Effect of nitrogen to phosphorus ratios on cell proliferation in marine micro algae

The ratio of nitrogen/phosphorus （N/P） is known to affect cell proliferation of some marine micro algae. We evaluated the effect of N/P ratios on the proliferation and succession of phytoplankton using five marine micro algae species. We used two sources of nitrogen, NH4Cl （N1） and urea （N2）, and a single source of phosphorous, NaH2PO4（P）. The optimal N/P ratio that differed among the five species was affected by the source of nitrogen, being as follows （N1/P, N2/P in order）： Thalassiosira sp. （30/1, 20/1）, Heterosigma akashiwo （30/1, 30/1）, Chroornonas salina （20/1, 30/1）, Chaetoceros gracilis （40/1, 60/1）, and A lexandrium sp. （10/1, 30/1）. Thus, the source of nitrogen must be considered when analyzing the N/P ratio. Our results provide insight for predicting phytoplankton succession in coastal waters and may be used to forecast the potential risk of harmful algal blooms.

Recent Advances in Computational Simulation of Macro-,Meso-,and Micro-Scale Biomimetics Related Fluid Flow Problems

Over the last decade, computational methods have been intensively applied to a variety of scientific researches and engineering designs. Although the computational fluid dynamics （CFD） method has played a dominant role in studying and simulating transport phenomena involving fluid flow and heat and mass transfers, in recent years, other numerical methods for the simulations at meso- and micro-scales have also been actively applied to solve the physics of complex flow and fluid-interface interactions. This paper presents a review of recent advances in multi-scale computational simulation of biomimetics related fluid flow problems. The state-of-the-art numerical techniques, such as lattice Boltzmann method （LBM）, molecular dynamics （MD）, and conventional CFD, applied to different problems such as fish flow, electro-osmosis effect of earthworm motion, and self-cleaning hydrophobic surface, and the numerical approaches are introduced. The new challenging of modelling biomimetics problems in developing the physical conditions of self-clean hydrophobic surfaces is discussed.

Blending Ratio Analysis of Akund / Cotton Blended Yarn Based on Micro Projection

A microscope method was developed for testing the blending ratio of akund/cotton blended yarns. Fiber characteristics such as diameter, longitudinal feature, and hollow structure were observed to identify akund and cotton. Therefore, the measurement of the blending ratio for akund/cotton blended yarns based on each fiber's amount, moisture regain, and metric count was available. The results show that using specimen's longitudinal section is more effective during the fiber counting than specimen's transverse section benefiting from the separation of the fibers.

Elastic modulus of claystone evaluated by nano-/micro-indentation tests and meso-compression tests

Toarcian claystone such as that of the Callovo-Oxfordian is a qualified multiphase material. The claystone samples tested in this study are composed of four main mineral phases: silicates(clay minerals, quartz,feldspars, micas)(z86%), sulphides(pyrite)(z3%), carbonates(calcite, dolomite)(z10%) and organic kerogen(z1%). Three sets of measurements of the modulus of deformability were compared as determined in(i) nanoindentation tests with a constant indentation depth of 2 mm,(ii) micro-indentation tests with a constant indentation depth of 20 mm, and(iii) meso-compression tests with a constant displacement of 200 mm. These three experimental methods have already been validated in earlier studies. The main objective of this study is to demonstrate the influence of the scaling effect on the modulus of deformability of the material. Different frequency distributions of the modulus of deformability were obtained at the different sample scales:(i) in nano-indentation tests, the distribution was spread between 15 GPa and 90 GPa and contained one peak at34 GPa and another at 51 GPa;(ii) in the micro-indentation tests, the distribution was spread between 25 GPa and 60 GPa and displayed peaks at 26 GPa and 37 GPa; and(iii) in the meso-compression tests, a narrow frequency distribution was obtained, ranging from 25 GPa to 50 GPa and with a maximum at around 35 GPa.

