Adjoint Sensitivity Experiments of a Meso-β-scale Vortex in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River

A relatively independent and small-scale heavy rainfall event occurred to the south of a slow eastwardmoving meso-α-scale vortex. The analysis shows that a meso-β-scale system is heavily responsible for the intense precipitation. An attempt to simulate it met with some failures. In view of its small scale, short lifetime and relatively sparse observations at the initial time, an adjoint model was used to examine the sensitivity of the meso-β-scale vortex simulation with respect to initial conditions. The adjoint sensitivity indicates how small perturbations of initial model variables anywhere in the model domain can influence the central vorticity of the vortex. The largest sensitivity for both the wind and temperature perturbation is located below 700 hPa, especially at the low level. The largest sensitivity for the water vapor perturbation is located below 500 hPa, especially at the middle and low levels. The horizontal adjoint sensitivity for all variables is mainly located toward the upper reaches of the Yangtze River with respect to the simulated meso-β-scale system in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces with strong locality. The sensitivity shows that warm cyclonic perturbations in the upper reaches can have a great effect on the development of the meso-β-scale vortex. Based on adjoint sensitivity, forward sensitivity experiments were conducted to identify factors influencing the development of the meso-β-scale vortex and to explore ways of improving the prediction. A realistic prediction was achieved by using adjoint sensitivity to modify the initial conditions and implanting a warm cyclone at the initial time in the upper reaches of the river with respect to the meso-β-scale vortex, as is commonly done in tropical cyclone prediction.

Statistical characteristics of meso-scale vortex effects on the track of a tropical cyclone

This paper examines initial meso-scale vortex effects on the motion of a tropical cyclone （TC） in a system where coexisting two components of TC and meso-scale vortices with a barotropic vorticity equation model. The initial mesoscale vortices are generated stochastically by employing Reinaud＇s method. The 62 simulations are performed and analysed in order to understand the statistical characteristics of the effects. Results show that the deflection of the TC track at t = 24 h induced by the initial meso-scale vortices ranges from 2 km to 37 km with the mean value of 13.4 km. A more significant deflection of the TC track can be reduced when several initial meso-scale vortices simultaneously appear in a smaller TC circulation area. It ranges from 22 km to 37 km with the mean value of 28 km, this fact implies that the initial meso-scale vortices-induced deflection may not be neglected sometimes.

Analysis of a Group of Weak Small-Scale Vortexes in the Planetary Boundary Layer in the Mei-yu Front

A mei-yu front process in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River on 23 June 1999 was simulated by using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-NCAR （PSU/NCAR） Mesoscale Model （MM5） with FDDA （Four Dimension Data Assimilation）. The analysis shows that seven weak small mesoscale vortexes of tens of kilometers, correspondent to surface low trough or mesoscale centers, in the planetary boundary layer （PBL） in the mei-yu front were heavily responsible for the heavy rainfall. Sometimes, several weak small-scale vortexes in the PBL could form a vortex group, some of which would weaken locally, and some would develop to be a meso-α-scale low vortex through combination. The initial dynamical triggering mechanism was related to two strong currents： one was the northeast flow in the PBL at the rear of the mei-yu front, the vortexes occurred exactly at the side of the northeast flow; and the other was the strong southwest low-level jet （LLJ） in front of the Mei-yu front, which moved to the upper of the vortexes. Consequently, there were notable horizontal and vertical wind shears to form positive vorticity in the center of the southwest LLJ. The development of mesoscale convergence in the PBL and divergence above, as well as the vertical positive vorticity column, were related to the small wind column above the nose-shaped velocity contours of the northeast flow embedding southwestward in the PBL, which intensified the horizontal wind shear and the positive vorticity column above the vortexes, baroclinicity and instability.

Interaction Between Large-scale Vortex Structure and Dispersed Particles in a Three Dimensional Mixing Layer

In order to understand the interaction between large-scale vortex structure and particles, a two-way coupling temporal mixing layer laden with particles at a Stokes number of 5 with different mass loading planted initially in the upper half region is numerically studied. The pseudospectral method is used for the flow fluid and the Lagrangian approach is employed to trace particles. The momentum coupling effect introduced by a particle is approximated to a point force. The simulation results show that the coherent structures are still dominant in the mixing layer, but the large-scale vortex structure and particle dispersion are modulated. The length of large-scale vortex structure is shortened and the pairing is delayed. At the same time, the particles are distributed more evenly in the whole flow field as the mass loading is increased, but the particle dispersion along the transverse direction differs from that along the spanwise direction, which indicates that the effect by the addition of particle on the suanwise large-scale vortex structure is different from the streamwise counterpart.

