism,have posed a severe challenge to national sovereignty and international order.The impact of religion on national security has become an inevitable problem facing the world.For more than 60 years since the founding of the PRC,religion has always been an important issue in its national security considerations,while“anti-foreign religious infiltration”and“combating the three forces of terrorism,national separatism and religious extremism”have become the official guidelines of discussions concerning religion and national security.In the context of the global resurgence of religion,changes in China’s religious security situation and the development of non-traditional security studies,research on religion and China’s national security has begun to break through the conventional pattern of“anti-filtration study”and started to become more academic and empirical.This paper has outlined the history and current situation of studies about religion and China’s national security and discussed some basic issues of this research area.

Five Major Religions in China

CHINA is a nation of many religions, the main five ones being Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Roman Catholicism and Christianity (Protestantism). There are also some special religions of some minority nationalities or regional beliefs. Buddhism was introduced into China from India around the First Century, and gradually developed into several sects including the Han-language-family Buddhism, the Tibetan-language-family Buddhism (or Lamaism) and Pali-language-family Buddhism. For all of these sects, recent data reveals there are more than 9,500 Buddhist temples and 170,000

中国东部及近海磁异常特征及大地构造意义

根据全球磁异常数据和中国近海高精度、高分辨率的海洋船磁资料,通过频率域的迭代下延方法,将两种不同分辨率的数据进行融合,得到了覆盖我国东部及近海的大面积地磁异常数据。对磁异常进行大范围变倾角化极,并进行了小波分解和频谱分析,计算、分析磁源重力异常、磁异常解析信号及倾斜角等转换场。结果显示中国东部及近海主要地质构造单元的磁异常特征,揭示了华北地块古陆块分布和扬子地块的南北边界走向,并指出浙闽火山岩带向西南可能和东沙隆起相连,都是中生代古俯冲的火山弧,南海北部NW向断裂可能是古特提斯构造域向太平洋构造域转换边界断裂,对中生代古俯冲及由主动陆缘向被动陆缘转化过程都有控制作用。

动力和统计预测信息融合预测方法及对我国夏季降水预测的检验

短期气候预测中如何将气候模式和统计方法的预测结果科学、客观的集成起来,一直是非常重要的问题.本文针对动力模式和统计方法预测结果相结合的问题,引入资料同化中信息融合的思想,采用最优内插同化方法,实现了动力模式和统计季节降水预测结果的融合.检验表明,对1982—2015年我国夏季降水百分率的回报,融合预测结果与观测的平均空间相关系数可达0.44,分别较统计预测和CFSv2模式统计降尺度订正的技巧提高了0.1左右,而均方根误差较两者可以降低5%~20%.可见,该方法可以进一步提升对我国夏季降水的预测技巧,具有显著的业务应用价值.

研究中国宗教的社会学范式 杨庆堃眼中的中国社会宗教

本文通过杨庆堃教授对中国宗教极其卓越和具有开创性的研究,来审视中国宗教的社会学范式。杨氏的《中国社会中的宗教》是一部堪称现代经典的华丽巨著,是中国宗教社会学研究的典范之作,是社会学学者研究中国宗教的重要参考书,具有极高的学术价值和理论创新意义。相对于西方宗教的制度性,杨氏提出发散性宗教的概念,指出散开宗教的信仰和仪式有机会发展为有组织的社会体系,同时它是作为社会组织模式整体的一部分,在散开的形式中,宗教发挥着多样的功能,以组织的方式出现在中国社会生活中。杨氏是第一个从宽阔的社会学角度来证明中国宗教存在形式、合理性以及历史传统的华裔学者,对于其后学者的研究奠定了重要的学术基础。

古大陆再造与中国主要块体运动特征

收集整理了我国近20年来古大陆再造研究和古大陆再造编图的新进展、新成果、新方法,通过整理并筛选最新的华北块体、扬子块体和塔里木块体的古地磁数据,辅以最新的地质依据,分析三大块体古生代以来的运动特征以及主要块体之间(华北与扬子、华北与塔里木、塔里木与哈萨克斯坦)的拼合碰撞时代。

从“险学”到“显学”——新中国宗教学研究六十年

新中国宗教学研究六十年的发展,可以形象地概括为从"险学"到"显学"。宗教学在二十世纪五六十年代之所以是"险学",重要原因之一是当时的宗教学理论与以阶级斗争为纲的错误路线紧紧联系在一起。1978年由真理标准讨论而带来的思想解放春风,在宗教学领域引起了积极反映,全面把握马克思主义宗教理论,必然对于宗教的本质产生新的认识,并由此带来了中国宗教学研究的大发展,即在宗教学理论研究方面,从"精神鸦片"说发展到"与社会主义相适应"的理论,在制度性宗教研究方面,从偏重历史到历史、理论、现实并重,在传统的研究领域之外,儒教问题和新兴宗教成为近三十年特有的两大研究领域。

北周通道观的设置及其影响

通道观是周武帝禁断佛道二教后设置的官方机构。该机构位于长安城中,职能为融通三教。其属员称通道观学士,来自儒士和还俗的僧人、道士。其设置目的在于统一思想文化。通道观存在了近十年时间,其间既讲论三教,又编纂道教经目和类书,对三教融合和此后佛、道二教的发展影响极大。