Micro–meso-macroporous FeCo-N-C derived from hierarchical bimetallic FeCo-ZIFs as cathode catalysts for enhanced Li-O2 batteries performance

Developing bifunctional catalysts that increase both the OER and ORR kinetics and transport reactants with high efficiency is desirable. Herein, micro–meso-macroporous FeCo-N-C-X(denoted as "MFeCo-N-C-X", X represents Fe/Co molar ratio in bimetallic zeolite imidazole frameworks FeCo-ZIFs) catalysts derived from hierarchical M-FeCo-ZIFs-X was prepared. The micropores in M-FeCo-N-C-X have strong capability in O2 capture as well as dictate the nucleation and early-stage deposition of Li2O2,the mesopores provided a channel for the electrolyte wetting, and the macroporous structure promoted more available active sites when used as cathode for Li-O2 batteries. More importantly, M-Fe CoN-C-0.2 based cathode showed a high initial capacity(18,750 mAh g-1@0.1 A g-1), good rate capability(7900 m Ah g-1@0.5 A g-1), and cycle stability up to 192 cycles. Interestingly, the FeCo-N-C-0.2 without macropores suffered relatively poorer stability with only 75 cycles, although its discharge capacity was still as high as 17,200 mA h g-1(@0.1 A g-1). The excellent performance attributed to the synergistic contribution of homogeneous Fe, Co nanoparticles and N co-doping carbon frameworks with special micro–meso-macroporous structure. The results showed that hierarchical FeCo-N-C architectures are promising cathode catalysts for Li-O2 batteries.

Hydrogen etching induced hierarchical meso/micro-pore structure with increased active density to boost ORR performance of Fe-N-C catalyst

Rational regulation on pore structure and active site density plays critical roles in enhancing the performance of Fe-N-C catalysts. As the microporous structure of the carbon substrate is generally regarded as the active site hosts, its hostility to electron/mass transfer could lead to the incomplete fulfillment of the catalytic activity. Besides, the formation of inactive metallic Fe particles during the conventional catalyst synthesis could also decrease the active site density and complicate the identification of real active site. Herein, we developed a facial hydrogen etching methodology to yield single site Fe-N-C catalysts featured with micro/mesoporous hierarchical structure. The hydrogen concentration in pyrolysis process was designated to effectively regulate the pore structure and active site density of the resulted catalysts.The optimized sample achieves excellent ORR catalytic performance with an ultralow H2O2 yield(1%)and superb stability over 10,000 cycles. Our finding provides new thoughts for the rational design of hierarchically porous carbon-based materials and highly promising non-precious metal ORR catalysts.

DEVELOPMENT OF MESO-AND MICRO-SCALE STRUCTURES IN THE CHAMBA-BHARMAUR SYNCLINE, WESTERN HIMALAYA, INDIA

The Chamba\|Bharmaur syncline located in between Zanskar range in the north and Dhauladhar\|Pirpanjal range in the south , in the Chamba district of Western Himachal Pradesh. The rocks constituting Chamba\|Bharmaur syncline belong to Precambrian to Lr. Triassic (Rattan, 1973) and represent the southern extension of the Tethyan facies of the Zanskar Tethys Himalayan sequence (Thakur, 1998). The geological and structural mapping in the Chamba\|Bharmaur syncline reveal that the area comprises of various litho\|units which show imprint of various phases of deformation. Three main phases of deformation DF\-1, DF\-2 and DF\-3 have affected the rocks of the Chamba\|Bharmaur syncline. The earliest recognisable deformational structures of the area are tight isoclinal folds appressed with long drawn out limbs and thickened hinges have experienced buckle shortening of 80%. They have been rendered intrafolial folds in many places; only a few of them show disharmony. The folds initiated in the multilayered sequences are generally controlled in their distribution and wave\|length by more competent members of the sequence.

STUDY AND APPLICATION OF SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF MICRO AMOUNTS OF BISMUTH WITH MESO—TETRAKIS—(4—N—TRIMETHYL AMMONIUMPHENYL)PORPHINE

A new highly sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of micro amounts of bismuth (Ⅲ), based on the formation of Bi (Ⅲ)—meso—tetrakis—(4—N—trimethylammonium phenyl) porphine [T (4TMAP) P] complex. In the presence of Cd (Ⅱ), Bi(Ⅲ) reacts almost instantaneously with T (4TMAP)P in a 0. 6 mol/l NaAc—HAC buffer (PH5.8) at room temperature. The composition of the complex is T(4TMAP)P: Bi=1:1. The absorbance complex obeys Beer's law over the Bi(Ⅲ) concentration range 0.1—1.4 μg/ml. The linear relative coefficient γ is 0.9998. The apparent molar absorptivity was 1.75×10~5 1. mol^(-1). cm^(-1) at 463nm. The relative standard deviation of the method is 1.50％ for Bi(Ⅲ) 7ug/10ml (10 determinations). The interference of foreign ions has been examined. This simple and rapid method can be applied to the assay of Bi(Ⅲ) in some tablets directly.