Large-scale conditions of Tibet Plateau vortex departure

Based on the circumfluence situation of the out- and in-Tibet Plateau Vortex (TPV) from 1998–2004 and its weather-influencing system,multiple synthesized physical fields in the middle–upper troposphere of the out- and in-TPV are computationally analyzed by using re-analysis data from National Centers for Environmental Prediction and National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) of United States.Our research shows that the departure of TPV is caused by the mutual effects among the weather systems in Westerlies and in the subtropical area,within the middle and the upper troposphere.This paper describes the large-scale meteorological condition and the physics image of the departure of TPV,and the main differences among the large-scale conditions for all types of TPVs.This study could be used as the scientific basis for predicting the torrential rain and the floods caused by the TPV departure.

Non Linear Vortex Structures in Stratified Fluid Driven by Small-Scale Helical Force

In this work, we consider the effect of a small-scale helical driving force on fluid with a stable temperature gradient with Reynolds number . At first glance, this system does not have any instability. However, we show that a large scale vortex instability appears in the fluid despite its stable stratification. In a non-linear mode this instability becomes saturated and gives a large number of stationary spiral vortex structures. Among these structures there is a stationary helical soliton and a kink of the new type. The theory is built on the rigorous asymptotical method of multi-scale development.

一次冷涡背景下次天气尺度系统对强对流环境场的影响

在同一东北冷涡背景下,2016年6月12—13日山西境内连续2 d出现强对流天气,12日为分散性对流而13日为大范围强对流。基于多源资料通过对比探讨次天气尺度系统及其演变对风暴环境进而对风暴结构的影响,得出以下结论:(1)两日风暴强度和风暴结构差异显著。6月12日对流孤立分散且回波强度小于55 dBZ,而13日准线性风暴发展成尺度较大的弓形回波引发大范围强对流天气,回波强度达60 dBZ。(2)此次过程的关键影响系统为冷涡背景下的次天气尺度低涡。12日次天气尺度低压扰动开始出现,距离远而未影响山西;13日低压扰动东移发展为次天气尺度切断低涡,低涡相关的地面冷锋及850 hPa切变线触发山西上游对流。(3)12日低层水汽含量低,0~3 km垂直风切变弱,13日低涡前偏南水汽输送使低层显著增湿,叠加中层干冷空气形成不稳定层结,受低涡影响0~3 km风垂直切变增强至5.0×10-3s-1,冷锋触发的对流风暴在上述环境下强烈发展并产生阵风锋,阵风锋组织风暴形成飑线,冷池与0~3 km风切变相互作用使飑线维持。(4)13日有利于飑线发展的环境要素与东北冷涡西侧的次天气尺度切断低涡系统密切相关,次天气尺度低涡是飑线形成发展的关键系统。

旋涡空化水动力学特性研究进展与展望

涡空化作为一种在推进器叶顶涡心处产生的空化现象,在推进器原型上往往最早出现,其一旦发生将会严重影响舰艇的声隐身性能(噪声增加10 dB以上),在很大程度上限制了舰艇临界航速的进一步提升,因而长期以来一直是空化水动力学领域研究的重点与难点课题之一.本文首先简要介绍了旋涡空化流动相较于其他形式空化流动的特点,并以梢涡空化为主要对象,系统阐述了旋涡空化初生、发展的演变行为与流动机理研究,从空化三要素的角度深入讨论了其影响因素与作用机制.在此基础上,本文分别对旋涡空化流动中尺度效应、流动控制等关键问题的相关研究进展进行了回顾,较为系统地梳理了旋涡空化尺度效应的内在原因以及旋涡空化流动控制方法与控制思路.最后,本文针对目前旋涡空化研究领域关注的重点与难点问题,对旋涡空化流动研究中采用的实验测量及数值模拟技术进行了总结与展望.

热带气旋发展增强过程中龙卷尺度涡旋活动特征

观测发现热带气旋(TC)边界层中存在龙卷尺度涡旋(TSV),其引起的相关阵风对近地面具有强烈影响.利用WRF-ARW模型,通过对飓风Earl(2010)进行高分辨率的数值试验模拟,分析了TC边界层龙卷尺度涡旋的时空分布特征以及发生发展的可能原因.Earl发展增强过程中,TSV数量随着Earl强度的增强而增加,尤其在最强期间表现最为活跃,一方面TC的增强提供了更强的背景场使得TSV更易生成,另一方面更强的背景场使得长生命期的TSV增加,每一时刻同时存在的TSV也就更多.TSV生成区域随Earl的发展从垂直风切左侧逐渐集中至逆风切左侧,且始终位于RMW内侧近地层次级环流上升支和最大垂直涡度位置附近,这里通常满足垂直切变和水平切变不稳定的必要条件,TSV涡度收支分析的结果表明,对TSV生成发展起主要贡献的是与水平风水平切变相关的拉伸项以及与垂直切变相关的扭转项,这意味着TSV的生成与发展可能与垂直切变不稳定和水平切变不稳定有关.