Determinationofelasticmodulus of claystone:Nano-/micro-indentation andmeso-compression tests used to investigate impact of alkaline fluid propagation over 18 years

Micro-mechanical properties of a claystone were tested after undergoing alkaline perturbation on site(Tournemire,CD borehole)for 18 years.In a saturated context and outside the excavation disturbed zone(EDZ),the claystone exhibits a 11.6-mm black rim at the cement/paste interface,which shows a different mechanical behaviour from the rest of the claystone.Three sets of measurements of elastic modulus were performed using:(i)nano-indentation tests with a constant indentation depth of 2 mm,(ii)microindentation tests with a constant indentation depth of 20 mm,and(iii)meso-compression tests with a constant displacement of 200 mm.The increase of the modulus of deformability in the black rim is between 15 GPa and 20 GPa according to the scale.Moreover,an overall decrease of the modulus of deformability from the smallest to the largest scale is observed in each zone.In view of the mineralogy and petrographic observations,higher values of modulus of deformability in the black rim are related to carbonate content and its distribution.Precipitation of cementitious carbonates as inclusions and very thin partings leads to hardening of the claystone.

腾格里沙漠东南缘固沙植被区蚁丘对中小型土壤节肢动物群落的影响

为阐明固沙植被区中蚂蚁筑巢活动形成蚁丘对中小型土壤节肢动物群落的影响规律,于2022年在腾格里沙漠东南缘建植第5、8、34、57年的固沙植被区中,分别采集蚁丘内、外土壤样品,采用干漏斗法分离中小型土壤节肢动物,调查了固沙植被演替过程中蚁丘内外中小型土壤节肢动物群落组成、多样性分布特征及影响因素。结果显示:(1)中小型土壤动物的优势类群包括球角虫兆属、等节虫兆属和小真古螨科,分别从第8、34、57年开始呈现出蚁丘内显著高于蚁丘外的分布特征(P<0.05)。中小型土壤节肢动物优势类群个体数及总个体数均从固沙植被建植第8年开始,蚁丘内显著高于蚁丘外(P<0.05)。(2)中小型土壤动物群落类群数和Shannon-Wiener指数均表现为从固沙植被建植第34年开始,表现为蚁丘内显著高于蚁丘外(P<0.05),而且34年固沙植被区蚁丘内分别是蚁丘外的1.6倍、2.2倍,57年固沙植被区蚁丘内分别是蚁丘外的2.3倍、3.9倍;均匀度指数仅在固沙57年呈现出蚁丘内显著高于蚁丘外(P<0.05)的分布特征,即蚁丘内是蚁丘外的5.4倍。(3)结构方程模型显示,在固沙初期,土壤黏粒含量是影响中小型土壤节肢动物群落分布的主要环境因子,而在中后期则为土壤全氮和全钾含量。综合分析表明,腾格里沙漠东南缘固沙植被演替初期蚁丘仅增加中小型土壤节肢动物个体数,而只有在长期演替后蚁丘才表现为显著增加其个体数和多样性、直至改变群落组成结构,并对裸沙地中小型土壤节肢动物个体数分布具有重要辐射作用。

负泊松比点阵结构填充薄壁管轴向压缩行为及吸能特性

薄壁填充结构具有轻量化、高比吸能的优点,被广泛应用于航空航天、汽车、轨道交通等工程领域。负泊松比结构在受到冲击时力学性能会逐渐增强,因此本文基于双箭头型负泊松比点阵提出一种新型薄壁填充管吸能结构,通过准静态压缩实验和有限元数值模拟方法研究了新型填充管在压缩载荷作用下的变形失效模式与力学响应。建立了平均碰撞力的理论预测模型,并通过有限元分析验证了模型可靠性,在此基础上研究了负泊松比点阵结构的细观设计参数对填充管抗压缩性能的影响规律。结果表明,填充管在压缩载荷作用下的失效模式为局部屈曲失效,相比于单一薄壁管与点阵结构,填充管具有更好的抗压缩性能;通过参数分析明确了通过增加胞元杆件壁厚和下支撑杆夹角,能显著提高填充管抗压缩性能,这将为后续负泊松比点阵填充结构的抗冲击优化设计提供重要参考。

层联衬经斜纹机织预制体细观结构几何建模

为分析层联衬经斜纹机织预制体的细观结构,通过X射线显微镜(Micro-CT)观测复合材料中的纤维,基于Micro-CT观测的纤维横截面形状和空间走向,提出矩形衬经纱横截面、矩形接结经纱横截面、凸透镜形纬纱横截面、直线型衬经纱路径、直线型纬纱路径和抛物线形接结经纱路径等假设,推导了纤维预制体厚度和纤维体积含量与纤维参数之间的关系,建立了预制体细观结构模型,通过纤维宽度和厚度计算纱线横截面变异系数、预制体厚度和纤维体积含量。为验证模型的准确性,以芳纶纤维和超高分子质量聚乙烯纤维为原材料制备了2种相同结构、不同纤维的层联衬经斜纹机织复合材料,并与提出的预制体模型对比分析。结果表明:理论值与实测值在合理误差范围之内,预制体厚度误差小于1.5%,预制体纤维体积含量误差小于1.5%。

烫漂预处理对苹果干燥过程中微观结构及质构品质的影响

为提高烫漂预处理后苹果片的热风干燥效率和品质,本研究系统评估了热水烫漂与真空蒸汽脉动烫漂两种预处理方法对苹果片的宏观干燥效果。研究结果表明,在真空度0.07 MPa、烫漂2次和烫漂时间3 min条件下真空蒸汽脉动烫漂预处理提升了苹果片的复水比和质构品质,同时缩短了干燥时间。通过石蜡切片、显微观测、图像处理等技术对两种预处理方法干燥的苹果片微观结构进行研究,对比分析在不同烫漂条件(热水烫漂:温度和时间;真空蒸汽脉动烫漂:真空度、次数和时间)下苹果片的细胞横截面面积、周长、当量直径、细胞圆度、壁面粗糙度因子和孔隙率的变化规律。结果显示,随着漂烫温度的升高、时间的延长和烫漂次数的增加,苹果片的细胞会产生使后续干燥过程中水分加速蒸发的变化,从而缩短干燥时间。此外,通过多项式拟合建立了微观结构参数与复水比之间的关系方程。研究结果可为揭示真空蒸汽脉动烫漂预处理对苹果微观结构和宏观品质影响的机理提供理论依据。

表面平齐的并联微穿孔板吸声结构特性仿真研究

针对火箭发动机燃气高温高速射流通道内噪声控制的工程需要,提出了一种表面平齐的并联微穿孔板吸声结构设计方案。基于微穿孔板吸声理论,建立了COMSOL微穿孔板吸声结构吸声性能仿真模型,对该类并联微穿孔板吸声结构的吸声特性进行了仿真研究,分析了并联结构的背腔深度比、周期和单体宽度等多种参数对吸声性能的影响。结果表明,通过合理选择微穿孔板参数,以及并联共振腔深度、周期比、单体宽度等参数,可以得到吸声带宽、吸声系数较优的吸声结构,且加工制造与安装维护简单,研究成果可用于高温高速射流通道内的强噪声辐射环境控制。

CFB飞灰压浆料的制备及高强微膨胀机理研究

利用循环流化床燃煤固硫灰(CFB飞灰)的活性与膨胀性制备压浆料,研究了CFB飞灰掺量和水胶比对压浆料工作性能、强度和膨胀率的影响;CFB飞灰与矿粉以不同比例复配,对比研究了CFB飞灰压浆料的高强微膨胀特性,并采用XRD与SEM分析验证。结果表明,随CFB飞灰替代水泥掺量的增加,压浆料的需水性增强,抗压强度降低,20%(质量分数)CFB飞灰的试样28 d抗压强度与基样接近,可达85.8 MPa,而抗折强度先升高后降低,膨胀率一直升高。随用水量的增加,压浆料的膨胀率降低但均为正值。随CFB飞灰取代矿粉率的提高,压浆料的工作性能降低,28 d抗压强度先升高后降低,其中20%(质量分数)CFB飞灰、10%(质量分数)矿粉复合的试样28 d抗压强度最高,为99.8 MPa,膨胀率一直升高。通过CFB飞灰与矿粉复合配制了各项性能均满足铁标要求的压浆料。CFB飞灰不仅自身水化产生膨胀,还能激活矿粉活性,产生复合增强作用。

微悬浮法消光PVC糊树脂膨润度的测定方法

确定了微悬浮消光PVC糊树脂膨润度的测试方法:采用10 mL刻度试管,样品量为0.2440 g,加入四氢呋喃溶剂量为8 mL,水浴溶胀温度为60℃,水浴溶胀时间为2 h,室温放置溶胀时间为48 h。