气氧/甲烷液体火箭发动机纵向不稳定燃烧机理研究

为研究同轴剪切喷嘴液体火箭发动机的高频不稳定燃烧诱发机理,针对单喷嘴气氧/甲烷缩尺火箭发动机开展了热试车试验和基于URANS/LES的高保真数值模拟。热试车试验得到了可重复的一阶纵向高频不稳定燃烧,数值模拟再现了试验中的不稳定燃烧,数值结果与试验结果符合良好。数值结果表明:燃烧室突扩面处的周期性涡脱落是引发、维持不稳定燃烧的激励源。整个热声振荡过程中,压力与释热率保持同步振荡,不断有能量从燃烧过程进入声场以维持纵向热声振荡,形成“燃烧-声学-流动”的能量反馈回路。周期性涡脱落本质上起到了释热相位延迟的作用,成为“燃烧-声学-流动”能量反馈回路的驱动源。

喷气涡流纺纱线的标准化建设

为了满足市场的多样化需求,推动喷气涡流纺纱线的发展与进步,从现行标准化体系出发,介绍喷气涡流纺的产业化进程以及环锭纺、转杯纺、喷气涡流纺等主要纺纱技术标准化建设情况;通过阐述喷气涡流纺纱线的行业标准、团体标准及已评审通过待发布的标准,分析喷气涡流纺纱线的标准化建设现状;根据行业创新发展方向以及国家产业政策,展望喷气涡流纺纱线标准化建设的发展趋势。指出:标准化建设已经成为推动喷气涡流纺纱线行业发展的重要基石;已发布实施的喷气涡流纺纱线标准推动了行业规范化发展;企业应顺应产业创新发展方向,立足国家政策支持,重视标准化建设,将标准制定与科技项目相结合,加快各层级喷气涡流纺纱线标准的制修订工作,建设和完善其标准体系。

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE LARGE SCALE COHERENT STRUCTURES IN A FORCED FREE SHEAR LAYER

The dynamic characteristics of the large scale coherent structures in a forced free shear layer are experi- mentally studied by means of flow visualization. The quantitative measurements are acquired by the use of a LDV. It is shown that the development of the coherent structures can be greatly influenced by upstream artificial perturbations and as a result the mixing in the layer can be controlled. Like vortex merging, vortex splitting is also a common evolu- tion pattern in the development of the coherent structures.

Statistical properties of kinetic-scale magnetic holes in terrestrial space

Kinetic-scale magnetic holes(KSMHs)are structures characterized by a significant magnetic depression with a length scale on the order of the proton gyroradius.These structures have been investigated in recent studies in near-Earth space,and found to be closely related to energy conversion and particle acceleration,wave-particle interactions,magnetic reconnection,and turbulence at the kineticscale.However,there are still several major issues of the KSMHs that need further study—including(a)the source of these structures(locally generated in near-Earth space,or carried by the solar wind),(b)the environmental conditions leading to their generation,and(c)their spatio-temporal characteristics.In this study,KSMHs in near-Earth space are investigated statistically using data from the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission.Approximately 200,000 events were observed from September 2015 to March 2020.Occurrence rates of such structures in the solar wind,magnetosheath,and magnetotail were obtained.We find that KSMHs occur in the magnetosheath at rates far above their occurrence in the solar wind.This indicates that most of the structures are generated locally in the magnetosheath,rather than advected with the solar wind.Moreover,KSMHs occur in the downstream region of the quasi-parallel shock at rates significantly higher than in the downstream region of the quasi-perpendicular shock,indicating a relationship with the turbulent plasma environment.Close to the magnetopause,we find that the depths of KSMHs decrease as their temporal-scale increases.We also find that the spatial-scales of the KSMHs near the subsolar magnetosheath are smaller than those in the flanks.Furthermore,their global distribution shows a significant dawn-dusk asymmetry(duskside dominating)in the magnetotail.

Nonlinear Vortex Structures in Obliquely Rotating Fluid

In this paper, we find a new large scale instability which appears in obliquely rotating flow with the small scale turbulence, generated by external force with small Reynolds number. The external force has no helicity. The theory is based on the rigorous method of multi-scale asymptotic expansion. Nonlinear equations for instability are obtained in the third order of the perturbation theory. In this article, we explain in detail the nonlinear stage of the instability and we find the nonlinear periodic vortices and the vortex kinks of Beltrami type.

The Large Scale Instability in Rotating Fluid with Small Scale Force

In this paper, we find a new large scale instability in rotating flow forced turbulence. The turbulence is generated by a small scale external force at low Reynolds number. The theory is built on the rigorous asymptotic method of multi-scale development. The nonlinear equations for the instability are obtained at the third order of the perturbation theory. In this article, we explain the nonlinear stage of the instability and the generation vortex kinks.

A New Large Scale Instability in Rotating Stratified Fluids Driven by Small Scale Forces

In this paper, we find a new large scale instability displayed by a stratified rotating flow in forced turbulence. The turbulence is generated by a small scale external force at low Reynolds number. The theory is built on the rigorous asymptotic method of multi-scale development. There is no other special constraint concerning the force. In previous papers, the force was either helical or violating parity invariance. The nonlinear equations for the instability are obtained at the third order of the perturbation theory. In this article, we explain a detailed study of the linear stage of the instability.

Response of extreme precipitation to increasing extratropical cyclonic vortex frequency

自21世纪以来,热带外极端降水频次增加.随着中高纬度的显著增温,经向温度梯度减弱导致低层大气斜压性减小,由此产生的气旋型瞬变涡天气系统等活动减弱.然而,热力分布导致西风急流带变宽,经向环流加大,有助于行星尺度波动相关的涡旋异常增加,如东北冷涡,中亚涡,东欧-地中海涡,北美涡等,进而增加了气旋涡影响范围的极端降水频次.在未来变暖背景和1.5℃增温的目标内,热带外气旋涡增强会进一步促进极端降水发生.

检修车轨道位置与导流板对扁平箱梁涡振的影响

为研究检修车轨道位置与导流板对宽体扁平箱梁断面涡振性能的影响,以深中通道伶仃洋大桥(大跨度宽体扁平钢箱梁悬索桥)为背景,通过1∶25节段模型风洞试验测试了主梁的涡振响应,并采用计算流体动力学方法(CFD)对断面的二维流场进行了模拟.结果表明:增大检修车轨道与主梁底板边缘之间距离l能够显著提高宽体扁平钢箱梁的涡振性能,当l≥Wb/6(Wb为主梁底部宽度)时,可完全消除宽体扁平箱梁在各风攻角下的涡激振动;在检修车轨道处设置17°倾角的内侧或双侧导流板均能够显著抑制梁体的涡激振动,且抑制效果相同,当l≥Wb/10时,布置导流板可完全消除梁体的涡激振动;增大检修车轨道与主梁底板边缘之间距离以及设置导流板均是通过消除断面下游斜腹板处的尾流漩涡,从而降低梁体受到的周期性涡激力,达到抑制主梁涡振的效果.

On the Path from the Turbulent Vortex Dynamo Theory to Diagnosis of Tropical Cyclogenesis

An overview of researches is presented, which was focused on application of a theoretical hypothesis on the turbulent vortex dynamo to the study of tropical cyclogenesis. The dynamo effect is related to the special properties of small-scale helical turbulence with the broken mirror symmetry and was hypothesized to result in large-scale vortices generation in both hydrodynamic and atmospheric turbulence. To introduce this abstract theory into tropical cyclone research, a recent discovery of vortical moist convection in the tropics is emphasized. Based on this finding, we discuss and substantiate the crucial role of rotating cumulonimbus clouds, known as vortical hot towers (VHTs), as a necessary element to provide the dynamo effect. An analogy is traced between the role of interaction “moist convection—vertical wind shear” in creating the vortex dynamo in the atmosphere and the role of the mean electromotive force providing the MHD dynamo in electrically conducting medium. Throughout the review of novel results, a pivotal role of the Russian-American collaboration on examining a helical self-organization of moist convective atmospheric turbulence under tropical cyclone formation by use of cloud-resolving numerical simulation is accented. The efforts resulted in application of the vortex dynamo theory to diagnose a time when cyclogenesis commences in a favorable tropical environment. This may help elaborate a universally accepted definition of tropical cyclogenesis that currently does not exist and contribute to practical purposes of diagnosis and forecasting.