中小型土壤动物群落对华西雨屏区常绿阔叶林氮沉降的响应

【目的】掌握氮沉降对土壤动物群落特征的影响,为亚热带常绿阔叶林的可持续发展提供数据支撑。【方法】自2014年1月起在华西雨屏区进行模拟氮沉降试验,于2021年7月开始进行为期1年的季度采样试验。设置对照0 g/(m^(2)·a)、低氮5 g/(m^(2)·a)和高氮15 g/(m^(2)·a)3个施氮水平,采用干生漏斗对中小型土壤动物进行分离鉴定,研究土壤动物群落特征。【结果】试验共捕获中小型土壤动物8 390只,属2门5纲8目40科,优势类群为弹尾目等节(虫兆)科,占中小型土壤动物总密度的31.05%。土壤动物群落垂直分布表现出明显的表聚性特征。多样性特征均无显著变化。土壤动物功能类群以菌食性、腐食性和捕食性土壤动物为主。【结论】模拟氮沉降在一定程度降低了中小型土壤动物平均密度,增加了土壤动物类群数。氮沉降浓度的增加,不利于中小型土壤动物的生存发展。

细观尺度下表面波法检测混凝土表面裂缝深度研究

基于表面波截止频率检测混凝土表面裂缝深度是一种有效的无损检测方法。目前通常使用频率透射比法来识别截止频率,但该方法受混凝土细观结构影响较大,识别效果较差。为提高截止频率的识别精度,本文提出了多道信号相移频散分析法,开展了表面波检测均匀介质和混凝土细观模型表面裂缝深度的有限元模拟,通过对比研究频率透射比法和多道信号相移频散分析法的检测机理和识别效果,给出了截止频率的识别标准,最后分析了骨料、孔隙率和检测频率对多道信号相移频散分析法的影响。研究结果表明,多道信号相移频散分析法的识别效果较好,且不受细观结构和缝厚比的影响;骨料粒径、含量和弹性模量的变化基本不影响该方法对截止频率的有效识别;当表面波波长小于构件厚度且孔隙率不超过4%时,该方法仍具备较好的识别效果。本研究可为实际工程中混凝土表面裂缝深度的定量检测提供理论基础。

放牧对中小型土壤动物群落结构影响的Meta分析

中小型土壤动物是地下生态系统重要的参与者,在地下生态系统物质循环和能量流动过程中均扮演着重要角色。本研究通过对40篇文献进行Meta分析,探讨放牧对中小型土壤动物群落结构变化的影响,结果表明:(1)放牧会提高中小型土壤动物丰度,但会降低物种数和多样性指数。(2)放牧通过影响植物群落和土壤理化性质,进而间接影响中小型土壤动物的群落结构。(3)相关性分析表明,在围封处理下,中小型土壤动物丰度与土壤含水量、速效钾呈正相关;在放牧处理下,中小型土壤动物丰度与土壤含水量、速效钾、全磷呈显著正相关(P<0.01)。(4)结构方程模型结果显示,在围封处理下,土壤全氮对中小型土壤动物丰度产生显著正效应(标准化回归系数β=0.19,P<0.05)。综上所述,中小型土壤动物作为地下生态系统的重要参与者,其对放牧的响应方式,有利于为各地区制定更合理且科学的放牧方式。

薄镍板上Meso尺度结构的电火花线切割

研究了利用常规电火花线切割技术加工薄镍板微小结构的方法。利用慢走丝电火花线切割加工机床对厚度为0.6mm镍板上的Meso尺度结构进行了加工试验。以机床现有的工艺条件对零件进行试切割,对试切割后的尺寸精度和表面质量进行测量分析,在此基础上通过对放电能量、冲液压力、切割速度等机床参数的调整改进加工工艺。探讨了在200μm缝宽范围内进行多次切割的方法,并对切割次数进行合理优化、合并。试验结果表明:慢走丝线切割加工对小于机床设定厚度的薄板Meso尺度结构仍可进行稳定加工;通过多次切割的方法可提高表面质量。在200μm窄缝范围内进行5次常规切割,加工后的表面粗糙度值Ra为0.54μm;在保证表面质量的前提下,将5次切割合并为3次切割,加工后的表面粗糙度值Ra为0.62μm,加工时间缩短了30%左右。该技术可为电火花线切割加工其他材料薄板微小零件提供支持与参考。